Theory & Exercise-Jeemain - Guru

LIMIT
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
♦ THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES .............................................................. 3 – 24
♦ EXERCISE - I .................................................................................................. 25 – 32
♦ EXERCISE - II .................................................................................................. 33 – 34
♦ EXERCISE - III ................................................................................................. 34 – 37
♦ EXERCISE - IV ................................................................................................ 38 – 41
♦ EXERCISE - V ..................................................................................................... 42
♦ ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................ 43 – 44
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053 www.motioniitjee.com, email-hr.motioniitjee@gmail.com
Page # 2 LIMIT
JEE Syllabus :
limit and continuity of a function, limit and continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two
functions, even and odd functions, inverse of a function.
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LIMIT Page # 3
A. DEFINITION OF LIMIT
Let f be a function defined on an open interval containing c (except possibly at c) and let L be a real
number. The statement xlim

→c
f(x) = L means that for each ε > 0 there exists a δ > 0 such that if
0 < |x – c| < δ, then |f(x) – L| < ε.
B. THE EXISTENCE OF A LIMIT
Let f be a function and let c and L be real numbers. The limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L if and only
if
lim f(x) = L and lim f(x) = L.
x →c − x →c +
In other words limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, x→a when
Limit f(x) = Limit f(x) = A finite quantity .
x →a − x →a +
f(a –) = f(a +)
 Left hand lim it   Right hand lim it 
   
 L.H.L.   R.H.L. 
x 2 − 3x + 2
Ex.1 Consider the function f defined by f(x) = ,x≠2
x−2
Sol. The domain of f is the set of all real numbers with the exception of the number 2, which has been
0
excluded because substitution of x = 2 in the expression for f(x) yields the undefined term . On the
0
2
other hand, x – 3x + 2 = (x – 1) (x – 2) and
y – axis
( x − 1)( x − 2) x 2 − 3x + 2
f(x) = = x – 1, provided x ≠ 2 ......(1) y= , x≠2
x−2 x−2
3
The graph of the function y = x – 1 a straight line L; L
so the graph of f(x) is the punctured line from L by 2
omitting the one point (2, 1) (See Fig.)
1
Although the function f is not defined at x = 2, we know
its behaviour for values of x near 2. The graph makes it 0 x – axis
1 2 3
clear that if x is close to 2, then f(x) is close to 1. In fact,
the values of f(x) can be brought arbitrarily close to 1 by
taking x sufficiently close to 2. We express this fact by
(Fig.)
writing.
x 2 − 3x + 2
lim = 1,
x →2 x−2
x 2 − 3x + 2
which means that the limit of is 1 as x approaches 2.
x−2 y
Ex.2 The graph of a function g is shown in the figure. Use it to 4

state the values (if they exist) of the following
3 y = g(x)
(a) Lim− g(x) (b) Lim g(x)
x →2 +
x →2
(c) Lim g(x) (d) Lim− g(x) 1

x →2 x →5
x
(e) Lim g(x) (f) Lim g(x) 0 1 2 3 4 5
+
x →5 x →5
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Page # 4 LIMIT
Sol. From the graph we see that the values of g(x) approach 3 as x approaches 2 from the left, but they
approach 1 as x approaches 2 from the right. Therefore
(a) Lim g(x) = 3 and (b) Lim g(x) = 1
− +
x →2 x →2
(c) Since the left and right limits are different, we conclude that Lim g(x) does not exist.
x →2
The graph also show that

(d) Lim− g(x) = 2 and (e) Lim+ g(x) = 2
x →5 x →5
(f) This time the left and right limits are the same and so, we have Lim g(x) = 2
x →5
Despite this fact, notice that g(5) ≠ 2.
 x − 4 if x>4
Ex.3 If f(x) =  determine whether xlim f(x) exists.
 8 − 2 x if x<4 →4
y
Sol. Since f(x) = for x > 4, we have
lim f(x) = lim+
x →4 + x →4 x−4 = 4−4 =0
Since f(x) = 8 – 2x for x < 4, we have
lim f(x) = lim− (8 – 2x) = 8 – 2.4 = 0 0 x
x →4 − x →4 4
The right and left-hand limits are equal. Thus, the limit exists and xlim
→4
f(x) = 0
The graph of f is shown in the figure.
 ( x 2 − 6 x + 9)
 ,x ≠ 3
Ex.4 Evaluate the left hand and right hand limits of the function f(x) =  ( x − 3) at x = 3.
 0 ,x = 3

| x − 3 |
 ,x ≠ 3
Sol. The given function can be written as  ( x − 3)
 0 ,x = 3
|3 −h−3| | −h | h
∴ L.H.L. = xlim f(x) = hlim (3 – h) = hlim = hlim = lim = –1
→3 − →0 →0 (3 − h − 3 ) →0 ( −h) h →0 − h
|3+h−3| |h| h
and R.H.L. = xlim f(x) = hlim (3 + h) = hlim = lim = lim = 1
→3 + →0 →0 (3 + h − 3 ) h→0 h h→0 h
Hence left hand limit and right hand limit of f(x) at x = 3 are –1 and 1 respectively.
cos[ x], x ≥ 0
Ex.5 Let f(x) =  . Find the value of a, given that xlim f(x) exists.
| x | +a, x < 0 →0
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
Sol. Since xlim

→0
f(x) exists ⇒ lim f(x) = lim f(x) ⇒
x →0 − x →0 +
lim f(0 – h) = lim f(0 + h)
h→0 h→0
⇒ lim |0 – h| + a = lim cos [0 + h] ⇒ a = cos 0 = 1 ∴ a=1

h→ 0 h→ 0
LIMIT Page # 5
 sin −1 x 
Ex.6 lim
Evaluate x →0   (where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
 x 
 sin −1 x  sin−1 x
Sol. Let P = xlim   for x > 0, sin–1 x > x ⇒ >1
→0
 x  x
 sin −1 x  sin −1 x
∴ R.H.L. lim
= x →0   =1 for x < 0, sin–1 x > x ⇒ >1
 x  x
 sin −1 x 
∴ L.H.L. = xlim   =1 Hence P = 1.
→0
 x 
 | x |
Solve xlim
→0 
sin
x 
Ex.7 , (where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)

 | x |
Here, xlim
→0 
sin
x 
Sol. , since we have greatest integer function we must define function.

 sin | 0 + h |  sin h
lim
h →0  
Now, RHL (put x = 0 + h) , we know → 1 as h → 0 but less than 1.
 0+h  h
 sin h 
∴ hlim 0 = 0 {∵   = 0 as h → 0} ⇒ RHL = 0
→0  h 
 | 0 − h | sin h
again, LHL (put x = 0 – h) hlim
→0 
sin
0 − h 
, we know → – 1 as h → 0 but greater than –1.
 −h
∴ lim –1 = – 1 {∵  − sin h  = –1 as h → 0} ⇒ LHL = –1

h→ 0  h 

∴ limit does not exists as RHL = 0 and LHL = –1
C. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS
Let b and c be real numbers, let n be a positive integer, and let f and g be functions with the following
limits. xlim
→c
f(x) = L and xlim
→c
g(x) = K
1. Sum Rule : xlim
→c
[f(x) + g(x)] = L + K
2. Difference Rule : xlim
→c
[f(x) – g(x)] = L – K
3. Product Rule : xlim

→c
[f(x) g(x)] = LK
f (x) L
4. Quotient Rule : xlim =
→c g( x ) K , provided K ≠ 0
5. Constant Multiplication Rule : xlim

→c
[b f(x)] = bL
 
6. Composition Rule : Limit f (g(x)) = f  Limit g( x )  = f (m) ; provided f is continuous at x = m.
x →a
 x →a 
 
For example Limit ln (f(x) = ln  Limit f( x )  = ln l(l > 0).
x →a
 x →a 
Page # 6 LIMIT
Ex.8 Evaluate the following limits and justify each step.
2 x 3 + 2x 2 − 1
(a) Lim (2x – 3x + 4) (b) Lim
x →5 x → −2 5 − 3x
(a) Lim
2 2
Sol. x →5
(2x – 3x + 4) = Lim (2x ) – Lim (3x) + Lim 4
x →5 x →5 x →5
2 2
= 2 Lim x – 3 Lim x + Lim 4 = 2(5 ) – 3(5) + 4 = 39
x →5 x →5 x →5
(b) We start by using laws of limit, but their use is fully justified only at the final stage when we see
that the limits of the numerator and denominator exist and the limit of the denominator is not 0.
x 3 + 2x 2 − 1 xLim ( x 3 + 2x 2 − 1) Lim x 3 + Lim 2x 2 − Lim 1

