Module 3

Module 3
Lighting System and

Components
Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Components Transformation Project (PELMATP)
Outline
Light Sources
Ballasts
Luminaires

Light Sources
Incandescent Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Incandescent Lamps
Technology Description
Components

Light Sources
Technology Description Incandescent Lamps
Light is produced by a filament heated to incandescence

by an electric current
Available in a variety of colors, shapes, sizes and
wattages
When the lamp is connected to an electrical circuit, the
current passing through the filament heats the filament to
incandescence, causing it to glow
Major components
Bulb
Filament
Gas
Base

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Components Incandescent Lamps

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Bulb
Outer glass shell of the lamp
Commonly made of soft, soda lime glass for interior
lamps such as general service and reflector lamps;
thick hard glass is used for exterior applications such
as PAR lamps
Quartz is used for high-temperature, high pressure
lamps such as the inner enclosure of halogen MR,
halogen PAR and tubular Quartz-Halogen lamps
Letter/Number code for each lamp designates its bulb
shape and maximum diameter

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Gas
Standard incandescent lamp filaments must operate
in either a vacuum or with an inert gas fill.
Inert gas fill – helps slow filament evaporation, which
increases lamp life and reduces lamp lumen
depreciation
Lamps lower than 40 W are of the vacuum type and
those higher than 40 W use an argon and nitrogen
gas fill
Some use krypton gas – increase efficacy by about
10% or used to increase lamp life; expensive

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Halogen incandescent lamps

Sometimes called tungsten halogen or quartz
halogen, use a halogen gas (iodine or bromine),
inside a small quartz capsule that encloses the
filament
Halogen gas combines with the evaporated tungsten
as the filament evaporates; the tungsten halogen
molecule is then attracted back to the filament, thus
reducing the bulb wall blackening
Halogen cycle – increases efficacy by keeping lamp
lumen maintenance high; allows filament to operate at
a higher temperature extending lamp life.

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Filament
When current passes through the filament, this heats
to incandescence, causing it to glow.
Carbon – earliest filaments; would evaporate rapidly
at high temperature
Tungsten – has replaced carbon because it has a
high melting point of 3700 K and is slow to evaporate

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Base
Basic function is to conduct electricity to the filament
and to hold the lamp in the socket
For most common incandescent lamps of less than
300 W, an aluminum medium screw-type base is used;
for higher than 300 W, a larger mogul screw base is
used
Other screw type bases: mini-can, candelabra,
intermediate and admedium
Prefocus, bipost, bayonet and pin type bases are used
for lamps that require precise filament alignment, such
as in theatrical applications

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Advantages and Disadvantages Incandescent Lamps
Advantages Disadvantages
Low initial cost Low efficacies
Small size High infrared output
Excellent color rendition High bulb wall
Instant on temperature
Not ambient temperature Short life
dependent Voltage sensitive
No ballast requirement
Variety of shapes
Ease of dimming

Electrical Lighting Materials
Types of Incandescent Lamp Base

Electrical Lighting Materials
Various Type of Incandescent Lamp

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Fluorescent Lamps
Linear Fluorescent Lamps
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
Performance Specifications

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Technology Description Fluorescent Lamps
Trends have been away from high energy consumption

to more energy efficient products, improved color
rendition, and a greater selection of color temperatures
Due to a large part to the use of rare earth phosphors in
place of the traditional halophosphors (used in “cool
white” lamps)
Also due to the use of smaller diameter lamps; smaller
diameter lamps can increase luminaire efficiency and
improve light distribution pattern
3 Designations:
Preheat
Rapid Start
Instant Start

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How a Fluorescent Lamp Produces Light?Fluorescent Lamps
Insert a picture on fluorescent lamp showing parts

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Fluorescent Lamp Components

Glass tube with the inside surface coated with
phosphor filled with argon gas, or sometimes
with a mixture of argon and krypton
The gas fill can be varied as well as the phosphor
type and content, tube length and diameter
Gas operates at a pressure from 1 to 5 millibar

Light Sources

Small amount of mercury is also inside which is
vaporized during lamp operation
Mercury is selected for its ability to create a relatively
high gas pressure at low temperatures
Mercury does not also combine with other
components used in the discharge process and as a
result retains its usefulness over many thousands of
hours

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Electrodes (also known as cathodes) are located
at each end of the sealed tube
Usually are tungsten filaments coated with an emitter
material to aid the emission of electrons; emitter
material consists of alkaline earth oxides
Vary according to the lamp type
Can either be high resistance or low resistance
cathodes

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Fluorescent Lamp Operation

When a suitable lighting voltage is applied across the
electrodes, an electric arc discharge is initiated and the
resulting current ionizes the vaporized mercury in the
tube
The ionized mercury emits ultra-violet (UV) radiation that
strikes and excites the phosphor coating on the inside
surface of the tube, causing it to glow or fluoresce and
produce visible light
The exact makeup of the phosphors coating the tube
determines the color temperature of the light produced
by the lamp
A ballast is required to regulate the electric current
through the lamp
Light Sources
Types of FL Operation
Preheat
Rapid Start
Trigger Start
Modified Rapid Start
Programmed Rapid Start
Instant Start
Rapid Start/Instant Start

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1. Preheat (“Switch Start)

A switch or starter establishes a complete circuit
through the ballast to preheat the filaments
When the filaments heat up, the starter opens and the
ballast provides a suitable voltage to light the lamp
and limits the current flow to the proper value
Several seconds may be required to complete the
starting operation
Lamps with either low or high resistance cathodes
can be operated on switch start circuits

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2. Rapid Start
Cathodes are generally the “low resistance” types and
transformers are introduced to pre-heat the cathodes
These transformers are designed to match the
cathodes (supplying 3.6 V approximately); they are
connected across the lamp pins so the cathode
voltage and resultant watts loss remain part of the
circuit while the lamp is operating

Light Sources
3. Trigger Start
a term used for ballasts, which operate pre-heat start
lamps in a rapid start manner
They supply higher filament voltages to heat the
electrodes to start pre-heat lamps and simulate the
rapid start system
4. Modified Rapid Start
Ballasts start the lamps in a rapid start mode, but
then, turn off or reduce the filament heat after the
lamps have started

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5. Programmed Rapid Start

Ballasts apply filament heat initially and delay application of
sufficient open circuit voltage to start the lamps until after the
filaments have been heated adequately
6. Instant Start
Ballasts deliver an initial high voltage to light specifically
designed Instant Start Lamps
The arc current heats the filament by bombardment to provide
easy electron emission
No preheating of the filament is required to light the lamp

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7. Rapid Start/Instant Start

T8 lamps with bi-pin terminals are designed for use
interchangeably on electronic or magnetic rapid start
ballasts, or electronic instant start ballasts
Although electronic instant start systems are more
efficient, lamp life is slightly less with instant start;
hence, instant start mode electronic ballasts should
not be used where the lamp is frequently switched on
and off.

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Fluorescent Technology
Development Trends
Change from T12 (38 mm) to T8 (26 mm) – reduced
materials
Improved phosphors (triphosphor) – better color
rendering/longer life and better lumen maintenance
T5 technology – bringing efficiency levels above 100
lumens per watt

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T12
T8
Fluorescent Lamps – T5
Sizes & Shapes
TC
CFL
CFL

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Fluorescent Lamps – Power & Efficacy

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Rare Earth (RE) Phosphor Lamps

Rare earth materials are required in small diameter
lamps (e.g. CFLs and T5)
Improves the performance of fluorescent lamps
Produce better color rendering and higher efficacy,
while improving lumen maintenance characteristics
when compared with conventional halophosphors
Raise lumen output up to 8% over conventional
halophosphors
Available for most fluorescent lamp configurations
and are available in a wide range of color
temperatures

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Mercury Reduced Fluorescent Lamps

Improved manufacturing processes led to the
reduction of absorption of mercury into the coating
and the glass
FLUORESCENT LAMPS MERCURY CONTENT

T12 (38 mm dia.) 15-30 mg
Standard T8 up to 15 mg
Triphosphor-coated 4.5 mg (+/- 0.5 mg)

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Operating Parameters
Lamp Life – Lumen Depreciation and Mortality
Switching Cycles
Luminous Flux and Ambient Temperatures
Energy Efficiency

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Also known as “Average Life”
Defined as the no. of burning hours of a reasonably large
sample of lamps at which 50% of the lamps are still
operating
Average life applies for lamps under normal operating
conditions at a 3-hour switching cycle as per IEC
standards; abnormal operating conditions include high or
low temperature, high or low voltage, frequent switching,
etc.
Factors describing performance of FL
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (Lumen Maintenance)
Mortality

Light Sources

Lumen Maintenance describes the reduction of light
output over life
Mortality indicates the expected failure rate of lamps
The economic life (time after which the lamps have
to be replaced), depends on the maintenance factor
in lighting design calculation
Based on ELI Performance Specifications, luminous
flux should not be less than 80% of the initial
luminous flux after 2,000 hours of operation

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Switching Cycles
Have a dramatic effect on the life of fluorescent lamps
“Average life” of FL is based on a 3-hour switching
cycle
Switching cycle of less than 3 hours will result in a
dramatically reduced lamp life
Extending the switching cycle will also extend lamp
life

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Luminous Flux and Ambient Temperatures

