Interference of Light Bright Band

Coherent Sources:
Dark Band
S1 •
Coherent Sources of light are Bright Band
those sources of light which S2 •
emit light waves of same Dark Band
wavelength, same frequency
and in same phase or having
Bright Band
constant phase difference.
Note: Two independent sources
of light cannot be coherent Crest
sources of light Trough
Bright Band
Why??? Dark Band
Interference:
The phenomenon of non uniform distribution of energy in
the medium due to the superposition of two coherent
sources of light is called interference of waves.
RRB Notes 1
 Interference is a phenomenon in which two coherent light
waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater or lower
amplitude.

Types of Interference
(a) Constructive interference: If a crest of one wave meets a crest of
another wave, the resultant intensity increases.

(b) Destructive interference: If a crest of one wave meets a trough of

another wave, the resultant intensity decreases.

RRB Notes 2
 Young’s Double Slit Experiment:
S is monochromatic sources of light S1 & S2 are two narrow slits. P
Let P is an arbitrary point on y
S1
screen, which is at a distance D A
•
d/2
from the double slits. d is the S d O
distance between S1 and S2 d/2
S2 N B
y is the distance between O and P D
S1N is the normal on to the line S2P.
AB = S 1 S2 = d & A O = OB = d/2
As slits (S1 and S2) are equidistant from source (S), the phase of the
wave at S1 will be same as the phase of the wave at S2 and therefore,
S1,S2 act as coherent sources. The waves leaving from S1 and S2
interfere and produce alternative bright and dark bands on the screen.
The waves from S1 and S2 reach the point P with some phase difference and
hence path difference S2N = ∆ = S2P – S1P.
From geometry of figure, in ∆ S1AP
S1P2 = [PA2 +S1A 2 ] = {y - (d/2)}2 + D2 ………………………….. (1)

From geometry of figure, in ∆ S2BP

S2P2 = [PB2 +S1B 2 ] = {y + (d/2)}2RRB 2 ………………………….. (2)

+ DNotes 3
Young’s Double Slit Experiment (contd…..)
P

S1 y
A
•
d/2
S d O
d/2
S2 N B
D

Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2)

S2P2 – S1P2 = [D2 + {y + (d/2)}2] - [D2 + {y - (d/2)}2]

Or, S2P2 – S1P2 = D2 + {y + (d/2)}2 - D2 - {y - (d/2)}2

Or, (S2P – S1P) (S2P + S1P) = [ y + (d/2) + y - (d/2) ] [ y + (d/2) - y + (d/2) ]

Or, (S2P – S1P) (S2P + S1P) = 2 yd ………………………..(3)

But, path difference S2N = ∆ = S2P – S1P

Or, ∆ (2D) = 2 yd ∆ = yd
RRB Notes /D …………….. (4) 4
Positions of Bright Fringes: Positions of Dark Fringes:
For a bright fringe at P, For a dark fringe at P,
∆ = yd / D = nλ ∆ = yd / D = (2n-1)λ/2
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … where n = 1, 2, 3, …

y=nDλ/d y = (2n-1) D λ / 2d
For n = 0, y0 = 0 For n = 1, y1’ = λ D / 2d
For n = 1, y1 = λ D / d For n = 2, y2’ = 3 λD / 2d
For n = 2, y2 = 2 λ D / d …… For n = 3, y3’ = 5 λD / 2d …..
For n = n, yn = n λ D / d For n = n, yn’ = (2n-1) λD / 2d

Expression for Dark Fringe Width: Expression for Bright Fringe Width:
βD = yn – yn-1 βB = yn’ – yn-1’
= n λ D / d – (n – 1) λ D / d = (2n-1) λ D / 2d – {2(n-1)-1} λ D / 2d
=λD/d =λD/d

