KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
COURSE TITLE: CRISES AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
COURSE CODE: MCPSS 801

QUESTION

USING ANY THEORYOF YOUR CHOICE EXAMINE THE NATURE OF INTRA AND
INTER PARTY CONFLICTS IN NIGERIA

BY

GROUP 4

SUBMITTED TO
DR. PATRICK PETER

APRIL, 2020

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 LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS

S/N NAME MATRIC NO

1 OLAYIWOLA TAOHEED KOLADE KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0169
2 GIDADO USMAN KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0019
3 JOY OHANELE KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0050
4 USMAN GARBA KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/00
5 JONATHAN THOMAS KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0017
6 JATAU JOSEPHINE KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0098
7 SAMIRA BELLO ALIYU KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0127
8 MOSES OMOH KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0011
9 OLADAPO ODEFILA DIXSON KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0118
10 KHADIJA JIMOH MOHAMMED KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0106
11 USMAN FATIMA TANKO KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0043
12 TANIMU AHMED MUSA KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0082
13 MUNIRAH SULEIMAN BINJI KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0047
14 SUSAN GALADIMA KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0197
15 UMAR IBRAHIM ABDULAZEEZ KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0108
16 ZAINAB IBRAHIM MASHI KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0044
17 JANET ENE ANTHONEY KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/00130
18 ABDUL-NASIR AISHAT KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0057
19 SULEIMAN UMAR HAYATUDEEN KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0115
20 ABUBAKAR AHMADI TSANI KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0110
21 YUSUF ZUBAIRU KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0120
22 ABDULLAHI USMAN JUMARE KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0155
23 UMAR ALIYU KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0179
24 HAFSATU HAYATUDEEN KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0154
25 GLORIA SALEH KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0117
26 CHIROMA ADAMU POGUMAI KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0119
27 UMAR SULEIMAN IBRAHIM KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0126
28 ABDULLAHI BUHARI AMIN KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0093
29 SAIDU TIJANI KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0204
30 OLOFINTE OLUWAFUNKE KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0195
31 FAUZIYA ABDULLAH KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0080
32 EZEANI PEACE UDOKA KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0199
33 LADAN AMINU MUAZU KASU/MCPSS/POL/19/0166