Ambient temperature refers to the temperature
immediately surrounding the lamp, not the actual room
temperature
Most efficient mercury vapor pressure of 0.8 Pa occurs
when the lowest wall temperature (“cold spot”) is between
40-50C
This corresponds to an ambient temperature of
– 20-25C (T8 and T12)
– 33-37C (new T5)
As the bulb wall temperature will change with a change in
ambient temperature, lamp voltage and lamp current will
also change

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Cold spot
Luminous Flux and
Ambient
Temperatures
Linear Fluorescent Lamp - Cold
Low temperature Cold spot
affects the starting Lamp ‘stamp’
behavior of fluorescent
lamps T5 Linear Fluorescent Lamp - Cold
The location of the
cold spot varies for Cold spot
different types of
lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamp - Cold

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Energy Efficiency
Ratio of transformation of electrical energy into
“visible energy” is an important indication as to the
efficiency of a light source
To determine the effectiveness, one must consider the
energy loss of the conversion of UV radiation into
visible radiation
Assuming efficiencies of 80% for the mercury
emission, 75% for the fluorescent coating and the
losses in the electrodes, an overall efficiency of 25%
results – this is still 3 to 4x greater than the energy
transformation rate of an incandescent lamp

Light Sources
Linear Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature (IES Nomenclature)
Wattage or Length. Diameter of the Tube. Lamp Color

Lamp Type. “F” (optional). CW is
is used for Nominal lamp The no. represents
wattage for preheat the diameter in 1/8 cool white. WW is
fluorescent warm white, etc.
lamps. “FB” or and rapid start inch increments. Ex.
lamps. Length of T8 is a 26 mm When this
“FU” is used for designation is used,
U-bend lamps, the tube in inches diameter tube, and
for slim line and T12 is 38 mm in neither the Color
while “FT” is Temperature or the
used for twin HO lamps diameter
Color Rendering are
tube T5 lamps used

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Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature (IES Nomenclature)
Modifiers
(optional). ES is Color Rendering Color Temperature
energy saving Index (optional). For (optional). This
(mostly for F40T12 example, this is RE 70 example shows a
lamps). HO is high rare earth phosphors 3500 K color
output. VHO is with a minimum CRI temperature
very high output. of 70

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Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature (IEC Nomenclature)

Fluorescent Lamp
Lamp Wattage
L18W / 930
Color of Light/Color Temperature

Internationa
l color code Color rendering

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Rapid-Start (40 W or less) and Preheat Lamps

F40T12/735/RS/ES
F – fluorescent lamp
40 – This is actually a 34W lamp. With an ES nomenclature, this
is an energy saving version of 34W
T – lamp is tubular
12 – diameter in eighths of an inch
735 – color; lamp has tri-phosphor with a CRI over 70 and a
CCT of 3500 K
RS – mode of starting; rapid-start lamp
ES – energy saving lamp (e.g. SS for supersaver; EW for Econ-
o-watt; WM for Watt-Miser)

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High Output Rapid-Start Lamps F48T12/WW/HO

48 – nominal length in inches
WW – color; the lamp is a warm white lamp
HO – high output lamp operating on 800 mA current

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Very High-Output Rapid Start Lamps

F72T12/CW/VHO
CW – cool white lamp
VHO – very high output lamp operating on 1500 mA
current; instead of VHO, it may read “1500” or
“PowerGroove”

Light Sources
Instant Start Lamps F96T12/WWX

WWX – deluxe warm white lamp

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts
Low-loss and Electronic Ballast

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Color of Light
Color Rendering
Index (Ra) Daylight above Cool White 4000 Warm White
5000 K K below 3300 K
950 Daylight 5400 K
1A 940 Cool White 930 Warm White
Ra90-100 965 Daylight 6500 K 3800 K 3000 K
Group I
Very Good 830 Warm White
1B 840 Cool White 3000 K
860 Daylight 6000 K
Ra80-89 4000 K 827 Warm White
2700 K
2A Universal White
Group 2 Ra70-79 4000 K
Daylight 6000 K
Good 2B
Cool White 4000 K
Ra60-69
Group 3
Ra40-59 Warm White 3000 K
Acceptable

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Advantages of Replacing Standard Fluorescent

Lamps with Triphosphor Lamps in Existing
Systems
Improved economical operation
Longer service life
Large selection of light colors
Better color rendition

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Improved economical condition

Use of triphosphor increases the luminous efficiency with the
same installed power
Standard Fluorescent Lamps 4000 K – Conventional Control Gear (CCG)

Wattage (W) 18 36 58
Luminous flux (lm) 1.100 2.600 4.100
Luminous efficiency (lm/W) 61 72 71
Triphosphor 4000 K – Conventional Control Gear (CCG)
Wattage (W) 18 36 58
Luminous flux (lm) 1.350 3.350 5.200
Luminous efficiency (lm/W) 75 93 90
▲LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY +23% +30% +27%

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Longer service life

After 12,000 hours of operation or more, the
remaining luminous flux of triphosphor lamps is about
90% of the original while standard FL has only about
70%
Use of triphosphor lamps guarantees
Constant average lighting intensity very close to
the nominal lighting intensity of the system
Long intervals and less maintenance to maintain
the average lighting intensity at the required level

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Color Temperature
Daylight color
Applicable to all rooms requiring artificial light of
daylight quality
Cool white color
Color temperature of 4000 K; roughly highway
between daylight color and incandescent lamps
830 Warm white color
827 Warm white color

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COOL 830 WARM 827 WARM

APPLICATION DAYLIGHT
WHITE WHITE WHITE
OFFICES
Offices, corridors ☺ ☺ ☺
Conference rooms ☺ ☺ ☺
INDUSTRY AND TRADE
Electrical engineering ☺
Textile industry ☺ ☺
Graphics sector,
laboratories ☺ ☺
Wood processing ☺ ☺
Storage rooms, hauliers ☺

Light Sources

WHITE WHITE WHITE
SCHOOLS & LECTURE HALLS
Kindergartens ☺ ☺ ☺
Libraries, reading rooms ☺ ☺ ☺
SOCIAL AMENITIES
Restaurant, inns, hotels ☺ ☺
Theaters, concert halls, lobbies ☺
PUBLIC AREAS
Sports facilities ☺
Art galleries, museums ☺ ☺ ☺

Light Sources

WHITE WHITE WHITE
BUSINESS OUTLETS
Food trade ☺ ☺ ☺
Bakeries ☺ ☺
Deep freezers & freezer
cabinets ☺
Cheese, fruit & vegetables, fish ☺
Sports equipment, toys,
stationery ☺
Cosmetics, hairdressing ☺
Flowers ☺ ☺
Department stores,
supermarkets ☺ ☺ ☺

Light Sources

WHITE WHITE WHITE
HOSPITALS
Diagnosis and therapy ☺
Examination rooms, waiting
rooms ☺ ☺
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
Living rooms ☺
Kitchens, bathrooms ☺ ☺
Hobby rooms, basement areas ☺ ☺

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32W 36W
36W 40W
No. Parameters Triphosphor Triphosphor
Standard FL Standard FL
FL FL
1 Rating 32 W 36 W 36 W 40 W
2 Length 1200 mm 1200 mm 1200 mm 1200 mm
3 Lamp Base G13 G13 G13 G13
4 Diameter T8 (26 mm) T8 (26 mm) T8 (26 mm) T12 (38mm)
5 Color Daylight Daylight
Temperature Cool white Cool white Daylight Daylight
Warm white Warm white

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32W 36W
36W 40W
No. Parameters Triphosphor Triphosphor
Standard FL Standard FL
FL FL
Life Time 20,000 hrs 20,000 hrs
Average (w/ (w/
6 8,000 hrs 8,000 hrs
electronic electronic
ballast) ballast)
7 Color
Rendering 82 80-89 60-69 60-69
Index
8 Luminous
Flux 2950 lm 3250 lm 2600 lm 2500 lm
9 Luminous
Efficiency 92.18 lm/W 90.27 lm/W 72.22 lm/W 62.50 lm/W

DIMENSIONS OF LINEAR/TUBULAR
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Industry Standard
Dimension
T5 = 5 / 8 = 0.625 =
1.58 cm
T8 = 8 / 8 = 1.0 in =
2.54 cm
T12 = 12 / 8 = 1.50 in =
3.81 cm

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New Developments and Trends

T5 system consists of a 16 mm double-ended tubular
fluorescent lamp, optimized for use with an electronic
ballast operating the lamp at high frequency (ECG) to
enhance its efficiency
Advantages
Environmentally friendly than T8 or T12 because they have
reduced glass, gases, phosphor and mercury
Because of its compact size, luminaire costs may be reduced
and allows for shallower luminaires
Higher luminous output
Can be more aesthetically pleasing while contributing
significantly to the quality of the lighting

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Compact Fluorescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps
Consists of a lamp (often with a starter integrated into the
base), a lamp holder, and a ballast
Based on the principle of the fluorescent tube in which a
phosphor coating transforms some of the UV energy
generated by the discharge into light
3 Types of CFL-ballast systems
Integral systems
Modular systems
Dedicated systems

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Lamp Types
T4 diameter twin-tube two-pin lamps that have a starter
built into the lamp plug base; operate on an inexpensive
reactor magnetic ballasts (~ 5-13 W) and are available for
both modular and dedicated systems
T4 and T5 diameter quad-tube two-pin lamps with plug
bases and built-in starters (up to 27 W)
Both T4 and T5 diameter twin-tube and quad lamps now
available in four-pin versions that do not contain a starter
in the base and designed for use with electronic ballasts