The expressions for fringe width show that the fringes are equally spaced on
RRB Notes 5
the screen.
 Distribution of Intensity:
Suppose the two interfering waves
Intensity have same amplitude say ‘a’, then
Imax α (a+a)2 i.e. Imax α 4a2
All the bright fringes have this same
intensity.
Imin = 0
y 0 y All the dark fringes have zero
intensity.
Conditions for sustained interference:
1. The two sources producing interference must be coherent.
2. The two interfering wave trains must have the same plane of
polarisation.
3. The two sources must be very close to each other and the pattern must
be observed at a larger distance to have sufficient width of the fringe.
(λ D / d)
4. The sources must be monochromatic. Otherwise, the fringes of different
colours will overlap.
5. The two waves must be having RRB
same amplitude for better contrast
Notes 6
between bright and dark fringes.
Newton’s Ring:
When the monochromatic light is
incident on the plane surface of
Incident Ray
plano-convex lens of large radius
curvature placed above glass plate,
the thickness of the film gradually
increases from the point of contact Plano-
outwards and the ray of light convex
reflected from the lower surface of Air Lens Air
the lens and the upper surface of
the glass plate superimpose with Glass Plate
each other to form a system of Fig: Formation of Newton’s ring
alternate bright and dark concentric
rings with their centre dark called
Newton’s ring.
For the interference due to thin film from
reflected rays:
Path difference = 2μt cos r ………. (1)

For normal incidence cos r = 1, for

air film μ = 1
Path difference = 2t ……………….(2)
RRB Notes 7
 E
Theory of Newton’s ring:
Let R be the radius of curvature
of the curved surface of the
plano convex lens. C is centre of C
2R-t
curvature of lens.
PN = OM = QN = r is R
radius of circular
Plano-Convex lens
ring.
Q N P
CE = CO = R is t
radius of curvature A B
O M
of plano-convex Glass Plate
lens. rn

PM = NO = t is Fig: Geometry for the theory of Newton’s ring

thickness of air film
(at point N). [ corresponding sides of similar
triangles]
Join EP and QO.
ΔQNO & ΔENP are
RRB Notes 8
similar to each other.
 (2R – t)t = r2

2Rt – t2 = r2

………….. (3)

From equations (2) & (3), we get

………….. (4)

RRB Notes 9
 For constructive interference (Bright Fringe)
Since the ray of light reflected
from upper portion of glass
plate suffers extra path
difference of λ/2 (or phase
difference of π) then

Where, n = 1,2,3, ……

Where, n = 1,2,3, ……
This is the required expression for radius of nth bright Newton’s circular ring.
NOTE: The ray reflected while going from a rarer to a denser medium suffers a
phase change of π.
The ray reflected while going fromRRB
a denser
Notes to a rarer medium suffers no 10
phase
change.
For Destructive interference (Dark Fringe)

Since the ray of light reflected

from upper portion of glass
plate suffers extra path
difference of λ/2 (or phase
difference of π) then

Fig: Newton’s circular ring.

Where, n = 0,1,2,3, ……

Where, n = 0,1,2,3, ……

This is the required expression forRRB Notesof nth dark Newton’s circular ring.
radius 11
Determination of wavelength of light using Newton’s ring
S is monochromatic sources of
light, L1 is converging lens, G is
glass plate placed at 450 to the
horizontal. L2 is plano-convex
lens having large radius of
curvature placed over glass plate.
From Newton’s ring, the radius
of nth dark fringe is

Where, n = 0,1,2,3, ……

…………….. (1)
For (n+m) th Fringe
…………….. (2)
𝐃𝟐𝐧+𝐦 − 𝐃𝟐𝐧 = 𝟒 𝐧 + 𝐦 𝛌𝐑 − 𝟒𝐧𝛌𝐑
𝐃𝟐𝐧+𝐦 − 𝐃𝟐𝐧 = 𝟒𝒏𝛌𝐑 + 𝟒𝐦𝛌𝐑 − 𝟒𝐧𝛌𝐑
𝐃𝟐𝐧+𝐦 − 𝐃𝟐𝐧 = 𝟒𝐦𝛌𝐑
Fig: Expt. arrangement to determine
wavelength using Newton’s ring
𝐃𝟐𝐧+𝐦 − 𝐃𝟐𝐧
𝛌=
𝟒𝒎𝑹
We can calculate wavelength12of
RRB Notes
light by using this equation.
Diffraction of light :
The phenomenon of bending (or spreading) of light around the corners within
the geometrical shadow of the opaque obstacles or aperture or opening of the
size of the order of wavelength of light is called diffraction.
There are generally two types of diffraction. They are:
1) Fresnel Diffraction: When the sources of light lies at finite distance from
the aperture or obstacles or opening, the wave fronts are spherical or
cylindrical such that the diffraction formed is called Fresnel diffraction.
Lenses are not required during this diffraction.