Lim = → −2 x → −2 x → −2 x → −2 ( −2)3 + 2( −2)2 − 1 1
x → −2 5 − 3x Lim (5 − 3 x ) = Lim 5 − 3 Lim x = =– .
x → −2 x → −2 x → −2
5 − 3( −2) 11
D. NON-EXISTENCE OF LIMIT
Three of the most common types of behaviour associated with the non-existence of a limit.
1. f(x) approaches a different number from the right side of c than it approaches from the left side.
2. f(x) increases or decreases without bound as x approaches c.
3. f(x) oscillates between two fixed values as x approaches c.
There are many other interesting functions that have unusual limit behaviour. An often cited one is
0, if x is rational
the Dirichlet function f(x) =  . This function has no limit at any real number c.
1, if x is irrational.
0 ∞
E. INDETERMINANT FORMS : , , 0 × ∞ , ∞ − ∞,
∞ 0º, ∞ º and 1∞
0 ∞
Ex.9 Which of the following limits are in indeterminant forms. Also indicate the form
1 1− x 1 1 
(i) lim (ii) lim (iii) xlim x n x (iv) xlim − 2
x →0 x x →0 1 − x 2 →0 →0x x 
1 1
(v) xlim (sin x ) x (vi) xlim ( n x ) x (vii) lim (1 + sin x ) x (viii) lim (1) x
→0 →0 x →0 x →0
0
Sol. (i) No (ii) Yes form (iii) Yes 0 × ∞ form (iv) Yes (∞ – ∞) form
0
(v) Yes, 00 form (vi) Yes ∞0 form (vii) Yes 1∞ form (viii) No
Remark :
(i) ‘0’ doesn’t means exact zero but represent a value approaching towards zero similarly to ‘1’ and
infinity.
(ii) ∞ + ∞ = ∞ (iii) ∞ × ∞ = ∞ (iv) (a/∞) = 0 if a is finite
a
(v) is not defined for any a ∈ R. (vi) a b = 0, if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite.
0
LIMIT Page # 7
F. METHODS OF EVALUATING LIMITS
(Rationalization, Factorization and Cancellation of Common Factors)
 1− x 
Ex.10 Evaluate lim arcsin  
 1− x 
x →1  
 1− x   1 − x   1− x   1  1 π
lim sin−1  –1  lim  lim  = sin–1 =
 1 − x  = sin  x →1 1 − x  = sin  lim  = sin–1
–1
Sol.
x →1      x →1 (1 − x )(1 + x )   x →1 1 + x  2 6
x−2
Ex.11 Evaluate lim
x →2 2
x −4 − x−2
2 2
x−2 . ( x − 4 − x − 2 ) = lim ( x − 2)( x − 4 − x − 2 )
Sol. L = xlim
→2
x 2 − 4 + x − 2 ( x 2 − 4 − x − 2 ) x →2 ( x 2 − 4 ) − ( x − 2)
( x − 2)( x 2 − 4 − x − 2 ) ( x − 2)( x 2 − 4 − x − 2 ) x2 − 4 x − 2
= lim = lim = lim = 0.
x →2 x2 − x − 2 x →2 ( x − 2)( x + 1) x →2 x +1
3
(7 − x ) − 2
Ex.12 Evaluate : lim
x → −1 ( x + 1)
(7 − x ) − 8 ( x + 1)
Sol. 3 (7 − x ) – 2 = = ...(1)
(7 − x )2 / 3 + (7 − x )1/ 3 .2 + 4 ( x + 1)2 / 3 + ( x + 1)1/ 3 .2 + 4
3 (7 − x ) − 2 ( x + 1)
∴ lim = – xlim [From (1)]
x → −1 ( x + 1) → −1 ( x + 1)(7 − x ) + (7 − x )1/ 3 .2 + 4
2/3
1 1 1
= xlim 2/3 = =– .
→ −1 (7 − x ) + (7 − x )1/ 3 .2 + 4 4+2+4 10
(1 + sin 3 x ) − 1
Ex.13 Evaluate : lim
x →0 ln(1 + tan 2x )
(1 + sin 3x ) − 1  0 ( (1 + sin 3 x ) − 1)( (1 + sin 3 x ) + 1)
Sol. lim  form  = lim
x →0 ln(1 + tan 2x )  0 x → 0 ln(1 + tan 2x )( (1 + sin 3 x ) + 1)
sin 3 x tan 2x 3x tan 2x 3 1 3
= lim . xlim . lim . lim
x→0 3 x →0 ln(1 + tan 2 x ) x→0 tan 2x x → 0 ( 1 + sin 3 x ) + 1) = 1 . 1 . 2 . (1 + 1) = 4 .
 2 2
 
 π a− x 
Ex.14 Evaluate Limit−  a − x .cot  .  .
x→a  
2 a+ x 

 
 π a− x   h 
Sol. Limit  a 2 − x 2 .cot 
 .  = Limit a 2 −(a−h)2 cot 
π 

−
x→a 
 
 2 a+ x 

h→0

2 2a−h 

π h
2ah−h 2 h 2a−h 2 2a−h
= Limit
h →0
= Limit
h→ 0
tan π h π
tan 2 h π h
2 2a−h 2a−h 2 2a−h
2 2a−h 4a
= Limit
h →0 h 2a−h × =
π h π
Page # 8 LIMIT
 2n3 1 + 5n2 
lim 
Ex.15 Find n→∞  2 + 

 2n + 3 5n + 1 
 2n3 − 13n2 + 3   2 − 13 / n + 3 / n3 
lim   lim   = 1
Sol. 3 2
n→ ∞ 10n + 2n + 15n + 3  n→∞ 10n + 2n + 15 / n + 3 / n 
 2 3
    5
n2 + 1 + n
Ex.16 Find nlim
→∞
4 n3 + 1 − n
(n )  1 + 1 / n 2 + 1 / n   1 + 1/ n 2 + 1/ n 
  1/ 4   =∞
lim lim n
Sol. n→∞ 3 / 4 
n  1 + 1/ n2 + 1 − 1/ n 
= n→∞  1 + 1 / n 2 − 1 / n 
   
2n n +1 n n( −1)n
Ex.17 Find lim cos − ×
n→ ∞ 2n 2 − 1 2n − 1 1 − 2n n2 + 1
 2 1  1 + 1/ n  1 ( −1)n 1
Sol. lim  2
 cos  − × 2
×
1 / n → 0 2 − 1 / n  2  2n − 1/ n  (1/ n − 2) (1 + 1/ n ) n
n→ ∞
1 2  1 + 1/ n  1 ( −1)n  2 1 1 1
= lim  2
× cos   − × 2  = 0 ×  × cos + ×  = 0.
1 / n →0 n  2 − 1 / n  2 − 1/ n  (1/ n − 2) (1 + 1/ n ) 
n →∞
2 2 2 1
 1 − 2x − x7 
Ex.18 Find xlim  +2 
→∞ (1 + 8 x 3 )1 / 3
 
1 
x − 2 
2  + 1 −2
Sol. lim = = –1
x →∞
1 / x →0  1 
1 / 3
2x
7
(8)1/ 3
 3 + 8
x 
Ex.19 Evaluate a, b, c and d, if lim ( x 4 + ax 3 + 3 x 2 + bx + 2 − x 4 + 2x 3 − cx 2 + 3 x − d ) = 4 .

x →∞
4 3 2
Sol. Here, lim ( x + ax + 3 x + bx + 2 − x 4 + 2x 3 − cx 2 + 3 x − d ) = 4 (∞ − ∞ form)
x →∞
(a − 2)x 3 + (3 + c )x 2 + (b − 3)x + (2 + d)
Rationalizing ⇒ xlim
→∞
x 4 + ax 3 + 3 x 2 + bx + 2 + x 4 + 2x 3 − cx 2 + 3 x − d
Since, limit is finite, so the degree of the numerator must be 2. So, a – 2 = 0 i.e. a = 2.
(3 + c )x 2 + (b − 3)x + (2 + d)
⇒ lim
x →∞
x 4 + ax 3 + 3 x 2 + bx + 2 + x 4 + 2x 3 − cx 2 + 3 x − d ′
dividing numerator and denominator by x2 .We get,
LIMIT Page # 9
(3 + c ) + (b − 3) / x + ( 2 + d) / x 2
⇒ lim
x →∞ a 3 b 2 2 c 3 d
1+ + + + + 1+ − 2 + 3 − 4
x x 2 x3 x 4 x x x x
3+c 3+c
⇒ given, =4⇒ c=5 ∴ c = 5, a=2
2 2
Hence, a = 2, c = 5 and b, d are real numbers.
 
 1 
2 1  1 
Ex.20 Evaluate n→∞  
lim n 1 − cos  1 − cos  1 − cos ....∞ 
  n  n  n 
 
 
2  1  1  1  1
P = n→∞  
Sol.
lim n 1 − cos  1 − cos  1 − cos ....∞  Put =x
 n   n   n   n
 
1 1 1
+ + _ .....∞
(1 − cos x ) (1 − cos x ) (1 − cos x ).....∞ (1 − cos x )2 2 2 23
∴ P = lim = lim
x →0 x2 x →0 x2
2
(1 − cos x ) (1 + cos x )  sin x  1 1 1
= xlim . = lim   . lim = (1)2 . =
→0 x2 (1 + cos x ) x →0 x  x →0 (1 + cos x ) 1+ 1 2
G. STANDARD THEOREM
(1) SANDWICH THEOREM / SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM

Statement : If h(x) ≤ f(x) ≤ g(x) for all x in an open interval containing c,
except possibly at c itself, and if
lim h(x) = = lim g(x)
x→ c x →c
then lim
x→ c
f(x) exists and is equal to .
1 + 2x 2 , x ∈ Q
Ex.21 Find xlim f(x) if f(x) =  4
→0
 1+ x , x∉Q
Sol. Consider | x | ≤ 1. x4 ≤ x2 ≤ 2x2.
Now 1 ≤ f(x) ≤ 1 + 2x2 ∀ x.
By Sandwich theorem, lim

x →1
1 + 2x2 = 1. Hence xlim
→0
f(x) = 1.
Ex.22 Let a function f(x) be such that | f(x) | ≤ M for any x ≠ 0. Prove that xlim
→0
x f(x) = 0
Sol. We have | x f(x) | ≤ | x | . M ⇒ – M | x | ≤ x f(x) ≤ M | x | for any x ≠ 0.
Since xlim
→0
M | x | = 0 and xlim
→0
– M | x | = 0, by Sandwich theorem, xlim
→0
x f(x) = 0.
Page # 10 LIMIT
( n +1)2
1
Ex.23 Use Sandwich theorem to evaluate: Lim
n→ ∞
∑ k
k =n 2
1 1 1 1
Sol. f (n) = + + + ......... +
n2 n2 + 1 (n 2 + 2 ) n 2 + 2n + 1

( 2n + 2 ) terms
terms of the sequence are decreasing and number of terms are (2n + 2)
 1
2n + 2 2n + 2 2(n + 1) 2n 1 + 
≤ f (n) ≤ now Lim = Lim
 n
;
n →∞ 2
n2 + 2n + 1 n2 n + 2n + 1 n → ∞ 2 1
n 1+ + 2
2(n + 1) n n
Lim 2(n + 1)
|||ly n→ ∞ 2 = Lim =2 ∴ Lim f ( x ) = 2
n n→ ∞ n n→∞
Ex.24 Suppose that function f : R → R satisfies the inequality, ∑3

k =1
k
{ f ( x + ky ) − f ( x − ky )} ≤ 1
for every positive integer n and for all x, y ∈ R. Prove that f is a constant function.
n
Sol. Replacing n by (n – 1) in, ∑3

k =1
k
{ f ( x + ky ) − f ( x − ky )} ≤ 1 ...(i)
n −1
we get; ∑3 k =1
k
{ f ( x + ky ) − f ( x − ky )} ≤ 1 ...(ii)
Subtracting (i) and (ii) we get, |3n {f (x + ny) – f(x – ny)}| ≤ 2