Compact Fluorescent Lamp

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Comparing Incandescent Lamp with ELI-Qualified

Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Type of Efficacy Operating

Wattage Rating (W)
Lamps (lm/W) Hours (h)
ELI-Qualified
Compact 6,000 to
6-7 8-9 10-12 13-15 16-18 20-23 45-65
Fluorescent 8,000
Lamp
Incandescent 750 to
2-5 40 50 60 75 100 8-12
Lamp 1,000

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Amalgam Lamps
Amalgams are mercury compounds, which allow the
lamp to operate with a lesser degree of influence
caused by operating temperatures

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Ballasts
CFLs are discharge lamps requiring ballasts to start
and operate properly
Ballast options include
Normal Power Factor (NPF) Reactor Ballasts
High Power Factor (HPF) Reactor Ballasts
Conventional Electromagnetic Energy-Saving Ballasts
Dimming Ballasts
Electronic Ballasts

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Normal Power Factor (NPF) Reactor Ballasts

Common for the smaller two-pin lamp sizes
Exhibit very low PF (0.5 for 230 V)
High Power Factor (HPF) Reactor Ballasts
Used for the smaller preheat lamps
Contain capacitors to raise PF to 0.90
More expensive and larger than the NPF type
Allow for conventional branch, circuit design and
lower installation costs

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Conventional Electromagnetic Energy-Saving

Ballasts
Higher wattage lamps, designed for 2G11-based four-
pin operation, generally operate on single or multiple
lamp ballasts similar to standard FL
Dimming Ballasts
Starterless four-pin lamps can be used with either a
magnetic dimming ballast appropriate wall box
dimmer, or a special electronic dimmer and electronic
dimming ballast.

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Electronic Ballasts
Lamp products (twin, quad, or 6-tube lamps) with an
electronic ballast eliminate the objectionable starting
flicker associated with old CFLs
Advantages
System efficacy is generally about 20% higher (50-70 lm/W
for electronically ballasted vs 50-55 lm/W for magnetically
ballasted)
Less starting time (1 sec vs 1-4 sec for magnetic)
Reduce lamp flicker
Operate without any perceptible noise
Can be manufactured in much smaller sizes and are lighter
than conventional magnetic ballasts

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Electronic Ballasts
Disadvantages
Higher price
Few electronically ballasted modular type where the
lamp can be replaced separately from the electronic
ballast
Integral electronic designs require that the ballast be
disposed of together with the lamp
Presence of total harmonic distortion (THD) which is
still being evaluated; insufficient to cause major
concern

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Power Quality Issues

Low power factor
CFLs generally have PF much lower than the 90% level
achieved by high quality ballasts in typical linear LFLs
Most CFLs whether they are electronically or magnetically
ballasted, are supplied with NPF ballasts, rated between 0.50
and 0.70 at 230 V
Harmonic distortion
Most magnetically ballasted CFL lamps have a THD between
15% and 25%
THD from most available electronically ballasted CFLs may
be significantly higher due to severe distortion of the current
waveform

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Dimming
In general, CFLs cannot be dimmed using
conventional dimming equipment. This may cause
fire especially for those using electronic ballasts
Products that enable dimming of CFLs
Dimming adapters permit an incandescent dimmer to dim a
four-pin quad-tube lamp. This must be used with a specific
ballast that is factory-installed on the luminaire
Solid state dimming ballasts permit the dimming of a four-
pin twin-tube and quad-tube lamps with a remote
potentiometer or low-voltage signal

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Switching
The longevity of LFLs and CFLs is affected by the number
of times the lamp is switched on and off during its life
Common basis: Switching cycle of 3 hours on per start
With electronic ballasting, manufacturers can include
circuitry which optimizes the starting sequence (“soft-
starting”) thus preserving rated lamp life
Some modern electronic control products may not be
compatible (e.g. illuminated wall switches, wallbox touch
switches, wallbox time switches and wallbox occupant
sensors
Incompatibilities are usually caused by the use of solid-
state switches (triacs) instead of air gap switches or relays

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Switching
The longevity of LFLs and CFLs is affected by the number
of times the lamp is switched on and off during its life
Common basis: Switching cycle of 3 hours on per start
With electronic ballasting, manufacturers can include
circuitry which optimizes the starting sequence (“soft-
starting”) thus preserving rated lamp life
Some modern electronic control products may not be
compatible (e.g. illuminated wall switches, wallbox touch
switches, wallbox time switches and wallbox occupant
sensors
Incompatibilities are usually caused by the use of solid-
state switches (triacs) instead of air gap switches or relays

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Residential Applications for CFLs

LIVING BEDROOM BATHROO UTILITY
KITCHENS EXTERIOR
ROOMS S MS AREA
Recessed Task lights Task lights Mirror lights Stairways Lanterns
downlights
Under Swing arm Closet Recessed Laundry Garage

cabinet lamps lights downlights rooms lights
lights
Under Shower & Attics Path lights
cabinet tub lights
lights
Recessed Closets Security
downlights lights
Wall Crawl
washers spaces

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Commercial Applications for CFLs

ACCENT & DECORATIVE
GENERAL UTILITY EXTERIOR
SPECIALTY & PORTABLE
LIGHTING LIGHTING LIGHTING
LIGHTING LIGHTING
Recessed Recessed & Wall sconces Security Landscape
downlights track mounted lighting floodlights
wall washers
Suspended Under cabinet Chandeliers Step lights Pedestrian
luminaires lights post top and
bollard lights
Indirect Cove lights Table & floor Exit signs Step lights
lighting lamps
systems
Case display Makeup & Task lighting Under rail
lights dressing lights
lights
Modular strip Vandal-
outlining resistant
Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market security lights
Sign & display
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Performance Specifications Fluorescent Lamps
Required for CFLs

DOE-DTI yellow label

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High Intensity Discharge
Lamps
Metal Halide Lamps
High Pressure Sodium Lamps

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Technology Description High Intensity
Discharge Lamps
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps

Metal halide (MH)
High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps
Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require ballasts to
provide proper starting and operating voltages, and
they produce light through the discharge of an
electric arc through a mixture of gases
HID lamps utilize a compact “arc tube” in which very
high temperature and pressure exist; this small arc
tube closely resembles a point source of light,
making HID lamps and their luminaires both
compact and powerful

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Discharge Lamps
Ballasts and Ignitors

HID lamps require ballasts to regulate the arc current
flow and to deliver the proper voltage to the arc
Some larger MH lamps use a starting electrode within
the lamp to initiate the arc.
For smaller MH and HPS lamps, a high-voltage pulse
to the operating electrodes starts the lamp; an external
electronic starting circuit (“ignitor”) associated with the
ballast generates the pulse
Primary benefit of electronic HID ballast is more
precise management of the lamp’s arc tube wattage
over life leading to more consistent color and longer
lamp life
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Discharge Lamps
Striking and Warm-Up

As power is applied, temperature and pressure build
gradually, causing vapors of the metals to enter into
the arc and release light energy
Starting of the arc sometimes takes a few seconds
and the duration of the warm up period varies from 2
to 10 minutes
During warm-up, the lamp will exhibit different colors
as the various metals vaporize

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Discharge Lamps
Lamp Restrike
Occurs when there is power interruption when the lamp must
cool down before the arc can restrike.
Lamp restrike period varies from 1 to 15 minutes
Restrike time is a major concern for applications where a
prolonged lighting interruption could create hazardous conditions
or a manufacturing shutdown
A few MH products are made, with “instant restrike” capability,
requiring special outboard electronics to generate extremely
high voltages that overcome the elevated lamp temperature and
pressure and regenerate the arc
Some HPS lamps are available which will restrike immediately to
approximately 10% of full light output; lamps contain 2 arc tubes.

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Discharge Lamps
Dimming
Requires specialized ballasts and dimming electronics
Operating HID lamps at less than full output can
produce color shift and reduced lamp efficacy
Example: Some MH lamps can be dimmed to about
40% power, but at this level it generates only about
25% of its rated lumens, and typically this will change
the lamp output color in an undesirable manner

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Discharge Lamps
Energy Efficiency
HID Lamps Lumens per Watt

White sodium lamps 40-50
MH lamps (40-W open fixture lamp) 55
MH lamps (1000-W horizontal high-
output lamp) 110
Standard HPS lamps (40 W lamp) 65

Standard HPS lamps (100 W lamp) 130

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Discharge Lamps
Lamp Life
Lamp life of HID lamps varies considerably depending on the
type (MH vs. HPS), burning orientation, size and configuration
Lamp life ranges from
3,000 hours for 1500-W MH sports lamp
> 24,000 hours for HPS lamps
Near the end of lamp life, many HID lamps will exhibit a
noticeable degree of color shift, which may be objectionable in
some applications
Lamp life ratings are based on a 10 hour per start operation
cycle
HID lamps should not be operated continuously for 24 hours a
day and 7 days a week.