2) Fraunhofer Diffraction: When the sources of light lies at infinite distance

from the aperture or obstacles or opening, the wave fronts are plane wave
fronts such that the diffraction formed is called Fraunhofer diffraction.
Lenses of suitable focal length are required during this diffraction.

Homework: 1. Differentiate between Interference and Diffraction

2. Differentiate between Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
3. Write down the condition for sustained diffraction of light.
RRB Notes 13
Diffraction of light at a single slit:

θ
A
•
•
• P
• y
•
d C• θ Bright
• •O
• I
•
•
•
• θ
• Δ N
B D
Plane
Wavefront Slit
Screen

Fig.(1) Fraunhofer Diffraction at single slit

RRB Notes 14
Diffraction of light at a single slit:
Experimental arrangement for the Fraunhofer diffraction at single slit
is as shown in fig.(1).

Monochromatic parallel beam of light is incident on the single slit of

thickness d.

Converging lens of suitable focal length is placed between slit and

screen separated by the distance D so that the wavelets from the
single wave front reach the centre O on the screen in same phase and
hence interfere constructively to give Central or Primary Maximum
(Bright fringe).

Let P be any point at the distance y from the centre of the screen
such that angle of diffraction is θ. Draw AN perpendicular to BP such
that BN is path difference.
𝐁𝐍
In ΔANB, 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝛉 = 𝐁𝐍 = 𝐝 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝐀𝐁
𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐁𝐍 = 𝐝 𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝛉 … … … … … … … … (𝟏)

RRB Notes 15
 Condition for Secondary Minima :
Let the slit is imagined to be divided into 2 equal halves so that the wavelets
from the single wave front diffract at an angle θ1 such that BN is λ and reach
the point P. The pairs of wavelets from AC and CB interfere destructively
with path difference λ/2 and give First Secondary Minimum (Dark fringe).
i.e., d sin θ1 = λ
i.e., sin θ1 = λ / d … … … … … … … … (𝟐)
Similarly, the slit is divided into 4, 6, 8, … equal parts such that corresponding
wavelets from successive regions interfere with path difference of λ/2 i.e., for
nth secondary minimum, the slit can be divided into 2n equal parts.
For 2nd order n=2 & θ = θ2 , d sin θ2 = 2λ
For 3rd order n=3 & θ = θ3 , d sin θ3 = 3λ
………………………………………
In general, for nth order
d sin θn = nλ
sin θn = nλ / d … … … … … … … … (𝟑)
Since θn is very small, sin θn = θn
θn = nλ / d (where n = ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ……) … … … … … … … … (𝟒)
RRB Notes 16
Condition for Secondary Minima (contd…)
Let yn be the distance of nth secondary minimum from O on the screen
In ΔPCO

tan θn = PO / OC = yn / D … … … … … … … … (𝟓)

Since θn is very small, tan θn = θn

θn = yn / D … … … … … … … … (𝟔)

Equating equations (4) & (6), we get

nλ / d = yn / D

yn = nλ D / d … … … … … … … … (𝟕)

This is the required expression for the displacement of nth secondary

minimum from centre O on the screen.
Width of Secondary minimum (β) is β = yn+1 - yn
= (n+1) λ D / d - n λ D / d
β= λD/d … … … … … … … … (𝟖)

Hence, all the secondary minima are of same width.

RRB Notes 17
 Condition for Secondary Maxima :
Let the slit is imagined to be divided into 3 equal halves so that the wavelets
from the single wave front diffract at an angle θ1’ such that BN is 3λ/2 and
reach the point P. The pairs of wavelets interfere constructively with path
difference λ and gives First Secondary Maximum (Bright fringe).
i.e., d sin θ’1 = 3λ / 2
i.e., sin θ1 = 3λ / 2d … … … … … … … … (𝟗)
Similarly, the slit is divided into 5, 7, … equal parts such that corresponding
wavelets from alternate regions interfere with path difference of λ i.e., for nth
secondary minimum, the slit can be divided into (2n + 1) equal parts.
For 2nd order n=2 & θ = θ’2 , d sin θ’2 = 5λ / 2
For 3rd order n=3 & θ = θ’3 , d sin θ3 = 7λ / 2
………………………………………
In general, for nth order
d sin θn = (2n+1) λ / 2
sin θ’n = (2n+1) λ / 2 d … … … … … … … … (𝟏𝟎)
Since θ’n is very small, sin θ’n = θ’n
Θ’n = (2n+1) λ / 2 d (where n = ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ……)… … … … … … … … (𝟏𝟏)
RRB Notes 18
Condition for Secondary Maxima (contd…)
Let y’n be the distance of nth secondary maxima from O on the screen
In ΔPCO

tan θ’n = PO / OC = y’n / D … … … … … … … … (𝟏𝟐)