2
⇒ |{f (x + ny) – f(x – ny)}| ≤ ...(iii)
3n
We choose x and y such that x + ny = u and x – ny = v, where u, v ∈ R and n ∈ N.
2
(iii) becomes, |f(u) – f(v)| ≤ for arbitrary n ∈ N
3n
2
i.e., as n → ∞ ⇒ |f(u) – f(v)| ≤ lim ⇒ If(u) – f(v)| ≤ 0 ⇒ f(u) = f(v) Hence f is constant.
n→ ∞ 3n
(2) LIMIT OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
(a) Lim sinx = 1 (approach from left side)

x→ 0
x
(b) Lim tanx = 1 (approach from right side)

x→ 0
x
−1
(c) Lim tan x = 1
x→ 0
x
−1
(d) Lim sin x =1
x→ 0
x
[Where x is measured in radians]
LIMIT Page # 11
tan x − sin x
Ex.25 Find Lim
x →0 x3
sin x x
tan x − sin x − sin x (1 − cos x ) sin x.2 sin2
Lim cos x
Sol. = Lim = Lim = Lim 2
x →0 x3 x →0 x3 x →0 x 3 cos x x→0 x 3 cos x
2 2
 x  x
 sin x  
 sin  x 2 sin 
 sin x   2    2 .1
2  x. 2 .
 x   x   2   x   x  4
 2.1.12. 41 1
= Lim  2  = Lim
 2  =
3
x →0 x cos x x →0 cos x 1 2
(1 − tan θ)
lim
Ex.26 Evaluate : θ→ π/4 (1 − 2 sin θ)
(1 − tan θ)  0 π
Sol. Let P = xlim  form  Put θ=
→0 (1 − 2 sin θ)  0 4
π   1 + tan h 
1 − tan + h  1 −  
lim  4   1 − tan h   0
∴ P = h→ π / 4 π  = hlim  form 
1 − 2 sin + h  →0  1 1   0
 4  1 − 2  cos h + sin h 
 2 2 
− 2 tan h − 2 tan h
= lim = lim
h→0 (1 − tan h)(1 − cos h − sin h) h →0  (1 − cos h)(1 + cos h) 
(1 − tan h) − sin h 
 (1 + cos h) 
tan h sin h
= –2 lim = –2 lim
h→0  sin h 2
 h →0  sin2 h 
(1 − tan h) − sin h  (1 − cos h − sin h) − sin h 
 1 + cos h   1 + cos h 
1 1
= –2 lim = –2 . = 2.
h→0  sin h  (1 − 0)(0 − 1)
(cos h − sin h) − 1
 1 + cos h 
tan x − sin{tan −1(tan x )}

Ex. 27 Solve lim
x→
π tan x + cos 2 (tan x )
2
π
Sol. Here, RHL at x =
2
tan x − sin{tan −1(tan x )} tan x − sin( x − π) π

lim+ lim+
= π tan x + cos 2 (tan x ) = π tan x + cos2 (tan x ) {∵ tan–1 (tan x) = x – π, when x > }
x→
2
x→
2
2
Page # 12 LIMIT
sin x
1+ 1+ 0
= lim tan x = =1
+
π cos 2 (tan x ) 1+ 0
x→ 1+
2
tan x
π tan x − sin{tan −1(tan x )}

lim−
again, LHL at x = = π tan x + cos 2 (tan x )
2 x→
2
tan x − sin( x )  −1 π
=
lim− as tan (tan x ) = x, when x < 
x→
π tan x + cos2 (tan x )  2
2
sin x
1−
lim− tan x 1+ 0 tan x − sin{tan−1(tan x )}
lim
= x→
π cos 2 (tan x ) = =1 ∴ π tan x + cos2 (tan x ) =1
2 1+ 1+ 0 x→
2
tan x
sin−1(1 − { x }). cos −1(1 − { x})

Ex.28 Let f(x) = , then find xlim f(x) and xlim f(x).
2{ x} .(1 − { x}) →0 + →0 −
(where {x} denotes the fractional part of x)
sin −1(1 − { x}). cos −1(1 − { x})

Sol. We have f(x) =
2{ x} .(1 − { x })
∴ lim f(x) = lim f(0 + h)

x →0 + h→ 0
sin−1(1 − {0 + h}). cos −1(1 − {0 + h}) sin−1(1 − h). cos −1(1 − h)

= hlim = hlim
→0 2{0 + h} .(1 − {0 + h}) →0 2h.(1 − h)
sin −1(1 − h) cos −1(1 − h)

= lim . lim
h→0 (1 − h) h →0 2h
in second limit put 1 – h = cos θ
−1
sin −1(1 − h) lim cos (cos θ) sin −1(1 − h) θ
= lim . h →0 = lim . hlim ( ∵ θ > 0)
h→0 (1 − h) 2(1 − cos θ) h→0 (1 − h) →0 2 sin( θ / 2)
= sin–1 1 . 1 = π/2
sin −1(1 − {0 − h}). cos −1(1 − {0 − h})

and lim f(x) = lim f(0 – h) = lim
x →0 − h→ 0 h →0 2{0 − h} .(1 − {0 − h})
sin −1(1 + h − 1). cos −1(1 + h + 1) sin −1 h lim cos h

−1
π/2 π
= hlim = lim . h →0 =1. =
→0 2( −h + 1).(1 + h − 1) h →0 h 2(1 − h) 2 2 2
LIMIT Page # 13
NOTE : LIMIT USING EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS
x na x 2 n2a x3 n3a x x 2 x3

(i) ax =1 + + + + .........a > 0 (ii) e x =1 + + + + ............
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
x2 x3 x4 x3 x5 x7
(iii) n (1+x) = x − + − + ......... for − 1 < x ≤ 1 (iv) sin x =x − + − + .......
2 3 4 3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6 x 3 2x 5
(v) cos x = 1 − + − + ...... (vi) tan x = x + + + ........
2! 4! 6! 3 15
x3 x5 x7 12 3 12.32 5 12.32.52 7
(vii) tan–1 x = x − + − + ....... (viii) sin–1 x = x + x + x + x + .......
3 5 7 3! 5! 7!
x 2 5x 4 61x 6 nx x2
(ix) –1
sec x = 1 + n
(x) (1 + x) =1+ 1 + n(n − 1)
2!
+
4!
+
6!
+ ...... 2 +.... for –1<x< 1.
e sin x − sin x − 1
Ex.29 Find Lim
x →0 x2
 2 3 
sin x 1 + sin x + sin x + sin x + .....  − sin x − 1
e − sin x − 1  1 2 3 
Lim  
Sol. Lim =
x →0 x2 x →0 x2
 
1 + 1 + sin x + .....  2
 
 2 3  Lim sin x   1 + sin x + ...  = 1 = 1
Lim   = x →0 x
=
   2 3 
 2 2
x →0 x2
x 7 − 2x 5 + 1
Ex.30 Find Lim .
x =1 x 3 − 3x 2 + 2
0
Sol. This is of the form if we put x = 1. Therefore we put x = 1 + h and expand.
0
x 7 − 2x 5 + 1 (1 + h)7 − 2(1 + h)5 + 1 (1 + 7h + 21h2 + ...) − 2(1 + 5h + 19h2 + ...) + 1

Lim = Lim = Lim
h =0 (1 + h)3 − 3(1 + h)2 + 2 (1 + 3h + 3h2 + ...) − 3(1 + 2h + h2 ) + 2
x =1 x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 h =0
− 3h + h 2 + ... − 3 + h + ...
= Lim = Lim = 1.
h =0 − 3h + .... h =0 − 3 + ....
3sinx −sin3x
Ex.31 Evaluate Limit
x →0
x −sinx
3
3
Limit 4sin x = Limit
4x 4x 3
Sol. = Limit = 24 .
x →0
x −sinx x →0 x − sinx x →0
x3
x − (x − ....)
3!
Page # 14 LIMIT
f(x)
Ex.32 Let f(x) be a function such that lim = 1. Find the values of a and b such that
x→0 x
x(1 + a cos x ) − b sin x

lim =1
x →0 { f ( x )} 3
  x 2 x 4    x3 x5 
x1 + a1 + +  − b x − + − .... 
lim
x(1 + a cos x ) − b sin x
= 1 
  2! 4!    3! 5! 
 =1
Sol. Since, x →0 ⇒ lim
{ f ( x )} 3 3
x →0 { f ( x )}
a b a b (1 + a − b)  a b  a b
x(1 + a − b) + x 3  +  + x 5  −  + ... 2
+  +  + x 2  −  + ...
 2! 3!   4! 5!  x  2! 3!   4! 5! 
⇒ lim 3
= 1⇒ lim 3 =1
x →0 { f ( x )} x →0
 f (x) 
 
 x 
a b
∵ R.H.S. is finite then L.H.S. is also finite, then 1 + a –b = 0 and – + =1
2! 3!
⇒ –3a + b = 6 then we get, a = –5/2 and b = –3/2
1  1 1 + ax  1 2 3
Ex.33 If the Lim  −  exists and has the value equal to l, then find the value of − + .
x →0 x3  1+ x 1 + bx  a l b
1
1  1 1 + ax  1 + bx − (1 + ax ) 1 + x Lt
Sol. Lt  −  = Lt
x →
= 0 1 + x (1 + bx )
x →0 x 3
 1 + x 1 + bx  x →0 x3
=1
1 + bx − (1 + ax ){1 + x}
1/ 2
= Lt Use binomial expansion to get the following relations :
x →0 x3
1 1 a 1 3 1
b− −a = 0, − + = 0, a = b= = −
2 8 2 4 4 32
(3) LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
x
Lim a − 1 = ln a (a > 0). ex − 1
x→ 0 In particular xLim
→0 =1
x x
x +h x
( x +h) −x
Ex.34 Evaluate hLim
→0 (x > 0).
h
x + h n( x +h ) x nx e x + h n( x + h ) − x nx