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Color Characteristic (Metal Halide)

Some MH lamps are available in 2400-3200 K (warm) tones but
most lamps range from neutral to cool in color appearance, with
a crisp white light of 3500-4300 K
CRI = between 65 and 40 but more recent products achieve very
high CRI = 93
Color Characteristic (HPS)
Most HPS lamps have a distinctive golden-pink color of 1900-
2100 K and a CRI of less than 25
“Deluxe” HPS products with CRI of 65
“White sodium” lamps have CCT = 2500-2800 K and CRI over
45
Neither deluxe or white lamps are as efficacious or as long
lasting as standard HPS lamps

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Temperature Sensitivity
MH lamps are sensitive to low starting temperatures
(e.g. -12C) leading to reduced lamp life
HPS lamps are not sensitive to low starting
temperature and can start at -30C
Burning Orientation
Many HID lamps are designed to operate in a specific
burning position such as horizontal, vertical with base
up and vertical with base down
Should follow instructions from lamp manufacturers

Light Sources
Metal
MetalHalide
HalideLamp
Lamps
High Intensity
Discharge Lamps

Light Sources
Metal Halide Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps
Universal Position Screw Base MH Lamps

Performs best when the arc tube is in a vertical
position, enjoying longer life and higher lumen output
than when the arc tube is off vertical by more than 15
Lamp color choice with universal MH lamps is
generally limited to standard clear (4000-4500 K, 65
CRI) or coated (3400-4000 K, 40 CRI)

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Vertical Position Screw Base MH Lamps

This is optimized for base-up, base-down, or base-
up/down operation, primarily for use in downlights
Aside from standard clear (4000-4500 K) and coated
(3400-4000 K) lamps, warm color (2400-3200 K) clear
and coated lamps are available in various wattages
Principal advantage is efficacy; lamps generate 40-
110 lumens per W, or about 10% more than universal
burning lamps

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Horizontal Position Screw Base MH Lamp

Horizontal high-output “super” lamps often have
bowed arc tubes and use a positioning-fixing pin in the
base, called a prefocus or position-orienting mogul
(POM) base
This “base matching socket” assures correct
positioning of the lamp
Smallest wattage product is about 145 W; special
versions have been developed for signs and sports
lighting
Most popular colors offered (3200 K coated, 3400 K
coated, 4100 K clear
Output is 40-110 lumens per W
Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Horizontal Position Double-Ended MH Lamps

Compact packages produced with rare earth metals
resulting in very high CRI = > 80
Lamps with lower CRI are sensitive to wide power
supply variations than the higher CRI lamps
Operate in the range of 65-95 lumens per W and the
40-W lamp with electronic ballast achieve about 45
lumens per W
These lamps must be operated with the arc tube
within 45 of horizontal end-to-end

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Open Fixture Screw Base MH Lamps

Most MH lamps require enclosed luminaires to protect
people and property from lamp rupture
There are few MH lamps requiring non-enclosed
application; use an inner glass shield that can contain
a violent failure within the combination of the inner
shield and the normal bulb envelope
Important for vertical position lamps because many
downlights in high ceilings are relamped using
extension poles, and cover glass hampers this
operation
There is a slight reduction in lumen output

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Instant Restrike MH Lamps

Useful in applications where such a possibility is
intolerable (such as lighting for televised professional
sports)
Design for the larger envelopes and wattages, instant
restrike lamps utilize special wiring of the lamp to
allow for high voltage reignition across the arc tube
A separate anode wire carries the 30,000-volt pulse
without failing

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Universal Position Directional MH Lamps

Utilize familiar R and PAR lamp shapes to provide MH
efficiency in a compact enclosure with its own
reflector
MH PAR 38 lamps are important because they can be
operated without a protective cover glass
This permits the lamp to be used in track lights,
landscape lights and other similar applications

Light Sources
High
High Pressure Sodium
Pressure Sodium Lamp
Lamps
High Intensity
Discharge Lamps

Light Sources
High Pressure Sodium Lamps High Intensity
Discharge Lamps
Universal Position Screw Base HPS Lamps

Do not require enclosure except to prevent moisture
from accumulating on the lamp
Virtual insensitivity of HPS lamps to operating position
means that fewer lamp types are needed as
compared to MH
“Deluxe” HPS lamp has a CRI = 65 and a CCT of
2100-2200 K
All HPS lamps except “white” sodium appear in
golden pink color and are not recommended for non-
industrial interior lighting

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Universal Position Screw Base HPS Lamps

Lumens per W range from 90 – 130
Some HPS lamps can be obtained with 2 arc tubes
These so called “standby” lamps are a reasonable
alternative to instant strike circuits, providing rapid
restrike cycles while offering extended lamp life
These lamps are especially applicable for roadway
and parking lot applications

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Universal Position Directional HPS Lamps

R-configured HPS lamps are useful for compact
directional light sources, such as track lighting and
outdoor lighting luminaires
Has poor color rendition which limits its usefulness to
specific industrial and security floodlighting and
general lighting applications

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Double-Ended HPS Lamps

Was designed to take advantage of luminaires and
lighting installations originally designed for the double-
ended MH lamp
Offers comparable lumen output but offers HPS’
longer life and excellent lumen maintenance
characteristics

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
White Sodium Lamps

Offer lamp life and lumen maintenance characteristics
similar to those of other HPS lamps whose CCT and
CRI may be unsuitable for interior spaces
Ballast designs for “white” HPS lamps employ
electronic circuits designed to increase CCT and CRI
CCT = 2600-2800 K

Light Sources
Discharge Lamps
Typical Applications
Energy-Efficient Flood and Display Lighting
Can be used for a wide variety of display and floodlighting
situations, including track, recessed, and surface installations
Energy-Efficient Lamps in General Lighting
Luminaires
As long as switching is not a concern, HID lamps may be
used for area lighting in both interior and exterior situations
Suited to large rooms with high ceilings, such as
gymnasiums, industrial plants, and warehouses

Light Sources
Incandesc Compact High

ent incl. Fluoresc Fluoresc Metal Pressur
Tungsten ent ent Halide e
Halogen Lamp Sodium
Wattages
175- 70-
(Lamp 15-15,000 15-219 4-40
1000 1000
only)
Life (hr) 750- 7,500- 10,000- 1,500-
24,000
12,000 24,000 20,000 15,000
Efficacy
(lm/W) 15-25 55-100 50-80 80-100 75-140
lamp only
Lumen Fair to
Fair to Excelle
maintenan excellen Fair Good
excellent nt
ce t
Color Good to
Good to Very
renditions
Module Excellent
3 – Lighting System and excellen
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Fair
Components excellent
Transformation good
Project (PELMATP)
t
Light Sources
Incandesce Compact High

nt incl. Fluoresc Fluoresc Metal Pressur
Tungsten ent ent Halide e
Halogen Lamp Sodium
Relight Immedia Less
Immedia 10-20
time Immediate te (3 than 1
te min
seconds) min.
Comparati Genera
ve fixture lly
cost Low, Moderat Moderat higher
High
simple e e than
mercur
y
Comparati Lower Lower Lower
Lowest
ve than than than
High of HID
operating
Module 3 – Lighting System and incande incandes
Philippine Efficient Lighting mercur
Market types
cost
Components scent
Transformation cent y
Project (PELMATP)
Ballasts
Outline
Types of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts
Lamp Ballast Starting Methods
Circuit Type and Operating Mode
Application Guidelines

Ballasts
Lamp Ballasts
A lamp ballast is part of the control gear in a
fluorescent fixture which is inserted between the
supply and one or more discharge lamps which, by
means of inductance, capacitance, or a combination
of both
provide correct starting voltage
match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp
limit the lamp current to prevent immediate destruction
(because once the arc is struck the lamp impedance
decreases
Ballasts are designed to provide electrical
characteristics to provide optimum lamp performance

Ballasts
Types of FL Lamp Ballasts

Electromagnetic Ballast
Energy-Efficient Electromagnetic Ballast (Low Loss
Ballast)
Cathode-Disconnect Ballasts
High Frequency Electronic Ballasts

Ballasts
Types of Fluorescent Ballasts
Electromagnetic Ballast
Also known as “core and coil ballasts”, “choke
ballast”, “conventional ballast” and “ferromagnetic
ballast”
Use a heavy magnetic core of several laminated steel
plates wrapped with copper windings
Inexpensive to manufacture; predominantly used
Based on a study by DOE-FATL, the power
consumed by a magnetic ballast ranges from 10 to 12
W for 20-W ballasts and 12 to 20 W for 40-W ballasts

Ballasts
Energy-Efficient Electromagnetic Ballast (Low

Loss Ballast)
Contain a magnetic core of several laminated, high
grade (usually silicon) steel plates, wrapped with high-
grade copper windings
By using higher quality materials, the ballast’s heat
output is reduced and the ballast’s energy efficiency is
increased
Energy consumed is reduced by 50% (about 6 to 10
W)

Ballasts
Cathode-Disconnect Ballasts
Also known as “hybrid ballasts”, “low-frequency
electronic ballasts”, “heater-cutout ballasts”, “cathode
cutout ballasts” and “filament cutout ballasts”
Use magnetic core and coil transformer and an
electronic switch for the electrode heating circuit after
the lamps are started
For fire safety reasons, magnetic ballasts must be of
Class “P” type which has an internal protective device
that is sensitive to the ballast-temperature

Ballasts
High Frequency Electronic Ballasts

Also called “solid-state ballasts” which operate at 20
khz using electronic switching power supply circuits
Increase lamp-ballast efficacy, leading to increased
energy efficiency of the fixture and lower operating
costs
They operate lamps using electronic switching power
supply circuits; take incoming 60 Hz power (230 V)
and convert it to high frequency AC (usually 20 to 40
kHz)
End losses are reduced resulting to overall lamp-
ballast system efficacy increase of 15% to 20%
rendering them more expensive than other ballasts
Ballasts
Electronic Ballasts vs. Magnetic Ballasts

Electronic ballasts are readily available that operate 3
or 4 lamps, allowing the use of a single ballast,
reducing both installation and field wiring labor costs
and may not need tandem luminaire wiring
Electronic ballasts are designed to operate lamps in
either series or parallel mode
Advantage of parallel mode is that a single lamp failure will
not affect operation of remaining lamps controlled by the
same ballast
Increased ballast losses

Ballasts
Electronic Ballasts vs. Magnetic Ballasts

Other advantages of electronic ballasts include
Reduced weight
Quieter operation
Reduced lamp flicker
Electronic ballasts are directly interchangeable with
magnetic ballasts, and they are available to operate
most full-size and compact FL.

