 Electrons can be though as waves confining
electrons to atoms means the electron waves can
only have certain energies and frequencies and
atoms emit light and absorb light that has
energies and frequencies that corresponds to the
differences between electron energy levels
 Quantum Mechanic Model – 1930 Erwin
Schrodinger developed the model which treats
electrons as matter waves and this treats
electron as both wave and as particle that deals
with the probability of location and these
orbitals represents clouds of negative charge like
waves that surround the nucleus and based on
schroindger equation thus model shows the
likelihood of finding an electron in a certain
position
 Application of Electronic Structure
 All field of science became interested in the
electronic structure of atoms to explain the
chemical properties its behavior and mechanism
 Example for biologist, they are interested in the
change of size and shape of molecules. Since
Rutherford discovered that the nucleus occupies
only 10% of an atoms volume, nucleus was
essentially tiny pint and the shape and size due
to a very sparse of electron cloud of some kind.
This realization was critical to biology, because
the shape and size of molecules is critical to
understanding their biological function, this
electron cloud constituent atoms determines
their shape and size. This is very subtle
 There 2 diff forms of carbon molecule. R carbon
and S carbon. R carvone smells like spear mint
used for aroma therapy alternative medicine and
room freshener. S carvone smells like scar away
the difference in smell is an indication in
difference in biological activity that come from
difference in shape. Factor that usually
encountered in drug industry. But also,
impossible to understand photosynthesis and
vision. Color of leaves and flowers without
understanding the electronic structure of atoms.
There would be no lip, color, or photochemical
reactions if not for electrons and their ability to
absorb and release energy
 Physiscist are interested because they wanted to
explain the color and spectra of atoms which is
the light emitted when gaseous atoms when
raised to high temp bombarded by electrons.
 Developments Leading to the Bohr Model of
Atom
 Dual character of the electromagnetic radiation
which means that radiations possess both wave
like and particle like properties.
 Experimental results regarding atomic spectra
which can be explain ony by assuming quantized
electronic energy levels I atoms.
 James Maxwell gave comprehensive explanation
about interaction between charge boduies and
behavior of electrical and magnetic fields on a
macroscopic level
 He suggested that when electrically charged
particle moves under acceleration alternating
and electrical magnetic fields are produce and
transmitted. So this field transmitted is called
electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic
radiation
 In an electromagnetic radiation which differ
from one another in terms of wavelength or
frequency called electromagnetic spectrum.
Wavelentgh is the distance between
corresponding points of two consecutive waves
and this values are the freuqncy. The number of
waves that pass in a given point in 1 second.
 Radiowaves. Long radio waves FM AM used for
broadcasting/ It has a longer wavelength but
shorter frequency smaller frequency. Fllowed by
the microwave region used for rada. Infrared
used for heating and these tiny part is the visible
spectrum the small portion that our eyes can see
or detect.
 Red 750 nm
 UV – the component of a suns radiation. It has a
higher frequency compared to visinle light. That
is why when exposed to uv rays od the sun it can
burn the skin.
 X-ray usually used for radiation
 Gamma rays – highest frequency but the shortest
wavelength find at the atmosphere
 Thesea radiations are characterized by properties
– tehses are the wavelength, frequency , and
wavenumber. Number of wavelength per unit
length
 Evidence for the quantized electronic energy
levels: atomic spectra when electriomagnetic
radiation interacts with matter atoms and
molecule may absorb energy and reach to a
higher energy state with higher energy these are
in an unstable state.
 For returning to their normal or more stavle
lower enery stat the atoms and molecules emit
radiations in various regions or EMSpectrum.
 Yhe spectrum of radiation emitted substance that
has absorb energy is called an emission
spectrum
 Atoms molecules are ions that have absorb
radiation are said to be excited. In order to
produce an emission spectrum, energy is
supplied to a sample by heating or radiating and
the wavelength or frequency emitted is recorded
since the sample gives up the absorbed energy
 While the unabsorbed spectrum is like the
photographic negative of an emission spectrum,
A continuum is passed through the sample that
absorbed radiation of certain wavelengths the
missing wavelength which correspond to the
radiation absorbed by the matter leave dark
spaces in the bright continuum spectrum the
spectrum of the visible light was continuous as
all wavelengths
 The emission spectra of atoms in the gas phase
do not show a continuous spread wavelength
from red to violet rather they emit light at
 specific wavelength with dark spaces between
them. Such spectra are called light spectra or
atomic spectra because the emitted radiation is
identified by the appearance of bright light in the
spectra
 The study of emission or absorption spectra is
referred to as spectroscopy
 The term spectroscopy defines a large number of
techniques that use radiation to obtain
information on the structure and properties of
matter
 R(n) = n^2 x r(1)
 Bohr radius = r (1) = 0.529 x 10^10 m
 Electrons could only orbit the nucleus in specific
orbits or shells with a fixed radius
 Considered as the smallest allowed radius for
hydrogen
 As long has the photons energy equal to the
energy diff between the initial and final energy
levels
 Assumptions of Bohr Model
 The electron in a hydrogen atom moves in a
circular orbit around the nucleus. Only the
certain orbits around the nucleus
 Only certain orbits are allowed where the
angular momentum in the nth allowed orbit is
 Electrons is allowed orbits do not radiate
photons. Rdaiation is emitted when an electron
changes from one orbit to another with requency
given by the enrgy difference