Since θ’n is very small, tan θ’n = θ’n

θn = y’n / D … … … … … … … … (𝟏𝟑)

Equating equations (11) & (13), we get

(2n+1)λ / 2d = y’n / D

y’n = (2n+1)λ D / 2d … … … … … … … … (𝟏𝟒)

This is the required expression for the displacement of nth secondary

maxima from centre O on the screen.
Width of Secondary maximum (β’) is β’ = y’n+1 – y’n
= (2(n+1)+1) λ D / 2d - (2n+1) λ D / 2d
β’ = λ D / d … … … … … … … … (𝟏𝟓)
Hence, all the secondary maxima are of same width.
RRB Notes 19
Width of Central Maximum:

θ1
A
•
•
• • P1 Dark
•
• y1
d • θ1
• D •O Bright
•λ/2
•
•
•
• N
θ1
•
Plane B λ
Since the Central Maximum
Wavefront Slit is spread on either side of
tan θ1 = y1 / D = θ1(since θ1 is very small) O, the width is Screen

d sin θ = λ β0 = 2y1 = 2 λD / d = 2β
1
Hence, the width of central bright
or θ1 = λ / d (since θ1 is very small)
fringe is twice the width of
y1 = λ D / d secondary maxima or minima. 20
RRB Notes
Difference between Interference and Diffraction:
Interference Diffraction
1. Interference is due to the 1. Diffraction is due to the
superposition of two different superposition of secondary
wave trains coming from coherent wavelets from the different parts
sources. of the same wavefront.
2. Fringe width is generally constant. 2. Fringes are of varying width.

3. All the maxima have the same 3. The maxima are of varying
intensity. intensities.
4. There is a good contrast between 4. There is a poor contrast between
the maxima and minima. the maxima and minima.

5. Bands are large in number. 5. Bands are few in number.

6. The dark fringes are usually 6. The dark fringes are not perfectly
almost perfectly dark. dark.

RRB Notes 21
 Plane Diffraction Grating:
A diffraction grating consists of a large number of narrow slits separated by
opaque spaces and ruled lines are drawn in transparent materials (glass,
plastics etc) by fine diamond points such that , when the light is incident on a
grating surface, light is transmitted through the slits and obstructed by the
opaque portions. Such surfaces act as transmission grating.

Transparent Material

a b
Fig: Diffraction Grating
Let a be the width of each slit (transparent space or transparencies) and b be
the width of opaque portion (or opacities) then the sum (a + b) is called the
Grating Elements.
Let N be the number of lines per cm of the grating then
(a + b) = 1 / N cm
When N is the number of lines per inch of the grating then
RRB Notes 22
(a + b) = 2.54 / N cm
Plane Diffraction Grating:

θ
A
•
•
• P
•
•
d C• θ Bright
• •O
•
•
•
•
• θ
•
B D
Plane
Wavefront Slit
Screen

Fig. Diffraction through Plane diffraction Grating

RRB Notes 23
Let the plane wave front be incident on the grating surface, then all the
secondary waves travelling in the same direction as that of the incident light will
come to focus at the centre O of screen and the point corresponds to central
bright maximum.
Now, the secondary waves travelling in a direction inclined at an angle θ with the
direction of incident light come to focus at point P on the screen so that path
difference between them will be d sin θ = (a + b) sin θ.
The point P will be of maximum intensity if the path difference is equal to
integral multiple of wavelength of light λ.
(a + b) sin θn = nλ where n = 1, 2, 3, …… …………….. (1)
(a + b) sin θn = (1 / N )sin θn = n λ ….................. (2)

When N is in lines per cm (or m)

(a + b) sin θn = (2.54 / N )sin θn = n λ ….................. (3)