Ballasts
Principal type of electronic ballasts

Rapid start electronic ballasts
Instant start electronic ballasts
Two-level electronic ballasts
Adjustable output (dimming) electronic ballasts
Full range dimming ballasts

Ballasts
Rapid start electronic ballasts

Heat lamp electrodes continually during staring and
operation
Available for 1 to 4-lamp operation; will operate either
T8 or T12 lamps
Instant start electronic ballasts
Although these lamps are rapid start, lamp electrodes
are never heated which increases system efficacy
Lamp life is reduced by about 25% (for 20,000-hour
lamps at 3 hours per start, but this is compensated by
increased energy efficiency

Ballasts
Two-level electronic ballasts

Increase the flexibility of standard electronic ballasts
by allowing the light level to be switched between
50% and 100% of full light output
May be used with standard switches, occupant
sensors, photocells or other building energy systems
Full range dimming ballasts
Premium-priced electronic ballasts which can achieve
full dimming range of from 1 to 100% of full light
output

Ballasts
Adjustable output (dimming) electronic ballasts

Equipped with feedback circuits that maintain
electrode voltage when the lamp current is reduced
allowing the lamp to be dimmed over a wide range
without reducing lamp life
This dimming technique contrasts with that of
magnetic ballasts in which the input power to the
ballast is modified to alter the lamp current, which
also reduces electrode voltage
This limits the practical dimming range of the lamp to
about 50% of full light output.

Ballasts
Development of starting fluorescent lamps
Preheat Instant Rapid

Method Start Start
1938 1944 1952

Ballasts
Preheat Operation
Lamp electrodes are heated prior to initiating the
discharge
A “starter switch” closes permitting a current to flow
through each electrode
The starter switch rapidly cools down, opening the
switch, and triggering the supply voltage across the
arc tube, initiating the discharge
No auxiliary power is applied across the electrodes
during operation

Ballasts
Instant Start Operation

Lamp electrodes are not heated prior to operation
Ballasts for instant start lamps are designed to
provide a relatively high starting voltage (with respect
to preheat and rapid start lamps) to initiate the
discharge across the unheated electrodes
Rapid Start Operation
Lamp electrodes are heated prior to and during
operation
The ballast transformer has 2 special secondary
windings to provide the proper low voltage to the
electrodes

Ballasts
T12 40 W lamps – rapid start

Advantages of rapid start operation: smooth starting,
long life and dimming capabilities
Lamps less than 30 W are generally operated in preheat
mode; these are more efficient than the rapid start mode
as separate power is not required to continuously heat
the electrodes; however, these lamps tend to flicker
during starting and have a shorter lamp life
32 W and 36 W lamps are rapid start lamps; they are
commonly operated in instant start mode with electronic
high frequency ballasts; lamp efficacy is improved

Ballasts
Effect of Mismatching Ballast and Lamp Types

Preheat Rapid-start Instant-start
Ballast Ballast Ballast
Preheat Unreliable
lamp Normal Unreliable starting;
operation starting shortened lamp
life
Rapid-start Shortened lamp
lamp Normal Normal
life if cycle time
operation operation
is short
Instant- Will not Will not Normal
start lamp start start operation
Ballasts
Transition Phase
Time required for the lamp to move from the cathode
heating stage to the full arc current stage
The longer this process is, the more emissive mix is
being removed from the cathodes.
Most rapid start ballasts have a transition time of
about 80 to 100 milliseconds.
The length of this transition is based upon the
cathode’s temperature and the voltage across the
lamp.

Ballasts
Transition Phase
Ballast Factor (BF)
This is needed to determine the light output for a
particular lamp-ballast system.
Measure of the actual lumen output for a specific
lamp ballast system relative to the rated lumen output
measured with a reference ballast under ANSI test
conditions (open air at 25C)
An ANSI ballast for standard 40-W F40T12 lamps
requires BF of 0.95. However, many ballasts are
available with either high (conforming to the ANSI
specifications) or low ballast factors (70% to 75%).

Ballasts
Transition Phase
Ballast Factor (BF)
Where: B = ballast factor of the test ballast

BF’ = ballast factor of the calibrated ballast
E1 = the illuminance reading on the testing
rack of the test ballast/test lamp
system
E2 = the illuminance rating on the testing rack
of the calibrated ballast/test lamp
system

Ballasts
Transition Phase
Ballast Factor (BF)
Although a lower ballast factor reduces lamp lumen output, it
also consumes proportionally less input power
Careful selection of a lamp-ballast system with a specific BF
allows designers to better minimize energy use by "tuning"
the lighting levels in the space.
Note: To avoid a drastic reduction in lamp life, low BF
ballasts (<70%) should operate lamps in rapid start mode
only. This is particularly relevant for 36-watt F36T8 lamps
operated at high frequency.
Finding BF for lamp-ballast combinations may not be easy,
as few ballast manufacturers provide this information in their
catalogs.
Power vs. BF Curves
2-Lamp 1.2 m FL-Ballast Systems

Transition Phase
Energy Efficiency
Much of the power supplied into a fluorescent lamp-ballast
system produces waste heat energy.
3 ways of improving the efficacy of a fluorescent lamp-
ballast system:
Reduce the ballast losses.
Operate the lamp(s) at a high frequency,
Reduce losses attributable to the lamp electrodes.
Ballast losses may also be reduced by using a single
ballast to drive 3 or 4 lamps, instead of only one or two.
Careful circuit design increases efficiency of electronic
ballasts.

Ballasts
Transition Phase
Lamp-Ballast System Efficacy

The efficiency of a fluorescent lamp ballast changes
depending on the type of lamp operated.
As a consequence, the only meaningful comparison
between lamps or ballasts is the lamp-ballast system
efficacy. The system efficacy can be calculated as follows:
System Efficacy
(lumens/watt):

Ballasts
Transition Phase
Reliability of Electronic Ballasts
Reliable electronic high-frequency ballasts can be produced
with the quality control necessary to reach or exceed the
10-12 year life spans common with magnetic ballasts.
Early ballast failures are usually due to either poor quality
control in the manufacturing process or incorrect installation
procedures.
Failures occurring after a normal “wear-out” period of 10-12
years are usually due to the eventual degradation of the
electrolytic capacitor.
Check track records of manufacturers and obtain
verification for the reliability of any new or unfamiliar
products is obtained
Ballasts
Transition Phase
Ballast Noise Level (Sound Rating)
All electromagnetic ballasts emit a hum that is caused by
vibration of the laminated core of the ballast, vibration that
results from the expanding and collapsing magnetic field in
the core.
High temperatures can increase noise, and it is amplified
by certain luminaire designs.
An "A" rated ballast will hum softly; a "D" rated ballast will
make a loud buzz.
All energy-efficient magnetic ballasts for F40T12 and
F36T8 lamps are “A” rated, with a few exceptions, such as
low-temperature ballasts.
All electronic ballasts are "A" rated for sound.

Ballasts
Transition Phase
Dimming
Lamps operated in rapid start mode are the only fluorescent
lamps suitable for wide-range dimming applications.
The power required to keep electrode voltage constant over all
dimming conditions means that dimming ballasts will be less
efficient when operating lamps at dimmed levels.
To dim lamps, magnetic dimming ballasts require control gear
containing expensive high-power switching devices that
condition the input power delivered to the ballasts. This is
economically viable only when controlling large numbers of
ballasts on the same branch circuit.
Dimming range differs greatly among ballasts. With most
electronic dimming ballasts, light levels can vary between full
output and a minimum of about 10% of full output. However,
electronic, full-range dimming ballasts are also available that
operate lamps down to 1% of full lumen output.
Ballasts
Transition Phase
Flicker
A magnetic ballast alters the voltage, but not the
frequency. Thus, the lamp voltage crosses zero 120 times
each second, resulting in 120 Hz light output oscillations.
This results in about 30% flicker for standard halophosphor
lamps, operated at 60 Hz.
Most electronic ballasts, on the other hand, use high-
frequency operation, which reduces lamp flicker to an
essentially imperceptible level. The manufacturer usually
specifies the flicker percentage of a particular ballast. For
a given ballast, the percent flicker will be a function of lamp
type and phosphor composition.

Ballasts
Transition Phase
Harmonics
When a current or voltage wave shape deviates from the
ideal (sinusoidal), current or voltage harmonics are
produced.
Example: The harmonics of 60 Hz are 60 Hz, 120 Hz, 180
Hz, etc., representing the first (fundamental), second, third,
etc. multiples.
Electrical equipment that generates harmonics include
variable speed drives, uninterruptable power supplies,
personal computers, and electronic ballasts.
Any circuit that is nonlinear (e.g. a gas discharge lamp)
uses rectifying circuits, or uses high-speed switching
systems will generate harmonics.