ABSTRACT

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This paper appraised the state of security in Nigeria on environmental security. The
paper seeks to determine the implications of security on the people of and investment in
Nigeria. The study adopts the Marxian political ecological Theory. Secondary data was
used in the study. The study identifies the root causes of security in Nigeria which has
negatively affect Nigerians and business activities. The study also identified some
environmental security challenges confronting Nigeria such as flooding, . Security
challenges in any environment constitute threat to lives and property, hindered business
activities, and discourage local and foreign investors, which effect and retards economic
security of a country. The study recommends effective formulation and implementation of
policies capable of tackling the root causes of environmental in insecurity in Nigeria,
such as ethno-religious conflict, weak security system, systemic and political corruption
and unemployment among others.
Keywords: Security, Environment, Environmental security

```

INTRODUCTION

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The environment perhaps has been a neglected component of the security debate as security was

initially conceived largely as a military affair with emphasis on protecting the territorial integrity

of the State against nuclear warfare (Deudney, 1990). This pointed to the debate on redefining

security beyond its narrow militaristic scope. Brown (1977) reopened the debate on “redefining

national security” from energy and ecological perspectives. Ullman (1983) further advanced this

debate within the environmental context. Perhaps the debate did not gain much scholarly

attention till approximately the end of the Cold War in 1989.

Remarkable fluidity and openness had emerged in security studies since the end of the Cold War.

The non-military security threats persisted, resulting in scholarly re-engagement with debates on

“redefining security” as new wars and local conflicts persisted in the global South (Kaldor,

1999). This took divergent dimensions including environmental concerns (Mathews, 1989;

Myers, 1989; Klare, 1996; Paris, 2001). The Copenhagen school of security studies provided a

new security framework within the “security securitization” thesis aimed at sectorial security

analysis including societal, economic, environmental, etc. (Buzan et al., 1997).

The persistent ecological threats including environmental degradation saw the emergence of the

field of environmental security (ES) as a distinct field of enquiry. Thus, ES studies aim to

examine some of the foundational questions of ecological concern, including anthropogenic such

as climate change and global warming and non-anthropogenic issues including deleterious

environmental resource extraction and its effects on both the ecology and human being. In

particular, human- centric perspectives on environmental security provides plausible linkages

between the environment and human survival (Dalby, 2013).

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To define Environmental Security requires an exploration of the interaction of humans and the

natural environment, including the causes and effects of environmental degradation and

vulnerabilities. Hence, ES integrates a number of issues such as climate change, emergency

management, the impact of policies and human interaction with nature including ecological

factors etc. and how policies or remediation strategies are deployed to cope or withstand the

threats. Thus, environmental security could be defined as absence of threats such as risks or

hazards. (Amadi, 2013).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: THE MARXIAN POLITICAL ECOLOGY

The Marxian political ecology arose in opposition to the neo-Malthusian views of complexities

of the interaction between human beings with nature. Neo-Malthusian views are based on an

eco-scarcity argument originally put forward by Thomas Malthus which argues that, an

ecological ‘crisis’ erupts when the demands of a growing human population overtake the

capacity of an environmental system to support it. The Malthusian perspective emphasizes the

need for population control to tackle ecological degradation, without putting into consideration

the issues of unequal global distribution of power and economic (Brown & Jacobson, 1986;

Robbins, 2004: 7-8). Against this misconception, Neo-Marxists draw attention to political and

economic factors in clarifying how material power (e.g. capital, wealth, military power) mediate

human society and nature relations (Bryant & Bailey, 1997, p. 28; Bryant, 1998, p. 80; de Soyza,

2000; Biersack, 2006, p. 3; Robbins, 2004, pp. 7-8). Thus, ecological Marxism emerged as a

critique of the neo- Malthusian theory which examines the primacy of inequality and deleterious

implications in the interactions between humans and their natural environment (Shiva, 1988;

Harvey, 1996; Speake & Gismondi, 2005, p. 55). Ecological Marxists argue on the structure of

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the global power including inequality in resource distribution and asymmetrical structure of the

international capitalist system and its effects on natural resource access. The field of political

ecology has grown dramatically, and in so many directions including the study of power and

inequality in natural resource use, conflict and struggle for natural resource exploitation,

unsustainable resource consumption etc. (Peet & Watts, 1996). The fundamental question this

study seeks to answer stems from environmental insecurity arising from oil spill, gas flaring, acid

rains, flooding deforestation etc. giving rise to environmental threat in Nigeria. Roggers (1997)

had argued on the understanding of ecological security as state in which the physical

environment of a community satisfies its needs without depleting natural capital. This may

adequately account for the basis of suitability of the Marxian political ecology framework. Peet