−1
Lim e −e
= hLim  
x nx
Sol. h→0 →0 e
h  h 
LIMIT Page # 15
  h 
 es − 1 x + h n (x + h) − x n x  x + h  nx + n1 +   − x nx
= x x  Lim . Lim  = x x Lim   x 
h→0
 s → 0 s h→0 h  h
 ( x + h − x) (x + h)  h 
x/h
 nx 1 
= x x  Lim nx + Lim n 1 +   = x x  + 
h → 0 h h →0 x  x    2 x x 
e x −e −x −2x
Ex.35 Evaluate Lim
x →0
.
x −sinx
e x −e −x −2x
Sol. Let L = Lim
x →0 x −sinx
x 3.
x3
x− sin x 1
Now 1 = Lim
x →0 3
= ( use x = 3 t )
x 6
e x −e −x −2x
2 = Lim put x = 3y
x →0
x3
e 3y −e −3y −6y (e y −e − y )3 +3(e y −e −y )−6y
= Limit = Limit
y →0
27y 3 y→0
27 y 3
 8 (e 2y −1)3 1  8 2 1 1
Limit + 2 2 = + ⇒ 2 = Hence L =
8 3 2 = 2
 y →0 27 ( 2y ) 9  27 9
x
 1 1
(4) (a) xLim
→ 0 (1 + x)
1/x
= e = Lim
x →∞
1 +  Note : xLim
→ 0 x n (1 + x) = 1
 x
(b) Generalized formula for 1∞ form :
Lim φ(x )[f (x) −1]
If xLim
→ a f(x) = 1 and Lim φ (x) = ∞ , then
x →a
Lim
x →a  f(x) 
φ(x )
= e x →a
n cos(sin t )
Ex.36 Evaluate lim
t →0 t2
2
 (sin t )   2  sin t     sin t  
n1 − 2 sin2   − 2 sin     sin 
 2    2  2   sin2 t
lim− 2. 
n cos(sin t ) 1
lim = lim . . =−
Sol. t →0 t2 t →0  sin t  t2 = t →0  sin t  4.t 2 2
− 2 sin2    
 2   2 
ln tan x
Ex.37 Find lim
x → π / 4 1 − cot x
1 + tan t 
ln 
ln tan( t + π / 4 ) 1 − tan t 
Sol. Put x = t + π/4 ⇒ lim = lim
t →0 1 − cot( t + π / 4) t →0  cot t cot π / 4 − 1
1−  
 cot t + cot π / 4 
ln(1 + tan t ) ln(1 − tan t )(1 + tan t ) 1 2
= lim + lim = [1.1 + 1.1] = = 1.
t →0 2 tan t t →0 − 2 tan t 2 2
t + tan t
Page # 16 LIMIT
 n(cos 3 x ) 2 sin x 
Ex.38 Evaluate xlim  . x .
→0  x2 e − e −x 
n(cos 3 x ).2 sin x n(cos2 3 x ). sin x.e x

Sol. lim 2 x − x
= lim
x →0 x (e − e ) x →0 x 2 ( e 2 x − 1)
 
 
 n(1 + cos 3 x − 1) 2 sin x 1 
= lim  × (cos 3 x − 1) × × x 
x →0
 (cos 3 x − 1) x  e − 1 e − 1 2 
− x
 + x
  x − x  
 
  
 2 3x  
 − 2 sin 
 n(1 + cos 3 x − 1)  2  2 sin x 1 
= lim  × × × x 
x →0
 (cos 3 x − 1) x 2
x  e − 1 e − 1 
− x
 
  x + − x 
  
9 1 9
= 1 × (–2) × ×2×1× =– .
4 1+ 1 2
Ex.39 Evaluate xLim

n(1+ x 2 + x 4 ) .
→0
(e x −1).x
n(1+ x 2 + x 4 )
1
Lim = xLim 2 4 x2
Sol. x →0 → 0 n (1+ x + x )
x2
Lim
1 (1+ x 2
+ x 4 −1) x +x 2 4
= n x →0
e x2 = xLim
→0 2 = Lim (1 + x 2 ) = 1
x →0
x
 π 
sec 2  
 2  π   2−bx 
Ex.40 Evaluate : xLim
→0 
sin  
  2−ax 
sec 2 2 −πbx
 2  π  −Limit sec 2 π cos 2 π
2 − bx 2 −a x
= xLim sin   e
→0 
x →0
Sol. =
  2−ax 
cos 2−πax sin 2

π− π 
2−ax 
Lim  
consider = xLim
x →0 cos 2−πbx →0  π π 
sin 2 − 2−bx 
 
π− π 2
2 2−ax −ax 2−bx a − a2
= Lim = xLim = ∴ = e
b
x →0 π− π →0 2−ax −bx
2 2−bx b
LIMIT Page # 17
1 /{ x }
 (1 + [ x])1/{ x } 
Ex.41 Evaluate xlim   if it exist (where {x} denotes the fractional part of x)
→ 0 e 
 
1 /{0 −h } 1 /(1−h )
 1 + {0 − h})1/{0−h}   (1 + 1 − h)1/(1−h )  2
Sol. L.H.L. = xlim f(x) = lim f(0 – h) = lim  = hlim   =  
→0 − h→ 0 h →0  e  →0 e  e
   
1/{h} 1/h
 (1 + {h})1/{h}   (1 + h)1/h 
R.H.L. = xlim f(x) = hlim f(0 + h) = lim  
 = lim  

→0 + →0 h →0
 e  h→0
 e 
 ln(1+h )−h 
1 1/ h
((1 + h) − e)
1
lim e (1 / h ) ln(1+h )
−e e h − 1
= e
lim
e h→0
= e e h→0   lim  
 h  = e h→0 h
h    
ln( 1+ h )
(e h −1)  ln(1+h )−h 
lim . 
h → 0  ln( 1+ h ) −h   h2 

 h


ln(1 − h) − h
= e ...(1)Now let P = lim ...(2)
h→0 h2
ln(1 − h) + h
replacing h by –h then P = lim ...(3)
h →0 h2
ln(1 − h2 ) ln(1 − h 2 )
adding (2) and (3), 2P = lim = – hlim = –1
h →0 h2 →0 ( −h2 )
1
∴P=– from (1), R.H.L. = e1.(–1/2) = e–1/2 ∴ L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L. Hence P does not exist.
2
Ex.42 Evaluate xlim

→∞
(π – 2 tan –1 x) ln x
2
−
( π − 2 tan −1 x ) 0 1+ x2 2
Sol. lim   Applying L’ Hospital’s Rule= lim = lim (ln x)2
x →∞ 1 0 x →∞ 1 1 x →∞ 1 + x2
2
×
nx (ln x ) x
1 1 2
2(ln x )2 + 2x.2 ln x. 2 2 ln x. +
= lim x = lim (ln x ) + 2 ln x = lim x x
x →∞ 2x x →∞ x x →∞ x
1 1
= lim [2ln x + 3] = 0 →0
x →∞ x2 x
Page # 18 LIMIT
1/ x
 x 2 + f (x) 
Ex.43 Find a polynomial of least degree, such that xlim 1 +  = e2 .
→0  x2 
 
1/ x
 x2 + f (x)  x 2 + f (x)
Sol. lim 
Now, x →0 1 +  exists only when lim =0 (i.e. it converts to 1∞ form).
x2  x2
  x →0
So, the least degree in f(x) is of degree 2. i.e. f(x) = a2x2 + a3x3 + ......
1/ x  x2 + f ( x )  1
lim   x2 +f ( x )
 x2 + f (x)  x → 0 2 x lim
Now, lim 1 + 
 =e 2
⇒ e  x 
=e 2
⇒ e
x →0 x3
= e2
x →0
 x2 
x 2 + f ( x) x 2 + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + .....
∴ lim =2 ⇒ lim =2
x x3 x x3
⇒ a2 = –1, a3 = 2 and a4, a5 ....... are any arbitrary constants. Since, we want polynomial of least
degree.
Hence, f(x) = x2 + 2x3.
 1
Ex.44 Evaluate xLim 2
→ ∞ x − x n
 1+  .
 x
1
Sol. Put x = ⇒ as x → ∞ ; y → 0.
y
1 1 y −n(1+ y )
Hence = yLim
→0
− n (1 + y) = Lim
y →0
y y2 y2
Put 1 + y = ez as y → 0, z → 0
z
(e z −1)−z e −z−1
= zLim
→0 = zLim
→0 2 Put z = 2t
(e z −1)2 z
e 2t −2t −1 (e t −1)2 +2e t −2t −2

= Lim
t →0 2 = Lim
t →0
4t 4t 2
1 l 1
= + ⇒ =
4 2 2
LIMIT Page # 19
xn − an
(5) BINOMIAL LIMIT : xLim
→a = nan−1
x−a
Lim x x −a x Lim a x −x a
Ex.45 Let x → a = , a > 0 & x →a = m , a > 0 . If = m then find the value of 'a'.
x −a x −a
Sol. = xLim
ex n x − ex n a
=
[ ]
e x n a e x ( n x − n a) − 1
.
x ( n x − n a)
→a
x−a x ( n x − n a) x−a
 h
( a + h) n  1 + 
= a . hLim
a
→0
 a  = aa
h
e x n a − ea n x ea n x ex n a − a n x − 1 x n a − an x
m = xLim =   .
→a
x−a Lim x n a − a n x x−a
x→a
= aa . hLim
→0
( a + h ) n a − a n ( a + h)
h
= aa Lim  n a − n 1 + h
h→0  a ( )a/h

 = a (n a − 1)
a
Now = m ⇒ a = e2
 x x x x x x x 
Ex.46 Evaluate Limit
n→∞  tan 2.sec x + tan 2 2 .sec 2 + tan 23 .sec 22 +......+ tan 2n .sec 2n−1 
 
 π
where x ∈  0, .
 2

x x
sinsin x − 

2 2  x
Sol. T1 = x = x = tan x − tan
cos cosx cos cosx 2
2 2
x x x x
Similarly T 2 = tan − tan 2 and T 3 = tan 2
− tan 3
2 2 2 2
x x x Lim S = tan x
T n = tan n−1
− tan n S = tan x − tan ∴ n→∞
2 2 2n
Page # 20 LIMIT
 2 θ  2 θ   2 θ 
Ex.47 Define f (n , θ) =  1−tan  1−tan 2   1−tan 3  ...... to n factors.
 2  2   2 
Lim θ
Show that n→∞ f (n , θ) = .
tanθ
θ cosθ θ cos 2θ
Sol. 1 − tan 2
= ; 1 − tan 2
= and so on .
2 cos 2 2θ 22 cos 2 θ2
2
1 1 1 1
Hence f (n , θ ) = cos θ . . ........ .
θ θ
cos 2 cos 2 cos n−1 cos 2 2θn
θ
2 2
θ θ θ θ sinθ
But cos . cos 2 . cos 3 ...... cos n =
2 2 2 2 2 sin 2θn
n
θ θtan 2θn
Hence f (n , θ ) = cot θ . 2n tan = cot θ . → θ cot θ as n → ∞
2n θ
2n
( )
n
x
∑3 and g (x) = x – 4 f (x). Evaluate Lim (1 + g ( x ) )
n−1 cot x
Ex.48 Let f (x) = Lim sin3 n
.
n→ ∞
n=1 3 x → 0
Sol. Using sin 3θ = 3 sinθ – 4 sin3θ
x 1 x  x 3  x x
T1 = sin3 =  3 sin − sin x  T2 = 3sin3 2 =  3 sin 2 − sin  and so on........
3 4  3  3 4  3 3 
1 x  1 2 x x 1 x x 
∴ T1 =  3 sin − sin x  T2 =  3 sin 2 − 3 sin  Tn =  3n sin n − 3n −1 sin n−1 
4 3  4 3 3 4 3 3 
 x 
 x sin n 
1 n x  1  Lim 3 
− sin x 1
∴ f (x) = Lim  3 sin n − sin x  = 4  n→∞ x  = (x – sin x)
n→∞ 4  3   n  4
 3 
g (x) = x – 4 f (x) = sin x
cot x Lim (cot x )(sin x )
now Lim (1 + sin x ) = e x →0 =e
x →0
 3 1
n r −r + 
Ex.49 Evaluate lim
n→∞
∑
cot −1
 2
r

r =1
 
 
 3 1
n r −r + 
Sol. Here, lim
n→∞
∑ cot 

−1
2
r

r =1
 
 
LIMIT Page # 21
−1 
n n
−1  2r  2r
= nlim
→∞
∑ tan  2 4
1− r + r 
 = nlim
→∞
∑ tan
r =1
 2 2