Ballasts
Transition Phase
Harmonics
Effects of harmonics
Overloading of transformers
Adding of current to the neutral in three-phase electrical
distribution systems
Current/voltage surges and/or spikes due to circuit
resonances with one or more of the harmonic frequencies
Interference with electrical equipment or communications on
the same circuit
Distortion of the electrical service entrance voltage with
accompanying adverse effects on the performance of other
electrical equipment in the building

Ballasts
Electronic Ballasts
Electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps can save energy
and money in nearly every application.
Electronic ballasts may be substituted for magnetic
ballasts without any need for concern about lighting
system performance.
Electronic ballasts can enhance lighting quality through the
added benefit of a quiet, flicker-free lighting environment.
This makes electronic ballasts an ideal choice for modern
offices and in other applications with important visual
tasks.

Ballasts
Criteria when making ballast selections

Always consider electronic ballast for general-purpose
applications in new construction. The higher cost of electronic
ballasts makes economic sense in terms of energy savings and
improved lighting performance over the life of the system.
Always consider electronic ballasts for routine maintenance
replacements and renovations. (It may not be cost-effective to
retrofit large groups of existing low loss magnetic ballasts in
working order that would not otherwise be replaced.).
Consider operating F36T8 lamps at full output with instant start
ballasts to obtain maximum energy efficiency for dedicated (non-
dimming) applications with minimal on/off cycles.
Exercise caution to avoid using instant start lamp-ballast
systems with occupant sensors or other applications with rapid
switching cycles.

Ballasts
Criteria when making ballast selections

Consider stepped multi-level electronic ballasts as an
excellent alternative to switching adjacent lamps in
luminaires (tandem wiring). An additional benefit will be
quiet, flicker-free space.
Consider the use of low ballast factor (<75%) rapid start
electronic ballasts in aisles or other circulation areas
where partial light output will suffice. Low ballast factor
electronic ballasts should be operated in rapid start mode
only to maintain lamp life at reduced lamp currents.
Consider full-range (1%-100%) dimming electronic ballasts
for functional dimming requirements in applications such
as boardrooms, conference rooms, and residences.
Ballasts
System Compatibility of Electronic Ballasts
There are some applications in which high-frequency
electronic ballasts may be incompatible with existing
technologies. One of these instances that have been
identified occurs in libraries equipped with magnetic
detectors used to prevent theft.
However, as long as electronic ballasts are at least 3 m to
4.5 m away from the detector units, problems with the
detectors are unlikely to occur.
A second potential system compatibility problem with
electronic ballasts may occur in conjunction with high-
frequency power line carrier (PLC) control systems. The
carrier frequency for PLCs usually ranges from 50 kHz to
200 kHz.
Ballasts
Heater Cutout Ballasts
Less expensive than electronic ballasts and are a viable
energy-efficient option to consider when a project budget
does not permit electronic ballasts.
Can be used in any non-dimming situation involving linear
F32T8 or F36T8 lamps. Typical applications include
offices, schools, retail and wholesale stores, health care
facilities, and general industrial and commercial lighting.
Because of their lower initial cost they are especially
appropriate for use as replacement ballasts in retrofit
applications.
Some may have a problem starting lamps when the line
voltage is below the rated center voltage. In addition, some
lamp manufacturers derate lamp life when heater cutout
ballasts operate lamps.

Ballasts
Standard for Electromagnetic Ballasts
Philippine National Standard (PNS)

12-3:1999 “Lamps and Related
Equipment-Electromagnetic Ballast-
Energy Standards and Labeling
Requirements” prescribes the
power loss and labeling
requirements of electromagnetic
ballasts.
Starting July 2003, manufacturers,
suppliers and importers are
required to label the individual
ballasts with the power consumed
or the power loss.

Classification of Maximum Ballast
Power Loss

Electronic Ballasts for Linear Lamps

Luminaires
Outline
Luminaires
Classification
Technical Description
Luminaire Design System
Photometric Data for Luminaires
Luminaire System Performance
Guidelines Specification

Luminaires
Luminaires
A lighting system is defined as an array of

luminaires having a characteristic lighting
distribution.
Luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting
of the following components:
one or more lamps
optical devices to distribute the light
sockets to position and protect the lamps and to
connect the lamps to a supply of electric power
the mechanical components required to support or
attach the luminaire.

Luminaires
Function of Luminaires
Ideally, a luminaire directs lamp output to where it is
needed while shielding the lamp from the eyes at normal
angles of view.
For example, T5 lamps are 58.3% smaller in diameter
than equivalent T12 lamps, even while producing nearly
as many lumens. Because T5 lamps are brighter per unit
length than T12 lamps, proper luminaire shielding is
more critical.
Different luminaires may significantly affect the operating
temperatures of lamps. This can have significant effects
on the total performance of the luminaire-lamp-ballast
system.
Luminaires
Classification
Luminaires are classified by the Commission Internationale de
L’Eclairage (CIE) according to the percentage of light output
above and below the horizontal.

Luminaires
Classification
Direct Lighting
When luminaires direct 90 to 100% of their output
downward.
The distribution may vary from widespread to highly
concentrated, depending on the reflector material, finish
and contour, and on the shielding or control media
employed.
Troffers and downlights are two forms of direct luminaires.

Luminaires
Classification
Direct Lighting
Can have the highest utilization of all types, but this utilization
may be reduced in varying degrees by brightness-control media
required to minimize direct glare.
Reflected glare and shadows may be a problem with direct
lighting unless close spacings are employed.

Luminaires
Classification
Semi-direct Lighting
The distribution is predominantly
downward (60 to 90%) but with a
small upward component to
illuminate the ceiling and upper
walls.
The same as for direct lighting
except that the upward component
will tend to soften shadows and
improve room brightness
relationships.
Care should be exercised with
close-to-ceiling mounting of some
types to prevent overly bright
ceilings directly above the luminaire.

Luminaires
Classification
General Diffuse Lighting

When downward and upward components of light from
luminaires are about equal (each 40 to 60% of total
luminaire output)
Direct-indirect is a special (non-CIE) category within this
classification for luminaires that emit very little light at
angles near the horizontal. Since this characteristic result
in lower luminances in the direct-glaze zone, direct-indirect
luminaires are usually more suitable than general-diffuse
luminaires that distribute the light about equally in all
directions.

Luminaires
Classification

Luminaires
Classification

General-diffuse units combine the characteristics of
direct lighting and those of indirect lighting.
Brightness relationships throughout the room are
generally good and the upward light reflected from the
ceiling softens shadows from the direct component.
Pendant-mounted luminaires designed to provide a
general-diffuse or direct-indirect distribution are
frequently installed on or very close to the ceiling.
Such mountings change the distribution to direct or
semidirect since the ceiling acts as a top reflector
redirecting the upward light back through the
luminaire.
Luminaires
Classification
Semi-Indirect Lighting
Lighting systems that emit 60 to 90% of their output
upward.
The characteristics are similar to those of indirect
systems except that the downward component usually
produces a luminaire luminance that closely matches
that of the ceiling.
However, if the downward component becomes too
great and is not properly controlled, direct or reflected
glare may result.

Luminaires
Classification
Indirect Lighting
Lighting systems which direct
90 to 100% of the light upward
to the ceiling and upper
sidewalls.
In a well-designed installation,
the entire ceiling becomes the
primary source of illumination,
and shadows will be virtually
eliminated.
Also, since the luminaires direct
very little light downward, both
direct and reflected glare will be
minimized if the installation is
well planned.

Luminaires
Classification
Indirect Lighting
It is also important to suspend
the luminaires a sufficient
distance below the ceiling to
obtain reasonable uniformity
of ceiling luminance
Since the indirect lighting the
ceiling and upper walls must
reflect light to the work plane,
it is essential that these
surfaces have high
reflectances. Care is needed
to prevent overall ceiling
luminance from becoming too
high and thus glaring.

Luminaires
Classification
NEMA
Classification
System
This system is
based on the
distribution of
flux within the
beam
produced by
the luminaire.
It is used
primarily for
sports lighting
and
floodlighting
luminaires.

Luminaires
Classification
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

has classified luminaires according to:
the type of protection against electric shock
the degree of protection against ingress of dust, solid
objects and moistures, and the material of the
supporting surfaces.

Luminaires
Classification
Class I Luminaire - Luminaire in this class are electrically
insulated and provided with a connection to earth. Exposed metal
parts that could become live in the event of basic insulation failure
are protected by earthing.
Protection
Class II Luminaire - Class II Luminaire are designed and
against constructed so that protection against electric shock does not rely
on basic insulation only. This can be achieved by means of
Electric reinforced or double insulation. No provision for earthing is
Shock provided.
Class III Luminaire – Protection against electric shock relies

on supply at Safety Extra Low Voltage (SELV) and in which voltages
higher than those of SELV are not generated (max. 50V ac rms)
Class O Luminaire – Luminaire in which a basic type insulation is

provided for protection against electric shock; this means that no
device is provided for connection accessible conductive parts that
may be present to a protective conductor forming a part of the
permanent electric installation. If the basic insulation should be
damaged, protection is entrusted to the environment surrounding
the fitting.