and Watts (1996, p. 6) demonstrate its broader academic reach encompassing geography,

development studies, environmental studies, ecological, social sciences, political economy etc.

(Robbins,2004)

CONCEPTUALISATION

The Environment and Security

The concept of environmental security has different meanings and is contested. This arises from

the merging of two powerful yet equally ambiguous concepts environment and security and the

diverse array of disciplines and schools of thought that contribute to the study of these two

concepts. The way a person or a group understands each of these concepts informs their

understanding of the combined concept of environmental security.

In general, the environment refers to the biological, physical, and chemical components and

systems necessary to sustain life. Yet, this is a broad agenda within which there are multiple

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issues, such as resource scarcity (diminishing supplies of inputs into human systems) and

pollution (the contamination of inputs into human systems), occurring at multiple scales (from

global to local) and in different ways and to different degrees in places around the world.

Environmental problems are now prominent political issues as a consequence of the increased

scale of consumption and pollution in modern high-energy societies, which has caused large

decreases in primary forest cover; biodiversity losses; depletion of fish stocks; land degradation;

water pollution and scarcity; coastal and marine degradation; the contamination of people, plants,

and animals by chemicals and radioactive substances; and climate change and sea-level rise.

Security, too, is a nebulous concept. It can apply to many different things that are valued

(referent objects such as jobs, health, the state, and territory) and refer to many different kinds of

risks (such as unemployment, hunger, change of government, and invasion). Yet, the most

powerful discourse about security concerns national security and the risks to it that originate

from ‘Other’ living both beyond and within the territorially bounded nation-state. As

geographers and critical international relations scholars have shown, national security discourse

is a discourse that manufactures and sustains particular kinds of identity through constructions of

difference. Its primary function is to secure the nation-state by justifying disciplining institutions.

However, the end of the Cold War coupled with increased interdependence between societies

and countries created space for new ways of thinking about security as they rendered problematic

the simple imaginaries of world space that national security institutions perpetuated. These

changes have opened space to consider myriad local, national, and global interactions that create

security and insecurity and the way some people's security occurs at the expense of others. The

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concept of environmental security has been a central issue in this process of deepening the scale

and broadening the content of security.

The end of the Cold War triggered a proliferation of articles and new research projects on

environmental security. Yet, there was another broad change in world affairs that was also

important in the development of environmental security as a research and policy issue. The

growth of environmental consciousness in developed countries was necessary for environmental

problems to be seen as serious enough to warrant calling them a security issue. This began in the

1960s with some high-profile studies of environmental problems and growth in the number of

environmental nongovernmental organizations, including the creation of large, international,

environmental nongovernmental organizations, such as the World Wildlife Fund, Friends of the

Earth, and Greenpeace. The 1970s saw the beginning of international summits on environmental

issues and an associated proliferation of international agreements on the environment. The first

major global environmental summit was the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human

Environment. Prefiguring the contemporary idea of environmental security, in the 1970s and

1980s, a number of peace and environmental scholars began to highlight the inability of national

security institutions, and in particular the military, to manage common environmental problems

that pose threats to international stability and national well-being. Then, in 1987, the World

Commission on Environment and Development released its landmark report titled Our Common

Future, which popularized the concept of sustainable development, and introduced the term

‘environmental security’. This report in turn lead to the 1992 United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development, which has had follow-up conferences in 1997 and 2002 and

which gave rise to major multilateral environmental treaties on climate change and biodiversity.

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During the Cold War, the discipline of international relations dominated the study of security.

This influence grew in part because of the retreat of geographers from the study of world politics

due to the perceived role of geopolitical theories in justifying the world wars. However, as

security has become more pluralized – away from states and war and toward people and the

multitudinous risks they must manage – it increasingly becomes a general concept of social

science, and geographers and in particular critical geopolitics have increasingly been engaged

with this rethinking of security. The ways in which old and many new interpretations of security

imagine the world as a series of bounded spaces that contain ‘Others’, and the problematic

practices that flow from this simple geopolitical vision have been powerfully critiqued by

geographers such as John Agnew, Simon Dalby, Klaus Dodds, and Gearóid Ó. Tuathail. These