 1 + (r − r )(r + r ) 
r =1
n
 (r 2 + r )(r 2 − r )  n
= nlim
→∞
∑
r =1
tan −1 2 2
 = lim

 1 + (r + r )(r − r )  n→∞
∑ {tan
r =1
−1
(r 2 + r ) − tan −1(r 2 − r )}
= nlim
→∞
[(tan–1 2 – tan–1 0) + (tan–1 6 – tan–1 2) + (tan–1 12 – tan–1 6)
π
= nlim
→∞
{tan–1 (n2 + n) – tan–1(0)} = tan–1 (∞) –tan–1(0) =
2
 3 1
n r −r +  π
lim
⇒ n→∞ r =1 ∑
cot −1
 2
r=
 2
 
 
 a + 1 a + 1   a + 1
Ex.50 Evaluate nlim  1  2 ........ n  , where a = 1 and a = n (1 + a ) ∀ n ≥ 2.
→ ∞ a
 1  a 2   an  1 n n–1
 a + 1 a 2 + 1   an + 1  an
lim  1  ...... 
Sol.  a  We know, an – 1 + 1 = ...(i)
n →∞
 a1  a 2   n  n
 a  a  a   a  1 an+1 1 + an
lim  2  3  4 ..... n+1  = nlim = lim {using (ii)}
n→ ∞ 2  3  4   n + 1 a1.a 2 .....an →∞ (n + 1)! n →∞ n!
 1 an  1 1 a 
= nlim  +  = nlim  + + n−1 
→∞  n!
{using (i)}
→∞  n! n!   (n − 1)! (n − 1)! 
1 1 1 1 1 a 
= nlim  + + + ...... + + + 1
→ ∞ n! (2)! 1! 1!  {a1 = 1; given}
 (n − 1)! (n − 2)!
 1 1 1 1 1 1
= nlim  + + + ...... + + + 
→∞ n ! (n − 1)! (n − 2)! (2)! 1! 1

 1 1 1 
=e as, e = 1 + + + + ........∞ 
 1! 2 ! 3 ! 
Ex.51 The function un takes on the following values :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u1 = , u2 = + .....un = + 2 + ........ n .... Prove that lim un <
4 4 10 3 +1 3 +1 3 +1 n → ∞ 2
Page # 22 LIMIT
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. Let u1 = u2 = u3 = .... un = n < ; + < +
3 9 27 3 4 3 4 10 3 10
1   1  
n
1−   
1 1 1 3   3  
 1  1
n
3 1  1 −  1  
n
un < + 2 + ...... n < < 1 −  . <

3 3 3 1−
1 3  3 2 2   3  
3
  1 n 
Lim u < Lim 1 1 −    = 1 .
n→ ∞ 2  
 3 
n→ ∞ n
2
Ex.52 Solve nlim

→∞
xn, when x n2 = a + xn – 1 and x0 = a.
Sol. Here, x0 = a x1 = a + a which shows x1 > x0
∴ assuming xn > xn – 1 ⇒ x n2−1 – a < 0
 4a + 1 + 1 4a + 1 − 1
⇒  x n−1 − x n−1 +  <0
 2  2 
4a + 1 + 1 lim x = lim x =
⇒ xn – 1 < ∴ n→ ∞ n– 1 n→ ∞ n
2
1 ± 1 + 4a
⇒ 2 – – a = 0 ⇒ = , since ≥ 0
2
1 + 1 + 4a 1 + 4a + 1
∴ = or lim x n <
2 n→∞ 2
Ex.53 The function un attains the values
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u1 = ; u2 = + + un = + + .... ,..... Prove that nlim un < 2.
2 2 2.4 2.4.6 2 2.4 2.4....( 2n) →∞
1 1 1 1 1
Sol. <1 < 2 < 3
2 2.4 2 2.4.6 2
  1 n 
1 −   
 2    1 n 
< 1 + 2 + 3 + .... <  
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + .... Lim un = Lim 21 −    < 2.
1 n→∞  
2 2.4 2.4.6 2.4...( 2n) 2 2  2 
n→∞
1−
2
LIMIT Page # 23
a+b a1 + b1
Ex.54 If a1 = ab1 , b1 = , a2 = a1b 2 , b2 = ... and so on for (a > b > 0) then prove that
2 2
a2 − b2
lim an = lim bn =
n→∞ n→∞  a2 − b2 
tan −1 .
 b 
 
θ θ
Sol. Put b = a cos θ we get b1 = a cos2 and a1 = a cos
2 2
θ θ θ θ
b2 = a cos cos2 and a2 = a cos cos
2 4 2 4
θ θ θ θ θ θ
similarly we get an = a cos cos2 ...... cos n and bn = a cos cos .... cos2 2
2 4 2 2 4 2
a sin θ a sin θ cos θ / 2n

⇒ an = and b =
2n sin θ / 2n n
2n sin θ / 2n
a sin θ a sin θ a (a 2 − b 2 ) a2 − b2
Now, lim an = lim n n
= ⇒ lim an = =
n→ ∞ n→ ∞ 2 sin θ / 2 θ n→∞ a cos −1(b / a)  a2 − b2 
tan −1 
 b 
 
a sin θ cos θ / 2n a sin θ a2 − b2

and lim bn = lim = ⇒ lim an = lim bn =
n→ ∞ n→∞ 2n sin θ / 2n θ n→∞ n→∞  a2 − b2 
tan −1 
 b 
 
Ex.55 Let a1, a2, ....., an be sequence of real numbers with an + 1 = an + 1 + an2 and a0 = 0.
 an  4
Prove that nlim  n −1
=
→∞ 2  π
Sol. Here, an + 1 = an + 1 + an2 , where let an cot (αn)

⇒ an + 1 = cot(αn) + cosec(αn)
cos(α n ) + 1 2 cos 2 ( αn / 2) α 
⇒ an + 1 = = = cot  n 
sin( αn ) 2 sin( α n / 2) cos( αn / 2)  2 
Putting n = 1, a1 = cot (α1) and a1 = a0 + 1 + a 02 = 1
π
⇒ cot(α1) = 1 or α1 =
4
 α1  π  α2   π 
again, a2 = cot   = cot   a3 = cot   = cot  2

 
2 8  2   4.2 
Page # 24 LIMIT
 α3   π   π  1
a4 = cot   = cot  
3 ..................... an cot  
n −1 ; Put n −1 = x
 2   4.2   4.2  2
 π 
cot  n −1 
 a   4. 2  1  a  4
Hence, lim  n  = lim = lim ∴ lim  n  =
n→∞ 2n −1  n→∞ 2n−1 n→∞ π  n→∞ 2n −1
 π
tan x 
4 
x
P R
H. GEOMETRICAL LIMITS
Ex.56 A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x radians, 0 < x

< π/2 as shown in the figure. The point R is the intersection of 1
the two tangent line at P and Q. Let T(x) be the area of triangle
PQR and let S(x) be the area of the shaded region then find Q
T( x ) 1
(i) T(x) (ii) S (x) (iii) lim x
x→0 S( x )
O
x PR
Sol. (i) In ∆ OPR, tan   =
 
2 1
x
∴ PR = tan = RQ ( ∵ Length of tangent fram a point outside the circle are equal)
2
and ∠ PRQ = (π – x)
1 1 x
∴ T(x) = Area of ∆ PQR = . (PR) (RQ) sin (π – x) = . tan2   sin x ...(1)
2 2 2
x sin x
= tan   –
2 2
(ii) S(x) = area of Sector OPQ area od ∆ OPQ
1 1 ( x − sin x )
= (1)2 . x – . (1)2 . sin x =
2 2 2
 x  sin x
tan  −
T( x ) 2 2 tan 2 ( x / 2) sin x
(iii) lim = lim ( x − sin x ) = lim
x →0 S( x ) x →0 x →0 ( x − sin x )
2
2
 tan( x / 2)   sin x 
    3 1 lim  tan( x / 2) 
2
 sin x  x3 3
= lim  x / 2   x  . x =   lim   lim = .
x →0 ( x − sin x ) 4 4 x →0  x / 2  x →0
 x  x → 0 ( x − sin x ) 2
LIMIT Page # 25
EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

sin(ln(1 + x ))
1. Limit (1 – x + [x – 1] + [1 – x]) is 5. The value of Limit is
x →1 x →0 ln(1 + sin x )
(where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function) (A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/4 (D) 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) does not exist Sol.
Sol.
 π
 x  x − 2 
2. xlim sec −1 = 6. Limit   is (where [ * ] denotes greatest
→∞  x + 1 x → π / 2 cos x
 
 
π integer function)
(A) 0 (B) π (C) (D) does not exist
2 (A) –1 (B) 0 (C) –2 (D) does not exist
Sol. Sol.
sin( e x −2 − 1) 7. The value of Limit

3. Limit = x →π / 2
x →2 ln( x − 1)
2
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 1 tan x ( 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x + 4 − sin2 x + 6 sin x + 2 ) is
Sol. equal to
(A) 1/10 (B) 1/11 (C) 1/12 (D) 1/8
Sol.
 1
x 2 sin 
Lim  x  , is 1
x 3 . sin
4 .
x → −∞ 2 + x +1
9x + x + 1 8. Limit x =
1 1 x →∞ x2 + x + 1
(A) (B) – (C) 0 (D) not exist (A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) None of these
3 3 Sol.
Sol.
Page # 26 LIMIT
− 3n + ( −1)n  x + 2
x +1
9. Limit is 13. Limit   =
n→∞ 4n − ( −1)n x →∞  x − 2 
3 3 3 4 –4 2
(A) e (B) e (C) e (D) None of these
(A) – (B) – if n is even; if n is odd
4 4 4 Sol.
3
(C) not exist if n is even ; – if n is odd
4
(D) + 1 if n is even ; does not exist if n is odd
Sol.
14. Limit
2 5/x
x →0 +
(1 + tan x) =
  n sin θ   n tan θ  
10. The limit θlim  +   , n ∈ N is
5 2
→ 0  (A) e (B) e (C) e (D) None of these
 θ   θ 
Sol.
(where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function)
(A) 2n (B) 2n+1 (C) 2n–1 (D) does not exist
Sol.
15. The value of Limit