When N is in lines per inch

RRB Notes 24
 Resolving Power of Optical Instrument:
The ability of an optical instrument which is expressed in numerical measure to
resolve the images of two nearby points is called resolving power of optical
instrument.
According to Rayleigh, two nearby images are said to be resolved if the
position of the central maximum of one coincides with the first secondary
minimum of the other and vice versa. This condition can be applied to
calculate the resolving power of a telescope, microscope, grating, prism, etc.
This limiting condition of resolution is called Rayleigh’s criterion.
Resolving Power of Telescope:
Telescope is used to see distant objects and therefore the amount of details
given by it depends on the angle subtended at its objective by the two point
objects.
The resolving power of a telescope is defined as the reciprocal of
smallest angle subtended at the objective by the two distant objects
which can be seen just as separate in the telescope.
R.P=1/dΘ
Rayleigh’s criteria for resolution dΘ = λ / d
Where λ is wavelength of light, d is the aperture of the objective of the
telescope and dΘ is limit of resolution of telescope.
RRB Notes 25
 Resolving Power of Telescope:
According to Airy, the condition for circular aperture becomes
dΘ=1.22 λ / d
Resolving power = 1 / dΘ = d / 1.22 λ

i.e., telescope with large diameter of the objective has higher resolving power
is equal to the angle subtended by the two distant object points at the
objective. Hence, the resolving power of a telescope increases with increase in
the diameter of the objective.

Resolving Power of Microscope:

The limit of resolution of a microscope is determined by the least
permissible linear distance between the two objects so that the two images
appear just resolved.
According to Abbe, the least distance between two objects which can
be distinguished is
𝝀
𝐝 =
𝟐𝝁 sin 𝛼

Where λ is wavelength of light through vacuum and μ is refractive index of

the medium between the object and the objective and 𝛼 is semi-vertical
angle.
RRB Notes 26
The factor μ sin 𝛼 numerical aperture of the objective of the microscope. It’s
highest value is about 1.6.
𝟏 𝟐𝝁 sin 𝛼
Resolving power of microscope = 𝐝 = 𝝀
i.e., the decrease of wavelength of light and increase of numerical aperture of
the objective decreases the value of d and the resolving power of the
microscope is increased and vice versa.

Polarisation of light:
The phenomenon of restriction of vibration of light waves in a particular
plane so that the wave gets one sidedness is called Polarization.

Unpolarised light:
The light having vibrations along all possible (infinite numbers of) straight
lines perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light is called
unpolarised light.
Polarised light:
The light having vibrations along the straight lines parallel to the direction
of propagation of light and restricted to vibrate at a particular plane is
called polarised light. RRB Notes 27
Polarisation of Transverse Mechanical Waves:

Longitudinal
disturbance
Narrow Slit

Transverse
disturbance
(up and down) Narrow Slit

90°

Transverse
disturbance Narrow Slit
RRB Notes 28
(up and down)
Polarisation of Light Waves:

• • • • • • • • • • Wave

•
S
- Parallel to the plane

• - Perpendicular to the plane

Natural Light Representation of Natural Light

(Unpolarised light)

RRB Notes 29
 Prove Light waves is transverse wave:
Light waves are electromagnetic waves with electric and magnetic
fields oscillating at right angles to each other and also to the direction
of propagation of wave. Therefore, the light waves can be polarised.
Optic Axis
A B

S
• • • • • • Fig:(1)

Unpolarised Plane Plane

light Polarised Polarised
light light
Polariser Analyser
Tourmaline Tourmaline
Crystal Crystal

A B

S 90° Fig:(2)
• • • • • •
No light
Plane
Unpolarised
Polarised
RRB Notes 30
light
light
Let the unpolarised light from a source S fall on a tourmaline crystal A which
is cut parallel to its axis such that crystal A act as slit. On rotating the crystal
A, no remarkable change is noticed. Now place another tourmaline crystal B
parallel to A.
(i) Rotate both the crystals together so that their axes are always parallel.
No change is observed in the light coming out of B as light is plane
polarized (fig 1).
(ii) Keep the crystal A fixed and rotate crystal B.
The light transmitted through B becomes dimmer and dimmer.
When crystal B is at right angles to A, no light emerges out of B
(fig 2).
If the crystal B is further rotated, the intensity of light coming out
of it gradually increases and is maximum again when the two
crystals are parallel
From this experiment, it is clear that after passing through the crystal A,
the light waves vibrate in only one direction (i.e., it is polarized).Hence, it is
called Polariser. When crystal B is rotated by 900, no light emerge from it.
Hence, it act as analyser.
This experiment proves that light is transverse wave.
RRB Notes 31
 Plane of vibration and Plane of polarization:

90°

• • • • • •
Unpolarised Plane
light Polarised
Polariser Analyser light

Plane of Vibration Plane of Polarisation

When unpolarised light is incident on the polariser, the vibrations parallel to

the crystallographic(optic) axis are transmitted and those perpendicular to the
axis are absorbed. Therefore the transmitted light is plane (linearly)
polarised.
The plane which contains the crystallographic axis and vibrations
transmitted from the polariser is called plane of vibration.
The plane which is perpendicular to the plane of vibration is called plane
of polarisation. The plane of polarisation is that plane in which no
RRB Notes 32
vibrations occur.
Malus’ Law:
When a beam of plane polarised light is incident on an analyser, the
intensity I of light transmitted from the analyser varies directly as the
square of the cosine of the angle θ between the planes of transmission of
analyser and polariser.
a
I α cos θ
2
a sin θ a cos θ
If a be the amplitude of the electric
P
vector transmitted by the polariser, A
then only the component a cos θ
will be transmitted by the analyser. θ
Intensity of transmitted light from
the analyser is
Case I : When θ = 0° or 180°, I = I0
I = k (a cos θ)2
or I = k a2 cos2 θ Case II : When θ = 90°, I=0
I = I0 cos2 θ Case III: When unpolarised light is incident
on the analyser the intensity of the
(where I0 = k a2 is the transmitted light is one-half of the intensity of
intensity of light transmitted incident light. (Since average value of cos2θ
from the polariser) RRB Notes 33
is ½)
Polarisation by Reflection and Polarising Angle (θp):
Reflected
Incident Unpolarised
The incident light wave is allowed to Polarised light
light
incident on a transparent medium, the
reflected and refracted light are
partially polarized. θP a
When an angle of incidence is increased,
the polarization in reflected beam 90° μ
increases, and at a particular angle of
incidence, the reflected beam is r
b
completely plane polarized with the
electric field vector parallel to reflecting
surface. This angle is called polarizing
angle θP. At this angle, the parallel Refracted light
components completely refracted
whereas the perpendicular components
partially get refracted and partially get Angle between reflected and
reflected. refracted beam is 900, when
beam of light is incident with
i.e. the reflected components are all in
perpendicular plane of vibration and
polarizing angle θP
hence plane polarised.
i.e., θP + r = 90°
The intensity of transmitted light through
the medium is greater than that of plane
RRB Notes 34
polarised (reflected) light.
Brewster’s Law:
Reflected
Incident Unpolarised
Let us consider unpolarised light SO M Polarised light
light
incident on the interface of A
transparent medium a & b having S
θP a
refractive index μ so that ray of light θP
is partially reflected and refracted as
shown in figure. O 90° μ
Angle of incidence in the medium a is
increased in such a way that the r
b
reflected ray is plane polarized and
angle between reflected and refracted N
0
ray is 90 . In this case, angle of B
incidence i = θP , called polarizing angle Refracted light
and angle of refraction is r.
Using Snell’s law at point O with i = θp
From geometry of figure, sin θP sin θP
μb = a μb =
˂SOM = θp = ˂MOA, ˂BON = r, a
sin 90° - θP
sin r
˂AOB = 900 Such that
< MOA + < AOB + < BON = 1800 aμb = tan θP ………..…..(2)
or θP + 90° + r = 180° i.e., during polarization by reflection,
or θP + r = 90° tangent of polarizing angle is equal to
or r = 90° - θP ………..…..(1)RRB Notes
refractive index of the medium . 35
Polaroids:
Polaroids are the optical devices of an artificial crystalline materials made
up of thin sheets which select the part of the ordinary light to oscillate only
in a particular direction in order to produce plane polarized light.
When unpolarised light falls on a polaroid, the electric field vector vibrating in
the direction of alignment of molecules of polaroid is absorbed where as those
perpendicular to the alignment of molecules of polaroid passes through it.
Uses of Polaroids:
1) Polaroid Sun Glasses
2) Polaroid Filters
3) For Laboratory Purpose
4) In Head-light of Automobiles
5) In Three – Dimensional Motion Picutres (3 D pictures)
6) In Window Panes
7) In Wind Shield in Automobiles, train, aeroplanes
8) Getting sound from compact disc (CD)
9) Liquid crystal display (LCD) of calculators, watch etc.
RRB Notes 36