insights carry over into the study of environmental security, particularly through the influential

work of Simon Dalby. Geographers have also long been engaged with the study of

environmental problems, a tradition that can be dated to early founders of the discipline such as

Alexander von Humboldt and Peter Kropotkin. Research from human–environment geographers,

such as Steve Lonergan, Michael Redclift, and Michael Watts, has also informed the study of

environmental security. In these and other ways, geographers have been and continue to engage

with research on environmental security.

The plurality of meanings of environmental security can be categorized into six principal

interpretations. First, environmental security can be seen as being about the impacts of human

activities on the environment. Second, environmental security can be seen to be about the

impacts of the military–industrial complex, including war, on the environment. Third,

environmental change can be seen as a security problem common to all states, therefore

requiring collective action. Fourth, environmental change can be seen as a threat to national

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security. Fifth, environmental change has been identified as a possible cause of violent conflict.

Sixth, environmental change can be seen as a risk to human security. The following discussion

focuses only on the last three of these interpretations, as they have been the most prominent in

terms of research and their influence on policy. (Brown, 1997)

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND SECURITY

Even though environmental degradation and climate change sometimes cause violent conflict

within and between countries and other times not,[10] it can weaken the national security of the

state in number of profound ways. Environmental change can undermine the economic

prosperity which plays big role in country’s military capacity and material power. In some

developed countries, and in most developing countries, natural resources and environmental

services tend to be important factors for economic growth and employment rate. Income from

and employment in primary sectors such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining, and from

environmentally dependent services like tourism, may all be adversely affected by environmental

change. If natural capital base of an economy erodes, then so does the long-term capacity of its

armed forces. Moreover, changes in environmental condition can exposes people to health

threats, it can also undermine human capital and its well-being which are essential factors of

economic development and stability of human society. (Dalbeko,1986)

Climate change also could, through extreme weather events, have a more direct impact on

national security by damaging critical infrastructures such as military bases, naval yards and

training grounds, thereby severely threatening essential national defense resources

STATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA

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Environmental activists and experts are of the view that deliberate efforts to tackle

environmental challenges in Nigeria will help to check the wave of insecurity in the country.

According to them, a large chunk of the insecurity around the world can be directly or indirectly

linked to environmental issues such as pollution and desert encroachment. They argue that

environmental pollution adversely affects farmlands and water supply, and erodes the people’s

sources of livelihood, which in turn makes them susceptible to violence.

Supporting this argument, an environmentalist, Dr Desmond Majekodunmi, cited the case of the

Niger Delta, where protesting youths are wont to blow up oil pipelines and kidnap oil workers, to

express their grievance over environmental pollution caused by oil exploration and exploitation,

as an indication of how environmental issues fuel insecurity. Majekodunmi said one of the

major causes of insecurity in Nigeria, and indeed in other African countries, is environmental

degradation.

“When you have a situation like the one in northern Nigeria where climate change and unabated

deforestation have caused the desert to move relentlessly and take over villages, definitely we are

going to have hundreds of thousands of environmental refugees. So I am not surprised when they

say that some hungry people in the north were given peanuts to carry out terrorist activities.

Apart from those that are used by terrorists, take a look at the recurrent problems between the

Fulani herdsmen and Plateau people. The Fulanis are looking for grasses to feed their animals,

because the far north has been taken over by the desert. And the attempt by Plateau State

residents to resist them (the Fulanis) has led to several fights, killing many people and destroying

property,” he said.

The insecurity situation in Nigeria is concentrated in the Niger Delta and the North Eastern areas.

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While residents in Niger Delta have lost their farmlands and the water meant for drinking and

fishing to widespread pollution as a result of oil exploration and exploitation by multinational oil

companies, those in the northern states have lost farmlands to rapidly encroaching desert.

Another environmentalist, Ayo Tella, believes that insurgency across the globe is

environmentally induced. He said, “Over the years, youths in oil producing areas have posed

serious security threat in the region, citing the destruction of their ecosystem by oil companies as

their grievance.”

The media recently reported a protest by residents and environment stakeholders in Bayelsa

State, which also served to renew the call on oil companies to clean up the pollution they caused

or else vacate the region. The residents reportedly complained of the destruction of their sources

of livelihood, such as fishing and farming which sustained them before oil exploration began in

their region. A visitor to communities such as Akumazi, Umunede, Ute-okpu, Ewuru, Idumuesah