1/ln(tan x)
x →π / 4
(1 +[x]) is equal to
–1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e (D) e
 π   π  Sol.
11. Limit n cos   sin   has the value equal to
n→∞  4n   4n 
(A) π/3 (B) π/4 (C) π/6 (D) None of these
Sol.
x
 x 2 − 2x + 1 
16. Limit   =
x →∞  x 2 − 4 x + 2 
 
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) e (D) e
Sol.
 sin[ x − 3] 
12. xlim  
→0
 [ x − 3] 
 πx 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) does not exist (D) sin 1 tan  
 a  2a 
Sol. 17. The limit Limit 2 −  is equal to
x →a  x
–a/π –2a/π –2/π
(A) e (B) e (C) e (D) 1
Sol.
LIMIT Page # 27
18. If [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x, then   1  1

x sin  + sin 2  x ≠ 0
22. Let f(x) = 
1 x x  , then xlim
Limit 4 ([13 x] + [23 x]+ .... + [n3 x] ) equals  →∞
n→ ∞ n 0 x=0
(A) x/2 (B) x/3 (C) x/6 (D) x/4 f(x) equals
Sol. (A) 0 (B) –1/2 (C) 1 (D) None of these
Sol.
5n+1 + 3n − 22n cos −1(1 − x )

19. Limit =
n→∞ 5 n + 2 n + 3 2n + 3 23. Limit
+
=
x →0 x
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) zero
1
Sol. (A) (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
2
Sol.
 x − 1, x ≥1  x +1 x>0
20. If f(x) =  2 , g(x) =  2
2x − 2, x < 1 − x + 1, x ≤ 0
and h(x) = |x| then find Lim

x →0
f(g(h(x)))
2
(A) 1 (B) 0 24. If α and β be the roots of ax + bx + c = 0, then
(C) –1 (D) does not exists 1
Sol. lim (1 + ax 2 + bx + c ) x −α is
x →α
(A) a (α − β ) (B) ln |a (α − β )|
a(α − β ) a|α − β |
(C) e (D) e
Sol.
 x
1 − tan (1 − sin x )
21. Limit
 2  is
x →π / 2  x 3
1 + tan ( π − 2x )
 2
(A) 1/16 (B) –1/16 (C) 1/32 (D) –1/32
Sol.
2 − cos x − 1
25. Lim =
x → π / 2 x( x – π / 2 )
2n2
(A) (B) n2
π
2
(C) (D) does not exists
π
Page # 28 LIMIT
Sol. 29. Given a real valued function f such that
 tan 2 [ x ]
 2 2
x>0
 ( x − [ x] )
f(x) =  1 x = 0 then
 { x } cot{ x} x<0


n/ x 2 (where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function and
26. lim (cos mx ) { * } denotes fractional part function)
x →0
− m 2n / 4 − m 2n / 2 −mn 2 / 2 −mn 2 / 4 (A) xlim f(x) = 1 (B) xlim f(x) = cot 1

(A) e (B) e (C) e (D) e →0 →0 −
Sol. 2
(C) cot
–1  lim f ( x )  = 1
 x →0 − 
(D) f is continuous at x = 0
Sol.
 x sin x 
27. xlim (1 − e ) 
→0
 | x |  is
1 − cos x cos 2x
(A) –1 (B) 1 30. The limit lim is equal to
x →0 x2
(C) 0 (D) does not exist
(A) 1/2 (B) –1/2 (C) 3/2 (D) 1
Sol.
Sol.
( 4 x − 1)3  1
31. Limit x – x ln  1 +  is equal to
2
28. Limit =
x →0 x  x2  x →∞  x
sin  ln1 + 
p  3  (A) 1/2 (B) 3/2 (C) 1/3 (D) 1
Sol.
3
(A) 9 p (log 4) (B) 3 p (log 4)
3 2
(C) 12 p (log 4) (D) 27 p (log 4)
Sol.
 1 1 1 1 
32. Evaluate Limit  + + + .... + 
n→∞  n2 2 2 2 
 n +1 n +2 n + 2n 
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 0 (D) 2
LIMIT Page # 29
Sol. Sol.
 2x x
33. The graph of the function f(x)= Lim cot −1 2  , is
t →0 π t   n 1 1

ex  2x

( ) − (3 )
ex xn e x 

36. Limit   , n ∈ N is equal to
x →∞ xn
(A) 0 (B) ln (2/3) (C) ln (3/2)z (D) none
y=x
1 Sol.
(A) (B)
–1
2x
 a b 
p/2 37. If Lim 1 + + 2  = e2, then the values of a & b
x →∞  x x 
(C) (D) are
(A) a ∈ R, b ∈ R (B) a = 1, b ∈ R
(C) a ∈ R, b = 2 (D) a = 1,b = 2
Sol. Sol.
34. If Lim
x →∞
f(x) exist and is finite & non zero and if
log x n − [ x ]
38. Lim ,n∈N
x →∞ [x]
 3f ( x ) − 1 
Lim f ( x ) + 2  = 3 then the value of Lim f(x) is (where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function)
f ( x ) 
x →∞
x →∞
 (A) has value – 1 (B) has value 0
(A) 1 (B) –1
(C) has value 1 (D) does not exists
(C) 2 (D) none of these
Sol.
Sol.
cos(sin x ) − cos x
35. The value of Limit is equal to
x →0 x4
(A) 1/5 (B) 1/6 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
Page # 30 LIMIT
x
 x 2 + 5x + 3  1.n + 2(n − 1) + 3(n − 2) + .... + n.1
39. Lim   is equal to
x →∞  x 2 + x + 3  42. lim has the value
  n→∞ 12 + 22 + 3 2 + .... + n2
(A) e4 (B) e2 (C) e3 (D) e
Sol. 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 3 4
Sol.
40. Let α and β be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0,

1 − cos(ax 2 + bx + c )
then Lim is equal to
x →α ( x − α )2
43. Let (tan α) x + (sin α) y = α and (α cosec α) x +
2
1 a (cos α) y = 1 be two variable straight lines, α being
(A) (α − β)2 (B) – (α − β)2
2 2 the parameter. Let P be the point of intersection of
the lines. In the limiting position when α → 0, the
a2 coordinates of P are
(C) 0 (D) (α − β)2
2 (A) (2, 1) (B) (2, –1) (C) (–2, 1) (D) (–2, –1)
Sol.
Sol.
cosec x
 π 
44. xlim  cot  + x   =
 π  π  →0
 4 
2 3 sin + x  − cos + x  
6  6  (A) e–1 (B) e2 (C) e–2 (D) e1
41. lim 
x →0 x 3 ( 3 cos x − sin x ) Sol.
(A) –1/3 (B) 2/3 (C) 4/3 (D) –4/3
Sol.
sin[cos x]
45. xlim
→0 1 + [cos x]
(A) equal to 1 (B) sin 1
(C) equal to zero (D) non existent
LIMIT Page # 31
Sol. n( x 2 + e x )
49. Let f(x) = . If xlim f(x) = and xlim
n( x 4 + e 2 x ) →∞ → −∞
f(x) = m then
(A) = m (B) = 2m (C) 2 = m (D) +m = 0
Sol.
x
 1 1
46. lim  sin + cos  is
x →∞ x x
(A) e (B) e2 (C) 1/e (D) does not exist
Sol.
1 − cos θ
−nx nx nx 50. Let a = min {x2 + 2x + 3, x ∈ R) & b = lim .
e + e − 2 cos − kx 2 θ→0 θ2
47. If lim 2 exists and finite,
x →0 (sin x − tan x )
n
then possible values of ‘n’ and ‘k’ is :
(A) k = 3, n = 3 (B) k = 3, n = –2
The value of ∑
r=0
ar bn – r is
(C) k = 5, n = 2 (D) k = –5, n = 2

Sol. 2n +1 − 1 2n+1 + 1
(A) (B)
3. 2n 3. 2n
4n+1 − 1
(C) (D) None of these
3. 2n
Sol.
x2
x − aj  π
48. If Aj =  cosh 
| x − a j | , j = 1, 2, ......n and 51. lim 
x
where cosh t =
et + e−t
is equal to
x → ∞ π  2
a1 < a2 < a3 <....< an xlim  cos 
→a (A1 . A2. ...An), 1 ≤ m ≤ n
m  x 
(A) is equal to (–1)n – m + 1 (B) is equal to (–1) n–m
π2 3π2
2 π2 2 π2
(C) is equal to (–1)m (D) does not exist (A) e (B) e (C) e 2 (D) e
Sol. Sol.
Page # 32 LIMIT
π −1 
 − cot { x}  x sin( 6 x 2 )
52. lim  2  is 56. xlim =
x →0 + sgn( x ) − cos x
→0 n cos(2 x 2 − x )
(where [ * ] denotes fractional part function) (A) 12 (B) –12 (C) 6 (D) –6
(A) 2 (B) 1 Sol.
(C) 0 (D) does not exist
Sol.
53. nlim
n
→∞
[(1 + x) (1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 4 ) .....(1 + x 2 )]
if |x| < 1 has the value equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 – x (D) (1 – x)–1 n
 1  1 
Sol. 57. If f(x) = ∑  x − λ  x − λ + 1 then
λ =1
lim f(0) is
n→ ∞
(A) 1 (B) –1
(C) 2 (D) None of these
Sol.
x3
54. If xlim = 1 then the constants
→0 a + x (bx − sin x )
‘a’ and ‘b’ are (where a > 0)
(A) b = 1, a = 36 (B) a = 1, b= 6
(C) a = 1, b = 36 (D) b = 1, a = 6
Sol.
2
e−x /2
− cos x
58. Limit =
x →0 x 3 sin x
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/6 (C) 1/12 (D) 1/8
Sol.
12 n + 22 (n − 1) + 3 2 (n − 2) + .... + n2 .1
55. lim
n→ ∞ 13 + 23 + 33 + .... + n3
(A) 1/3 (B) 2/3 (C) 1/2 (D) 1/6
Sol.
LIMIT Page # 33
EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