Luminaires
Classification
IP Number System of Classification
IP XY
Where:
X = Protection of person against contact with or

approach to live parts and against contact with moving parts
(other than smooth rotating shaft and the like) inside the
enclosure and protection of the equipment against ingress of
solid foreign bodies.
Y = Protection of the equipment inside the enclosure

against harmful ingress of water

Luminaires
Classification
IP RATING DESIGNATION APPLICATION
IP 20 Ordinary Luminaire Indoor Dry room without
Ballproof no protection dust development
from water
IP 44 Splash proof Moist rooms, open air
location
Luminaires
IP 54 Dust/ splash water Dusty rooms, workshops
Common IP protected subject to fire hazard
Ratings IP 65 Dust/jet water Wet rooms, but with
protected intense dust development
IP 67 Dust and impermeable For underwater
to presswater illumination (≤1m)
(immersible)
IP 68 Dust-proof/submersible For underwater
type illumination (≥1m)

Luminaires
Basic
Components
of Luminaires

Luminaires
Luminaires generally consist of some or all of

the following parts:
Light sources and their respective lamp holders or
sockets
Light control components
Electrical components
Mechanical components

Luminaires
Efficient luminaires use the most efficient sources
appropriate for that luminaire type.
Luminaires are commonly available for these lamps:
Incandescent filament including tungsten halogen lamps
Fluorescent & Compact fluorescent
Induction or electrodeless lamps
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
Metal halide
High Pressure Sodium
Mercury
Low Pressure Sodium lamps
Luminaires are less common for xenon arc and
carbon arc lamps.
Luminaires
Light Control Components

Reflectors
Refractors
Diffusers
Shades, blades, louvers and baffles

Luminaires
Reflectors
A device, usually of coated metal or plastic, that is a high
reflectance and is shaped to redirect the light emitted by the
lamp
(a) powder coated or specular aluminium reflector for strip fluorescent luminaire,
(b) & (c) specular & grooved aluminium reflector for a compact downlight
luminaire,
(d) faceted reflector for a floodlight luminaire, and
(e) reflector with “kicker” to direct light for wall-wash luminaire.

Luminaires
New reflector materials include:

Anodized, specular aluminum, having a total reflectivity of
85-90%
Anodized, specular aluminum, enhanced with a multiple
thin-film dielectric coating, having a total reflectivity of 88-
94%
Vacuum-deposited, specular silver, applied on the front or
rear surface of a clear polyester film and adhered to a
metal substrate, having a total reflectivity of 91-95%

Luminaires
Refractors
Light control devices that take advantage of the change in
direction that light undergoes as it passes through the boundary
of materials of differing optical density (index of refraction), such
as air to glass or air to plastic.
(a) Prismatic lens, (b) spread lens, (c) glass refractor, (d) Fresnel refractor, (e) wrap
around prismatic lens (f) prismatic lens on troffer, (g) drop lens, and (h) spread lens
refractor

Luminaires
Diffusers
Light control elements that scatter (redirect) incident light
in many directions.
This scattering can take place in the material, such as in
bulk diffusers like white plastic, or on the surface as in
etched or sandblasted glass.
Used to spread light and, since scattering destroy optical
images, obscure the interior of luminaries, suppress lamp
images, and reduce high illuminance by increasing the
area over the area over which light leaves a luminaire.

Luminaires
Examples of Diffusers
(a) and (b) wrap-around diffuser, (c) jelly jar diffuser, and (d) drop glass
diffuser

Luminaires
Shades, Blades, Louvers, and Baffles
Shades and shields are opaque or transluscent
materials shaped to reduce or eliminate the direct
view of the lamp from outside the luminaire
Blades, usually opaque and highly reflective, can be
shaped and positioned to eliminate the direct view of
the lamp from certain directions outside the luminaire
and to control the direction from which the light
leaves.
If arranged in a rectangular grid, producing cells, they
are called louvers. If arranged linearly they are called
baffles. Louvers and baffles often are made of
specularly reflecting metal, though some are of
coated plastic.
Luminaires
(a) ,(b) and (c) louvers for linear fluorescent, (d) cross
baffles, (e) shield for industrial luminaire, and (f) hoods and
cowls for track luminaires

Luminaires
Mechanical Components of Luminaires

Consist of a housing or general structure to support
other components of the luminaire, and a mounting
mechanism for the attachment of the luminaire to its
support.
If the luminaire uses a refractor or transparent cover,
then hinged frames or doors often are provided to
hold the lens.
Electrical Components of Luminaires
Operate the lamp. The luminaire contains and
supports ballast, starter, capacitors, or emergency
lighting devices.

Luminaires
General Lighting Luminaire Types

Commercial and Residential Luminaire
Architectural Luminaires
Task Lights
Decorative Luminaires
Emergency and Exit
Industrial Luminaire
Outdoor Luminaires

Luminaires
Commercial and Residential Luminaire

Open Direct Luminaires
Imaging Specular Reflector Open Luminaires
Shielded Direct Lighting Systems
Shielded Industrial and Commercial Luminaires with Specular
Imaging Reflectors
Parabolic Louvered Recessed Troffers
Standard Lensed Troffers Equipped with Specular Imaging
Reflectors
Indirect Lighting Luminaire
Cove Lighting Systems
Compact HID Indirect Lighting Systems
Direct/Indirect Lighting Systems
Stage

Luminaires

Open direct systems do not employ shielding at all.
Include surface and pendant-mounted strip
fluorescent fixtures and suspended open industrial
and commercial luminaires
Unless equipped with reflectors, these systems
radiate light in all directions
These are often very efficient, with high coefficient of
utilization (CU) values, but they may cause visual
discomfort and disability glare.

Luminaires

Luminaires
Imaging Specular Reflector
Open Luminaires
The basic, open luminaire can
be equipped with an imaging
specular reflector
The imaging reflector may not
improve luminaire efficiency, but
the luminaire's coefficient of
utilization (CU) can be
increased as more light is
redirected toward the work
plane.

Luminaires

Use some form of lens, louver, or baffle to prevent
direct viewing of the lamps at normal angles of view.
Surface and suspended luminaire types include
industrial HID downlights, baffled industrial
fluorescent luminaires, fluorescent wrap-around lens
luminaires, and commercial fluorescent lens
luminaires.
Recessed systems include HID downlights and a wide
range of fluorescent "troffers" using lenses, louvers,
or baffles to control glare.

Luminaires

Luminaires
Shielded Industrial and Commercial Luminaires with
Specular Imaging Reflectors
Similar to open industrial and
commercial luminaires.
However, they are equipped
with louver shielding. Specular
imaging reflectors can increase
luminaire efficiencies and
coefficient of utilization.

Luminaires

There are large-cell and small-cell parabolic
luminaires.
Large cell luminaires are generally more efficient, with
relatively high coefficient of utilization values, while
smaller cells usually offer better glare control.
The large-celled parabolic louvered troffer is a
luminaire that can combine sharp cut-off glare control
with an efficient reflector/louver design.
Many different standard sizes are readily available,
including 600mm x 1200mm, 600mm x 600mm,
300mm x 1200mm and others.

Luminaires

Three variations of large-cell parabolic luminaires are available:
Standard parabolic troffers generally have louvers about 75
mm deep. Standard parabolics are efficient, and have good
glare control and reasonably low brightness.
Deep-cell parabolic troffers have louvers that are a minimum of
100 mm deep. They have moderate efficiency and CU values,
very good glare control, and very low brightness shielding.
Compound parabolic troffers have specially designed
parabolic louver assemblies to create extremely low brightness
for Video Display Terminal (VDT) work environments. These
fixtures have excellent glare control and will not produce
reflected images in VDT screens if they comply with the
specified luminance limits.

Luminaires
Typical Four-Lamp Parabolic Troffer

Luminaires
Standard Lensed Troffers Equipped with
Specular Imaging Reflectors
The traditional lensed troffer can be equipped with a specular
imaging reflector.
The efficiency of a two-lamp, 600mm x 1200mm, reflector-
equipped luminaires consisting of a pattern-12 (standard)
prismatic lens, and properly aligned lamps, rises from about 70%
to about 80% with the addition of a specular imaging reflector.
CU values increase. The increase in efficiency and CU is
greatest when the reflector is designed exactly for the luminaire
and the desired light distribution.
Most common lens types, such as prismatic, bat wing, linear
batwing, and polarized, can be used, though not all types will
exhibit increased efficiency when used with a reflector.

Luminaires
Indirect Lighting Luminaire
Wide-angle indirect distribution

Luminaires
Cove Lighting Systems
New designs in indirect lighting luminaires, especially
for cove and coffer installations, increase the
effectiveness of traditional strip lights and eliminate
socket shadows.

Luminaires
Compact HID Indirect Lighting Systems

Allow for smaller uplight
luminaires that are easily
installed in furniture-mounted
luminaires and wall sconces.
HID luminaires may not be
suitable for applications when
periodic switching is
anticipated.

Luminaires

These combine the efficiency and high CU of direct
illumination with the uniformity and glare control of
indirect lighting.
Some industrial lighting systems are designed for a
limited percentage of indirect uplight; some office and
school lighting systems are designed for an equal
balance between direct downlight and indirect uplight.
Additionally, there are high-efficiency versions of
direct/indirect lighting systems for commercial and
institutional lighting, including some especially
designed for VDT work environments.

