This document provides an overview of counterpoint and the five species of counterpoint composition. It defines counterpoint as two or more melodic lines combined to form harmonies. The five species involve different temporal relationships between the fixed cantus firmus melody and one or more added voices. First species moves note-against-note, second species has the added voice moving in half notes against the cantus firmus, third species in quarter notes, fourth species is syncopated, and fifth species allows various combinations. Examples from the textbook are provided to illustrate each species.
This document provides an overview of counterpoint and the five species of counterpoint composition. It defines counterpoint as two or more melodic lines combined to form harmonies. The five species involve different temporal relationships between the fixed cantus firmus melody and one or more added voices. First species moves note-against-note, second species has the added voice moving in half notes against the cantus firmus, third species in quarter notes, fourth species is syncopated, and fifth species allows various combinations. Examples from the textbook are provided to illustrate each species.
This document provides an overview of counterpoint and the five species of counterpoint composition. It defines counterpoint as two or more melodic lines combined to form harmonies. The five species involve different temporal relationships between the fixed cantus firmus melody and one or more added voices. First species moves note-against-note, second species has the added voice moving in half notes against the cantus firmus, third species in quarter notes, fourth species is syncopated, and fifth species allows various combinations. Examples from the textbook are provided to illustrate each species.
Counterpoint: The ability, unique to mus., to say two things at once comprehensibly. The term derives from the expression punctus contra punctum, i.e. ‘point against point’ or ‘note against note’. A single ‘part’ or ‘voice’ added to another is called ‘a counterpoint’ to that other, but the more common use of the word is that of the combination of simultaneous parts or vv., each of significance in itself and the whole resulting in a coherent texture. Counterpoint
Clendinning & Marvin (p.166):
Counterpoint is created when two or more different melodic lines are combined so that the lines form harmonies, or when individual voices in a succession of harmonies make good melodic lines. The process of connecting harmonic and melodic intervals is called voice- leading. Counterpoint is a form of polyphonic writing
The rules of counterpoint dictate permissible intervals,
directions, contours, and other relationships between the various (two or more) voices
Counterpoint writing does not “think” in terms of harmonic
progression
However, harmonic progression may be a consequence of
what is written – even if only implied Species Counterpoint
The idea of species counterpoint has developed essentially
as a teaching mechanism
There are five species of counterpoint, each progressively
more involved than the previous, and each introducing new rules for the relationships between parts
Cantus Firmus – “fixed song”
- often abbreviated to cantus, or CF / cf.
Each species of counterpoint adds another melodic line to
partner the cantus Each species involves a particular temporal relationship between the cantus and the added melody (or melodies)
A composition in counterpoint may have more than one
melodic line added, and each may have a different species relationship to the cantus – for example, one voice may have a first species relationship, and another a second species relationship, or other configurations Because we are not working or thinking in in harmonic progression, we are not necessarily working in SATB relationships, although we may be in some instances
Referring to parts in SATB terms can therefore become
ambiguous and potentially confusing, unless it is entirely clear that those relationships are present (as they are in Example 10.19 below, for example)
Accordingly it is generally preferable to refer to voices
according to their register position – upper, middle, lower, etc In a counterpoint composition, the cantus may be repeated any number of times
In each repetition the cantus remains structurally the same,
although it may move between different voices (upper, middle, lower) and it may move between octaves
We cannot “hear” the rules of counterpoint composition, but
we can learn to identify the various species according to the temporal relationships at work
We can also learn to identify the cantus firmus in different
contexts Note that for species purposes, the composition is always in a ♮4 time signature, and the cantus firmus is always written in semibreves – or one note to each bar ( )
The cantus firmus always begins and ends on the tonic
The Five Species
• First Species Counterpoint
In first species counterpoint the added voice moves in equal
tempo to the cantus firmus – in other words one semibreve per bar ( )
First species is sometimes referred to as “note for note”, or
“note against note”
You can think of the voices as existing in a 1:1 relationship
• Second Species Counterpoint
In second species counterpoint the added voice moves at
twice the tempo of the cantus firmus – two minims per bar ( )
You can think of the added voice as existing in a 2:1
relationship to the cantus firmus
Note that on the stave, the second species voice usually
begins after a minim rest ( ), in order to help to distinguish it from the cantus firmus • Third Species Counterpoint
In third species counterpoint the added voice moves at four
times the tempo of the cantus firmus – four crotchets per bar ( )
You can think of the added voice as existing in a 4:1
relationship to the cantus firmus
Note that on the stave, the third species voice usually
begins after a crotchet rest ( ), in order to help to distinguish it from the cantus firmus • Fourth Species Counterpoint
In fourth species counterpoint the added voice moves in
equal tempo to the cantus firmus, but it is offset by a minim, such that it is written as two minims tied across the bar line ( )
The added voice is now syncopated against the cantus
firmus
On the stave, the fourth species voice necessarily begins
after a minim rest ( ) • Fifth Species Counterpoint
In fifth species counterpoint the added voice, or voices, may
exist in any combination of the above species, and may include smaller durations than a crotchet
Fifth species is sometimes called “free” counterpoint, or
“florid” counterpoint First Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.167, Example 9.1 First Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.168, Example 9.2 First Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.171, Example 9.4 Second Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.182, Example 10.1 Second Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.187, Example 10.5 Third Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.191, Example 10.8 Third Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.195, Example 10.11 Fourth Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.199, Example 10.15 Fourth Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.200, Example 10.16 Fifth Species Counterpoint Clendinning & Marvin, p.204, Example 10.19 Required Reading Clendinning & Marvin: Chapter 10: Melodic and Rhythmic Embellishment in Two-Voice Composition
"Counterpoint." The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. rev. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e24 98.
Pankhurst, Tom. (2001). “A Brief Guide to Species Counterpoint.”
SchenkerGUIDE. Tom Pankhurst's Guide to Schenkerian Analysis. http://www.schenkerguide.com/species1.html