Sol.
x 2 − 9 x + 20
1. Let f(x) = then
x − [ x]
(A) Limit
x →5 –
f(x) = 0 (B) Limit
x →5 +
f(x) = 1
x(1 + a cos x ) − b sin x 1 + a cos x

(C) Limit
x →5
f(x) does not exist (D) none of these 5. If l = Lim = Lim
3
x →0 x x →0 x2
Sol.
b sin x
– lim , where l ∈ R, then
x →0 x3
(A) (a, b) = (–1, 0) (B) a & b are nay real numbers
1
(C) l = 0 (D) l =
2
cos 2 − cos 2x Sol.
2. Let f(x) = , then
x2 − | x |
(A) Lim
x → −1
f(x) = 2 sin 2 (B) Lim
x →1
f(x) = 2 sin 2
(C) Lim
x → −1
f(x) = 2 cos 2 (D) Lim
x →1
f(x) 2 cos 2
Sol.
sin 2x + a sin x
6. If Limit = p (finite), then
x →0 x3
(A) a = –2 (B) a = –1 (C) p = –2 (D) p = –1
Sol.
x2 + 2
3. Let f(x) = =
3x − 6
1 1
(A) xlim
→ −∞
f(x) = – (B) xlim
→∞
f(x) =
3 3
1 1
(C) xlim
→ −∞
f(x) = (D) xlim
→∞
f(x) = –
3 3
7. If Limit
2 2/x 3
x →0
(1 + ax + bx ) = e , then find values of
Sol.
a and b
(A) a = 3, b = 0 (B) a = 3/2, b = 1/2
(C) a = 3/2, b = 3/2 (D) a = 3/2, b = 0
Sol.
4. If Limit
1/x 2
x →0
(cos x + a sin b x) = e , then the
possible value of ‘a’ & ‘b’ is
(A) a = 1, b = 2 (B) a = 2, b = 1
(C) a = 3, b = 2/3 (D) a = 2/3, b = 3
Page # 34 LIMIT
2
10. Let α, β be the roots of ax + bx + c = 0, where
n
(ax + 1)
8. lim =
x →∞ xn + A | ax 2 + bx + c |
1 < α < β. Then lim = 1 then which of
n x → x 0 ax 2 + bx + c
(A) a if n ∈ N (B) ∞ if n ∈ Z & a = A = 0
the following statements is incorrect
1 n
(C) if n = 0 (D) a if n ∈ Z, A = 0 & a ≠ 0 (A) a > 0 and x0 < 1 (B) a > 0 and x0 < β
1+ A
(C) a < 0 and α < x0 < β (D) a < 0 and x0 < 1
Sol. Sol.
x
 1
9. The value of lim  1 +  is
x →∞ xn 
(A) 1, ∀ n > 1 (B) e, ∀ n > 0
(C) ∞, ∀ n ∈ (0, 1) (D) 0, ∀ n > 1
Sol.
EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

13
x −7 x 100 
1. Lim
x →1 5
x −3 x
 ∑
 xk  − 100

k = 1 
Sol. 3. Lim
x →1 x −1
Sol.
x 2 − x.n x + nx − 1
2. Lim
x →1 Lim
x −1 1 − tan x
4. π
x→
Sol. 4 1 − 2 sin x
Sol.
LIMIT Page # 35
 p q  Sol.
5. Lim  − 
x →1  1 − x p 1 − x q  ; p, q ∈ N
Sol.
[ x ]2 + 15[ x ] + 56
(c) xLim
→ −7 sin( x + 7) sin( x + 8)
6. Find the sum of an infinite geometric series whose (where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function)
Sol.
tan x − sin x
first term is the limit of the function f(x) =
sin3 x
as x → 0 and whose common ratio is the limit of the
1− x
function g(x) = as x → 1.
(cos−1 x )2
Sol. Lim 1 + 3 tan x
9. 3π
x→
4 1 − 2 cos2 x
Sol.
8  x2 x2 x2 x2 
10. xLim
→ 0 x8 
1 − cos − cos + cos cos 
 2 4 2 4 
et + e−t
7. xLim
→∞ (x – n cosh x) where cosh t = . Sol.
2
Sol.
Lim 2 − cos θ − sin θ

11. π
x→
4 ( 4θ − π)2
Sol.
−1 2
Lim cos  2x 1 − x 
 
8. (a) x → 1 1
2 x−
2 π  π  π  π  π
Sol. sin  + 4h  − 4 sin  + 3h  + 6 sin  + 2h  − 4 sin  + h  + sin
12. hLim 3  3  3  3  3
→0 h4
Sol.
Lim 1 − sin 2x
(b) π
x→
4 π − 4x
Page # 36 LIMIT
 x+2 Sol.
2
x + 3 
13. xLim
→∞ x 
−3
 x x 
Sol.
(n(1 + x ) − n2)(3.4 x −1 − 3 x )
18. xLim
→1 1 1
14. xLim
→ 0 [n (1 + sin x).cot(n (1 + x))]
2 2
Sol.
[(7 + x ) 3 − (1 + 3 x ) 2 ]. sin( x − 1)
Sol.
27 x − 9 x − 3 x + 1
19. xLim
→0
15. Find a & b if 2 − 1 + cos x
Sol.
 x2 + 1 
(i) x → ∞  x + 1 − ax − b = 0
Lim
 
Sol.
x
20. Let f(x) = ,x>0 and g(x) = x + 3,
sin x
x<1
= 2 – x, x ≤ 0 = x2 – 2x – 2, 1 ≤ x < 2
= x – 5, x≥2
find LHL and RHL of g(f(x)) at x = 0 and hence find
 2  Lim g(f(x)).
(ii) xLim
→ −∞ 
x − x + 1 − ax − b = 0 x →0
 
Sol. Sol.
a
21. (a) xLim
→ 0 tan
–1
, where (a > 0 & a ∈ R)
x2
(3 x 4 + 2x 2 ) sin 1x + | x |3 + 5 Sol.
16. xLim
→ −∞
| x |3 + | x |2 + | x | +1
Sol.
(b) Plot the graph of the function

 2x x
f(x) = Lim 
t →0  π
tan −1 2 
 t 
Sol.
n
 π π
17. If = nLim
→∞ ∑  (r + 1) sin r + 1 − r sin r  then fi nd
r =2
{ } . (where { } denotes the fractional part function)
LIMIT Page # 37
26. If n ∈ N and an = 22 + 42 + 62 +........+ (2n)2 and

22. Let Pn = aPn−1 − 1 , ∀ n = 2, 3, ................. and
bn = 12 + 32 + 52 +........+ (2n – 1)2. Find the value
Pn
Let P1 = ax – 1 where a ∈ R+ then evaluate xLim →0 x . an − bn
Lim
Sol. n→∞
n
Sol.
1  1 1 + ax 
23. If the xLim
→0 3 
 −  exists and has the
x  1 + x 1 + bx 
1 2 3
value equal to , then find the value of – + .
a b 8x2 + 3
Sol.  2x 2 + 3 
27. xLim
→∞
 2 
 2x + 5 
Sol.
Lim
24. y → 0

Limit
( ) (
exp x n(1 + x ) − exp x n(1 + x ) 
ay by

) x
x→∞ y  x+c
  28. xLim 
→∞ x − c
 = 4 then find c
Sol.  
Sol.
πx
tan
 πx 
29. xLim
2
→1  tan 
 4 
Sol.
25. Let {an}, {bn}, {cn} be sequences such that
(i) an + bn + cn = 2n + 1 ; (ii) anbn + bncn + cnan = 2n – 1
(iii) anbncn = – 1 ; (iv) an < bn < cn
Then find the value of Lim (na ).
n→∞ n
1
Sol.
30. Lim  x − 1 + cos x  x
x →0
 x 
Sol.
Page # 38 LIMIT
EXERCISE – IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

nx
 a 1x + a 1x + a 1x + ..... + a 1x 
 π  Lim  1 2 3 n 
1. xLim 2 
→ ∞ x sin  n cos 
5. x → ∞ 
n 
 x  
Sol. where a1,a2,a3,.... an > 0
Sol.
1/ x
x2
 (1 + x )1/ x 
   x  a  6. xLim  
2. xLim    
→0
 e 
→ ∞ cos 2π a∈Q
  1 + x  
  
Sol. Sol.
x2
 cosh ( π / x )  et + e−t
−1 −1
sin (1 − { x}).cos (1 − { x}) Lim 7. xLim 
→ ∞  cos ( π / x ) 
 where cosh t =
3. Let f(x) = then find x →0 +   2
2{ x} . (1 − { x})
Lim Sol.
f(x) and x → 0− f(x), where {x} denotes the fractional
part function.
Sol.
1  a2 + x 2  aπ   πx  
8. xLim  − 2 sin   sin    where a
→a ( a 2 − x 2 )2  ax  2   2  

is an odd integer
2 n2 +n −1 Sol.
 n2 + n − 1 
 
4. nLim
→ ∞  
n
 
Sol.
(1 − x )(1 − x 2 )(1 − x 3 )......(1 − x 2n )

9. If L = Lim
x →1 then
[(1 − x )(1 − x 2 )(1 − x 3 ).......(1 − xn )]2
show that L can be equal to
LIMIT Page # 39
n π
n+r 11. Let x0 = 2 cos and
(a) ∏ r
6
r =1
xn= 2 + xn−1 , n = 1, 2, 3, ....., find nLim
(n + 1)
Sol. →∞ 2 . 2 − xn .
Sol.
n
1
(b)
n! ∏ (4r − 2)
r =1
Sol.
 1+ x
1
12. Lim  n (1 + x ) − 
x →0 2 x 
 x
Sol.
(c) The sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in
the expansion of (1 + x)2n – 1.
Sol.
∞ ∞
 4   n3 − 1 
(d) The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n. 13. Let L = ∏ 1 − n2  ; M= ∏   and
 n3 + 1 
Sol. n=3 n=2  
∞
(1 + n−1)2
N= ∏ 1 + 2n−1
, then find the value of L–1 + M–1 + N–1.
n =1
Sol.
a( 2x3 − x 2 ) + b( x 3 + 5 x 2 − 1) − c(3 x 3 + x 2 )
10. If xLim
→∞ = 1,
a(5 x 4 − x ) − bx 4 + c( 4 x 4 + 1) + 2x 2 + 5 x
then the value of (a + b + c) can be expressed in the
p
lowest form as . Find the value of (p + q).
q
Sol. 14. A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x
π
radians, 0 < x < as shown in the figure. The point C
2
is the intersection of B
the two tangent lines at A & B.
C
Let T(x) be the area of triangle 1
ABC & let S(x) be the area of the

x
shaded region. Compute : O 1 A
(a) T(x)
Page # 40 LIMIT
Sol.
cos 2x + (1 + 3 x )1/ 3 3 4 cos3 x − n (1 + x )4
−
2 4
17. L = xLim
→0 .
x
If L=a/b where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are relatively primes find (a+b).
Sol.
(b) S(x)
Sol.
f (x)
T( x ) 18. f(x) is the function such that xLim
→0 x = 1. If
(c) the limit of as x → 0.
S( x )
Sol. Lim x (1 + a cos x ) − b sin x = 1, then find the value of a
x →0
( f ( x ))3
and b.
Sol.
n
x
15. Let f(x) = nLim
→∞ ∑ 3n−1 sin3 3n and
n =1
g(x) = x – 4f(x). Evaluate xLim