Luminaires

Luminaires
Stage
Designed to produce tight optical control and provide
maximum flexibility. They are common theaters and
televisions studious for lighting stage and people.
(a) Fresnel spot, (b) ellipsoidal spot, and(c) border spot.

Luminaires
Architectural Luminaires
Generally employed in building spaces such as lobbies,
corridors
Since they are used initially for highlighting high-quality
spaces, aesthetics is a principal consideration in their
design and selection.
Different Types
Recessed Low-Wattage HID Downlights
Recessed Compact Fluorescent Downlights
Track-Mounted HID and Compact Fluorescent Floodlights
Compact Fluorescent Adapters with Screw in Power
Connections

Luminaires
Recessed Low-Wattage HID Downlights
These are suitable for lower ceilings and high-quality spaces
have been made viable with high-CRI compact metal halide and
white high-pressure sodium lamps.
Allows for replacement of traditional incandescent downlights,
making significant energy savings possible.

Luminaires
Recessed Compact Fluorescent Downlights
In general, CFLs replace incandescent downlights on
a 1 watt for 3-watt basis.
By using parabolic downlight for CFLs, it can improve
efficiently by allowing replacement of incandescent
lamps on a 1 watt for every 4-watts basis.

Luminaires
Track-Mounted HID and Compact Fluorescent
Floodlights
Tracklights uses a system that includes luminaries and a track or
rail that is designed to both provide mounting and deliver electric
power.
These products offer significant energy savings over standard
incandescent luminaires of this type.
a) HID
Tracklights
b) Compact
Fluorescent
Floodlights

Luminaires
Compact Fluorescent Adapters with
Screw in Power Connections
These designs have elements used
in conventional luminaires: a lamp
holder with replaceable lamp and a
housing for the ballast and other
components.
Some designs make use of the
incandescent lamp holder's
medium-base screw-shell for
mounting and power connection;
some are also equipped with
reflectors and/or lenses to improve
light distribution and provide
shielding
The lamp can be replaced without
replacing the rest of the assembly.

Luminaires
Task Lights
Generally utilize two separate lighting systems to
improve lighting while saving energy.
First, an ambient lighting design provides a medium-to-low
level of uniform illumination in a room.
Second, task lighting is provided at and for specific visual
tasks.
Compact fluorescent lamp technology has special
relevance for task lighting applications.

Luminaires
Decorative Luminaires
Low-Wattage HID and Compact Fluorescent Wall-
Mounted Luminaires
Compact Fluorescent Pendants and Chandeliers
Compact Fluorescent Exterior Luminaires
Luminaire Design With T5 Lamps
Low-Wattage HID Exterior Luminaires

Luminaires
Low-Wattage HID and Compact Fluorescent
Wall-Mounted Luminaires
Many traditional applications for incandescent wall-
mounted sconces and brackets can be replaced with
similar-appearing luminaires designed specifically for
compact fluorescent or HID lamps.

Luminaires
Compact Fluorescent Pendants and Chandeliers
Luminaire designs continue to evolve for compact
fluorescent decorative chandeliers and pendants used
in applications once limited to traditional incandescent
fixtures.

Luminaires
Compact Fluorescent Exterior Luminaires
In colder climates, electronically-ballasted CFLs may
be required to ensure proper operation at lower
temperatures.
Compact fluorescent outdoor luminaires are
especially well suited for landscape lighting
applications, which previously used low-wattage
incandescent lamps.

Luminaires
Luminaire Design With T5 Lamps

Although the ambient temperature surrounding T5 lamps
has a great impact on the lumen output, one important
factor to consider is the cold spot.
Unlike T8 lamps, where the cold spot is located in the
middle of the lamp, with T5 lamps, the cold spot is located
at one end of the lamp.
In designing the luminaire, heat dissipation should be such
that the temperature at the ‘cold spot’ remains around
50C. Any variation greater than 5 - 7C either way, will
reduce the lumen output by 5%, this percentage increases
with the variance.

Luminaires
Measurement of the “cold spot” temperature for T5 Lamps

Luminaires
Comparative Luminaire of Fluorescent Lamps
Luminaire Design
With T5 Lamps
When using louvered
or open luminaires,
attention needs to be
paid to glare control.
The T5 lamps have
luminance levels
nearly twice as high
as those previously
dealt with in our
luminaires.
The chart shows
typical readings for
various lamp types.

Luminaires
Low-Wattage HID Exterior Luminaires

While larger HID lamps are commonly used as exterior
light sources, low-wattage (100 watts or less) HID lamps
offer the opportunity to use these lamps for more compact
luminaires. In many cases, low-wattage HID luminaires
can be used where incandescent lamps are typically
chosen.
Low-wattage HID lamps can be used in every climate
region because of their wide temperature range for starting
and operating. The small lamp size makes them suitable
for many outdoor luminaires.

Luminaires
Emergency and Exit
Emergency lighting
luminaires are designed to
provide enough light for
egress in emergent
situations.
They may operate from
power provided by batteries.
Under normal condition the
batteries are continuously
charged from line voltage.
They are of illuminated
signage which are designed
to provide critical help in
emergent situations.
Compact fluorescent lamps
and LED are commonly used
in exit luminaires.

Luminaires
Linear Fluorescent
Often designed for high-output fluorescent lamps, with the
reflector often being part of the housing.
These luminaries are designed to minimize accumulation of
dirt by providing for convection; in areas with large amounts
of airborne particles, dust tight covers are used.
Diffusers with gasketting are often used in wet locations.

Luminaires
Strips/Batten
Have one or more fluorescent lamps and mounted to a small
housing large enough to hold ballasts and sockets.
Reflectors are uncommon since these luminaries are used in
areas where a large amount of general diffuse lighting is
required and efficiency and budget are a concern.

Luminaires
High Bay
Use HID lamps to produce general lighting in an industrial
area.
They are for application of with spacing-to-mounting height
ratios of up to 1.0; surface or pendant mounted, depending
on the structure and openness of the area.
Use reflectors and refractors to produce luminous intensity
distributions that vary from narrow to wide, depending on the
application and the need for vertical illuminance.

Luminaires
Low Bay
Same as high bay except that they usually have wide
luminous intensity distributions to provide greater horizontal
and vertical illuminances in areas with restricted ceiling
heights.

Luminaires
Outdoor Luminaires
Floodlight
Sports Lighting
Street and Roadway
Pathway
Parking Lot and Garage
Security
Landscape

Luminaires
Floodlight
Often used for building lighting and other special
application such as billboard lighting.
Most types of HID lamps are used in floodlight
luminaires.
Exterior building lighting use luminaries with narrow
and wide distributions, depending on the portion of
the building being illuminated and its distance from
the luminaire mounting location.

Luminaires
Sports Lighting
Have very narrow luminous intensity distributions and typically
mounted to the side and well above the playing area.
High wattage Metal halide lamps are common from 1000-3500W.
Usually provided with special aiming and locking gear( goniometer).
Internal or external louvers also may be provided to control glare
and light trespass and to improve observer comfort.

Luminaires
Street and Roadway
Usually mounted on arms on a pole, or are post-top mounted.
All types of HID lamps are used; High Pressure Sodium Lamps
commonly used for roadway application.
Luminaires with drop dish, or ovate, refractors are commonly
used in roadway applications. Because of their appearance, they
are referred to as “cobra head” luminaires.

Luminaires
Pathway
Walkway and grounds
lighting are often done with
bollards.
Mounted in the ground and
have the form of a short
thick post similar to that
found on a ship or wharf.
They are used for localized
lighting.

Luminaires
Parking Lot and Garage
Often uses cut-off or semi-cut-off luminaries with flat bottomed
lenses.
Mounted on post-top brackets or on short arms and can be
arranged in single, twin, or quad configurations.
Wall mounted luminaries are often used in for small parking lots
immediately adjacent to a building or in parking structures, often
referred to as “wall packs” wall-mounted luminaries.

Luminaires
Security
Typically outdoor luminaries designed to help visually
secure an area.
Provides sufficient illuminance for visual surveillance or
security camera surveillance.
These luminaries are typically mounted in inaccessible
places and have sturdy housings and lenses to help them
make vandal proof.

Luminaires
Landscape
Designed to light buildings, planting, water features, and
walkways.
They can be mounted in the ground, on poles, on trees, or
underwater.
Have special housing, gasketting, lenses, and electrical
wiring hardware that protects against the effects of water
and corrosion.


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Lighting System and

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Light is produced by a filament heated to incandescence

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Halogen incandescent lamps

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Types of Incandescent Lamp Base

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Various Type of Incandescent Lamp

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Trends have been away from high energy consumption

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Insert a picture on fluorescent lamp showing parts

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Fluorescent Lamp Components

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Fluorescent Lamp Components

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Fluorescent Lamp Components

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Fluorescent Lamp Operation

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

1. Preheat (“Switch Start)

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

5. Programmed Rapid Start

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

7. Rapid Start/Instant Start

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Fluorescent Lamps – Power & Efficacy

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Rare Earth (RE) Phosphor Lamps

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Mercury Reduced Fluorescent Lamps

FLUORESCENT LAMPS MERCURY CONTENT

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Lamp Life – Lumen Depreciation and Mortality

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Lamp Life – Lumen Depreciation and Mortality

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Luminous Flux and Ambient Temperatures

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Module 3 – Lighting System and Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Fluorescent Lamp Nomenclature (IES Nomenclature)

Wattage or Length. Diameter of the Tube. Lamp Color