and Ejeme in Delta State would find that all water bodies there are coloured with patches of oil.

Similarly, many lands in the areas have been excavated for oil. (Derele, 2000)

According to UNDP Report in 2013, “the Niger Delta region is suffering from administrative

neglect, crumbling social infrastructure and services, high unemployment, social deprivation,

abject poverty, filth and squalor, and endemic conflict. The majority of the people of the Niger

Delta do not have adequate access to clean water or health-care. Their poverty, in contrast with

the wealth generated by oil, has become one of the world’s starkest and most disturbing

examples of the resource curse.” On the other hand, terrorist activities are concentrated in the

northern states and perpetrated mostly by a group known in Hausa language as “Boko Haram”

which literally means: Western education is forbidden. The sect, believed to have been formed

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in 2002, allegedly launched military operations in 2009 to create an Islamic state in Nigeria.

Before President Goodluck Jonathan declared a State of Emergency in Adamawa, Borno and

Yobe states in May 2013, an estimated 741 citizens had already died in coordinated attacks,

according to a report by the University of Sussex in the UK. The report also says that at least

2,265 have died while about three million people have been affected as at April, 2014. (Derele,

2000)

The devilish activities of the Boko Haram include the multiple bombing of military barracks,

media houses and busy bus stops in Abuja, the UN House in Abuja, and the abduction of nearly

300 girls from a government secondary school in Chibok, Yobe State. The abduction has

grabbed global attention, giving rise to widespread protests under the twitter platform

“#BringBackOurGirls”. Analysts believe that endemic poverty caused by desertification turned

farmlands into barren lands and made the region a fertile ground for terrorists. There is an

allegation that unemployed and hungry youths gladly accept peanuts from the masterminds to get

involved in terrorism. The rate of desertification in the country is reported to be high with the

attendant destruction of about 2,168sq km of range land and cropland each year in the north. In

Yobe State, which is one of the states under emergency rule, a study revealed that, in 1986, the

rate of desertification which stood at 23.71 per cent increased to 31.30 per cent in 1999 and, by

2009, it had covered almost half of the state. The report says that crop cultivation and animal

rearing are no more productive in the state, because the soil has lost its fertility, while various

infrastructures had collapsed as windstorm from the neighboring Niger Republic and sand dunes

had taken over the entire place. In an interview, some northerners, who now reside in Lagos,

claimed they fled the area and were engaged in menial jobs such as shoe mending, manicure, cart

pushing and others, because the encroaching desert destroyed their farms.

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Recently, Nigeria was rated by the World Bank Group as among the world’s extremely poor

countries, alongside India, China, Bangladesh, DR Congo, Indonesia, Pakistan, Tanzania,

Ethiopia and Kenya, even with the country’s huge economy, the largest in Africa. However, a

map of the country shows that its poverty index is concentrated in the northern states where

desert encroachment is more pronounced.

Militancy and insurgency in the Niger Delta and the northeast zone have placed Nigeria on the

map of most insecure regions of the world known for violent crimes such as bombings,

manslaughter and kidnapping of innocent people for heavy ransoms. Many concerned citizens

believe that the authorities have not given adequate priority to tackling the country’s

environmental challenges which would ultimately check the high level of insecurity in the polity.

For instance, the country’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) document which holds

industries accountable for the pollution and other environmental problems they cause in the

process of their operations, has not been effectively implemented. Also, a Climate Change

Commission Bill which seeks to galvanise actions of the relevant stakeholders to address climate

change blamed on desert encroachment, flooding, loss of biodiversity and other environmental

changes is yet to receive Presidential assent. Many environmentalists consider such delays in the

promulgation and implementation of required policies as a major setback towards creating a

sustainable environment in Nigeria.

Majekodunmi said: “We have always had beautiful policies to create shelter belts to tackle

desertification in the north. We had one about 21 years ago, during the military era which, if

implemented, would have saved us the problems we face now.”

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He is however optimistic that the ongoing Shelter Belt project which was inaugurated last year

by the former Environment Minister, Hadija Mailafia, and championed by credible stakeholders

(such as renowned environmentalist, Newton Jibuno), would be successful. According to him,

the current environment minister should take over the project as well as the Great Green Wall

programme so that they do not die like the ones before it. Mailafia in July 2013 inaugurated the

Great Green Wall (GGW) programme, in Bachaka, Kebbi State, which is meant “to create a

contiguous greenbelt from the Northwest to the Northeast zone in the desert states with the

objective of rehabilitating about 225,000 hectares of degraded lands, enhance food security,

reduce rural poverty and generate employment for about 500,000 people in its first year of

implementation”. The 11 most affected states, commonly called frontline states, are Adamawa,

Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kano, Kastina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe and Zamfara.