→ 0 (1 + g(x))
cot x
.
Sol. 19. Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn

& on the tangent at A a point T is taken such that
AT = AP. If TP produced meet the diameter through A
at Q, prove that the limiting value of AQ when P moves
upto A is double the diameter of the circle.
Sol.
n
 θ
16. If f(n,θ)= ∏ 1 − tan
2
 , then compute Lim f(n, θ)
r =1  2r  n→∞
Sol.
20. At the end points A, B of the fixed segment of

length L, lines are drawn meeting in C and making
angles θ and 2θ respectively with the given segment.
Let D be the foot of the altitude CD and let x repre-
sents the length of AD. Find the value of x as θ tends
to zero i.e. θLim

→ 0 x.
LIMIT Page # 41
Sol.
(c) xLim
→ 0 f(x)
Sol.
(d) xLim
→ −∞ f(x)
21. At the end-points and the midpoint of a circular Sol.
arc AB tangent lines are drawn, and the points A and
B are joined with a chord. Prove that the ratio of the
areas of the two triangles thus formed tends to 4 as
the arc AB decreases indefinitely.
Sol. 24. Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate
 1 1 1 1 
 
(a) nLim
→∞ 
+ + + ......... +

2
 n n2 + 1 n2 + 2 2
n + 2n 
Sol.
 
 1 1 
22. If L = xLim
→ 0  n (1 + x )
− then find the
2  1 2 n
 n ( x + 1 + x )  (b) nLim + +............+
→∞
1 + n2 2 + n2 n + n2
L + 153
value of . Sol.
L
Sol.
1
2x 2n sin +x 25. The sequence {an }n+ =1
∞
is defined by a1 = 0 and
x
23. Let f(x) = nLim
→∞ 2n then find
1+ x an + 1 = an + 4n + 3, n ≥ 1.
(a) xLim
→ ∞ x f(x) an + a4n + a 42 n + a 43 n + .... + a 410 n
Sol. Find the value of nLimit
→ +∞ an + a2n + a22 n + a23 n + .... + a210 n .
Sol.
(b) Lim
x →1 f(x)
Sol.
Page # 42 LIMIT
EXERCISE – V JEE PROBLEMS

x sin(n x )[(a − n)nx − tan x ]
 x−3 5. If xLim = 0 (n > 0) then the
1. For x ∈ R, xLim 
→∞ x + 2
 = [JEE 2000 (Scr.)] →0 x2
 
(A) e (B) e–1 (C) e–5 (D) e5 value of ‘a’ is equal to [JEE 2003 (Scr.)]
Sol. 1 n2 + 1
(A) (B) n2 + 1 (C) (D) None
n n
Sol.
sin(π cos2 x )
2. xLim
→0 equals [JEE 2001 (Scr.)] 2  1 
x2 6. Find the value of nLim (n + 1) cos −1  − n .
→∞  π
π  n 
(A) –π (B) π (C) (D) 1
2 [JEE 2004, 2]
Sol. Sol.
x2
a − a2 − x 2 −
7. Let L = xLim
→0
4 , a > 0, If L is finite,
a tan x
−a sin x x4
3. Evaluate xLim
→0 , a > 0. [REE 2001, 3] then [JEE 2009, 4]
tan x − sin x
Sol.
1 1
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1 (C) L = (D) L =
64 32
Sol.
(cos x − 1)(cos x − e x )
4. The integer n for which xLim
1
is
8. If xLim
→0
xn →0
[1 + x ln (1 + b2 )]x = 2b sin 2 θ , b > 0 and
a finite non-zero number is [JEE 2002 (Scr.), 3] θ ∈ (–π, π]. Then the value of θ is [JEE 2011, 3]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Sol. π π π π
(A) ± (B) ± (C) ± (D) ±
4 3 6 2
Sol.
LIMIT Page # 43
Answer Ex–I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A
10. C 11. B 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. D
19. D 20. B 21. C 22. C 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. A
28. B 29. C 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. B 36. B
37. B 38. A 39. A 40. D 41. C 42. A 43. B 44. C 45. C
46. A 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. C 51. B 52. A 53. D 54. A
55. A 56. B 57. A 58. C
Answer Ex–II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
1. A,B,C 2. A,B 3. A,B 4. A,B,C,D 5. A,D 6. A,D 7. B,C,D 8. A,B,C,D 9. A,C

10. B,D
Answer Ex–III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
45 p−q
1. 2. 2 3. 5050 4. 2 5.
91 2
1 1 2
6. a = ;r= ;S= 7. n 2 8. (a) does not exist ; (b) does not exist ; (c) 0
2 4 3
1 1 1 3
9. – 10. 11. 12. 13. 1/2 14. 1
3 32 16 2 2
1 9 4
15. (i) a = 1, b = –1 (ii) a = –1, b = 16. –2 17. π – 3 18. – n
2 4 e
19. 8 2 (n 3)2 20. –3, –3, –3 21. (a) π/2 if a > 0 ; 0 if a = 0 and –π/2 if a < 0 ; (b) f(x) = | x |
3
22. (n a)n 23. 72 24. a – b 25. –1/2 26. 27. e–8
2
28. c = n 2 29. e–1 30. e–1/2
Page # 44 LIMIT
Answer Ex–IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
π2 2 2 π π − 21
1. − 2. e −2π a
3. , 4. e–1 5. (a1.a2.a3 ......an) 6. e
4 2 2 2
2 π 2a 2 + 4 π
7. e π 8. 4 10. 167 11. 12. 1/2 13. 8
16a 3
1 x x sin x 1 1 3
14. T(x) = tan2 .sin x or tan – , S(x) = x – sin x, limit =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
θ
15. g(x) = sin x and = e 16. 17. 19 18. a = – 5/2, b = –3/2
tan θ
2L
20. 21. 4 22. 307 23. (a) 2, (b) D.N.E., (c) 0, (d) 0
3
24. (a) 2 ; (b) 1/2 25. 683
Answer Ex–V JEE PROBLEMS
2
1. C 2. B 3. n a 4. C 5. C 6. 1 – 7. A, C
π
8. D

Theory & Exercise-Jeemain - Guru

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LIMIT

THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

♦ THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES .............................................................. 3 – 24

♦ EXERCISE - III ................................................................................................. 34 – 37

♦ ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................ 43 – 44

functions, even and odd functions, inverse of a function.

number. The statement xlim

B. THE EXISTENCE OF A LIMIT

Ex.2 The graph of a function g is shown in the figure. Use it to 4

(c) Lim g(x) (d) Lim− g(x) 1

The graph also show that

Despite this fact, notice that g(5) ≠ 2.

(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)

Sol. Since xlim

⇒ lim |0 – h| + a = lim cos [0 + h] ⇒ a = cos 0 = 1 ∴ a=1

∴ lim –1 = – 1 {∵  − sin h  = –1 as h → 0} ⇒ LHL = –1

C. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS

3. Product Rule : xlim

5. Constant Multiplication Rule : xlim

Ex.8 Evaluate the following limits and justify each step.

x 3 + 2x 2 − 1 xLim ( x 3 + 2x 2 − 1) Lim x 3 + Lim 2x 2 − Lim 1

F. METHODS OF EVALUATING LIMITS

(Rationalization, Factorization and Cancellation of Common Factors)

Ex.19 Evaluate a, b, c and d, if lim ( x 4 + ax 3 + 3 x 2 + bx + 2 − x 4 + 2x 3 − cx 2 + 3 x − d ) = 4 .

(1) SANDWICH THEOREM / SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM

By Sandwich theorem, lim

Ex.24 Suppose that function f : R → R satisfies the inequality, ∑3

Sol. Replacing n by (n – 1) in, ∑3

Subtracting (i) and (ii) we get, |3n {f (x + ny) – f(x – ny)}| ≤ 2

(2) LIMIT OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

(a) Lim sinx = 1 (approach from left side)

(b) Lim tanx = 1 (approach from right side)

tan x − sin{tan −1(tan x )}

tan x − sin{tan −1(tan x )} tan x − sin( x − π) π

π tan x − sin{tan −1(tan x )}

sin−1(1 − { x }). cos −1(1 − { x})

(where {x} denotes the fractional part of x)

sin −1(1 − { x}). cos −1(1 − { x})

∴ lim f(x) = lim f(0 + h)

sin−1(1 − {0 + h}). cos −1(1 − {0 + h}) sin−1(1 − h). cos −1(1 − h)

sin −1(1 − h) cos −1(1 − h)

sin −1(1 − {0 − h}). cos −1(1 − {0 − h})

sin −1(1 + h − 1). cos −1(1 + h + 1) sin −1 h lim cos h

NOTE : LIMIT USING EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS

x na x 2 n2a x3 n3a x x 2 x3

x 7 − 2x 5 + 1 (1 + h)7 − 2(1 + h)5 + 1 (1 + 7h + 21h2 + ...) − 2(1 + 5h + 19h2 + ...) + 1

x(1 + a cos x ) − b sin x

(3) LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

x + h n( x +h ) x nx e x + h n( x + h ) − x nx

n(cos 3 x ).2 sin x n(cos2 3 x ). sin x.e x

Ex.39 Evaluate xLim

cos 2−πax sin 2

Ex.42 Evaluate xlim

e 2t −2t −1 (e t −1)2 +2e t −2t −2

Sol. Using sin 3θ = 3 sinθ – 4 sin3θ

Ex.51 The function un takes on the following values :

un < + 2 + ...... n < < 1 −  . <

Ex.52 Solve nlim

Sol. Here, x0 = a x1 = a + a which shows x1 > x0

∴ assuming xn > xn – 1 ⇒ x n2−1 – a < 0

Ex.53 The function un attains the values