While launching the program, she regretted that £43.3 per cent of the total land area of the

country is prone to desertification, exposing 40 million Nigerians to the threat of hunger and total

starvation”. There is, however, no official confirmation of the extent of work done on the GGW

project, but many people doubt if the worsening security problem in the region could allow any

meaningful project to take place there.

Supporting this position, a security expert, Wilson Esangbedo, wonders “how a place under such

serious security threat and heavy military deployment would welcome any development project”.

According to him, “what is required is for the government to go to areas where there is relative

peace and make its presence felt”.

Although oil companies are required to clean up their areas of operations, they cite the insecurity

in the region as the excuse for failing to abide by the code. This explains why it is a welcome

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development that one of the giant companies operating there, ExxonMobil, has just announced

plans to commence high sea clean-up of oil spills. For the Managing Director, Lagos State

Environmental Protection Agency, Dr. Adebola Shabi, the nation’s Environmental Impact

Assessment should be enforced to make oil companies account for the pollution that they cause.

Other experts believe that getting oil firms to clean up their spills would not only encourage

companies to buy and install pollution-control equipment, but would also help in creating jobs

for the people. It is important that the government should have the will power to implement all

its policies on creating a safe an environment conducive for the people to work and earn their

living, in order to shun every temptation to disturb public peace.

Environment as an Element of National Security

Following the shift in thinking on what constitutes national security, one of the non-military

elements of national security has been identified as environmental security.15Environmental

security deals with environmental issues which threaten the national security of a nation in any

matter. However, while it is not the case that all environmental events can be said to be capable

of threatening national security, such issues as climate change, deforestation and loss of

biodiversity have been found as capable of threatening a nation’s security. In similar vein,

resource problems16 and environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare17 are issues that can

seriously undermine the security of a nation. (Demola,2006)

Environmental security and sustainable development

Environmental security and sustainable development are mutually reinforcing concepts and

directions for policy but they are not the same thing. Environmental security focuses more on

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preventing conflict and loss of state authority due to environmental factors, as well as the

additional military needs to protect their forces from environmental hazards and repair military-

related environmental damages (Floyd and Matthew, 2013). Environmental securityexamines

threats posed by environmental events and trends to individuals, communities or nations. It may

focus on the impact of human conflict and international relationson the environmental, or on how

environmental problems cross state borders. The finding ways of simultaneously meeting

immediate social needs and long-term ecosystem needs, to secure social and economic

development (Falkenmark and Rockström, 2004).

CONCLUSION

The foregoing discussion points out that environmental security threats in Nigeria have not been

given adequate policy attention. Environmental Security thus remains a key issue in the Nigeria,

which prompts the chapter to critically investigate the state of the environmental security in the

country. The insecurity threats briefly highlighted included oil spill, gas flaring, acid rain,

deforestation, black soot among others. These are largely anthropogenic environmental security

threats in some part of the country and oil resource exploitation and exploration. Broader

theoretical elucidation of these environmental security threats was examined from the Marxian

political ecology framework which provided a foundational theoretical analysis of the contexts

including the nexus between deleterious natural resource extraction by the international

capitalist. Conceptually, Environmental Security was examined from divergent scholarly

perspectives. This also gives the impression that the concept has both policy and scholarly

relevance. However, despite its robust offshoot, Environmental Security policy makers,

researchers and new comers in the field of ES. Essentially the exploration of ES policy in

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Nigeria provides a tendency to engage in a peculiar manner with analysis of policy inertia in

which the chapter justifies with evidence of divergent environmental insecurity problems in the

Niger Delta Rather than an assumption on the existence of environmental policies in Nigeria, the

impact of such policies on environmental insecurity remediation remains at issue. This is

primarily an aspect of the objective of this chapter which points out that future research agenda

should be directly focused on distinct factors linked to environmental insecurity including the

vested capitalist interests of the MNOCs as causal factor of environmental insecurity.

RECOMMENDATIONS

This paper suggests the recommendations below:

i. Government must be proactive in dealing with security issues and threats, through

training, modern methods of intelligence gathering, and intelligence sharing, logistics

and deploying advanced technology in managing evironmental security challenges.

This will add more values in checking incessant bombings, robbery, kidnapping and

violent crimes/crises by hoodlums in the country.

ii.

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