1.
WILL
faculty of the mind that selects, at the moment of decision, a desire
among the various desires present
does not refer to any particular desire, but to the mechanism
responsible for choosing from among one's desires
important as one of the parts of the mind, along with reason, and
understanding
central of the field of ethics because of its role in enabling deliberate
action
2. INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS
bad actions done by choice
"the source of the moving of the parts that are instrumental in such
actions is in oneself" and anything "up to oneself either to do or not".
these actions are not taken because they are preferred in their own
right, but rather because all options available are worse
3. EARLY MODERN PERIOD when the use of English in
philosophical publications began
4. FRANCIS BACON & RENÉ DESCARTES both
described the human intellect or understanding as something
needed to be considered limited, and needing the help of methodical
and skeptical approach to learning about nature
5. FRANCIS BACON emphasized the importance of analyzing
experience in an organized way, like experimentation
6. RENÉ DESCARTES
seeing the success of Galileo in using mathematics in physics, he
emphasized the role of methodical reasoning as in mathematics and
geometry
said that error comes about because the will is not limited to judging
things which the understanding is limited to,
described the possibility of such judging or choosing things
ignorantly, without understanding them, as free will
7. JACOBUS ARMINIUS Dutch theologian, considered the
freedom of human will is to work toward individual salvation and
constrictions occur due to the work of passion that a person holds
8. AUGUSTINE calls will as “the mother & guardian of all virtues”
9. JEAN-PAUL CHARLES AYMARD SARTRE
Born in Paris on June 21, 1905, his early work focused on themes of
existentialism as exemplified by his first novel Nausea and later the
essay Existentialism and Humanism
he penned his principal philosophical work — Being and
Nothingness: a phenomenological essay on ontology
3. THE ANGUISH OF FREEDOM
"Man is condemned to be free; because once thrown into the
world, he is responsible for everything he does."
Jean-Paul Sartre believed that human beings live in constant
anguish, not solely because life is miserable, but because we are
'condemned to be free'
the circumstances of our birth and upbringing are beyond our
control, Sartre reasons that once we become self-aware (and we
all do eventually), we have to make choices that define our very
'essence'
4. LIVING IN BAD FAITH
"Everything has been figured out, except how to live.”
The phenomenon of people accepting that things have to be a
certain way, and subsequently refusing to acknowledge or
pursue alternate options, was what Sartre termed as "living in
bad faith"
In Being and Nothingness, Sartre's renown discourse on
phenomenological ontology, he explains the concept of bad faith
through the example of a waiter who is so immersed in his job
that he considers himself to be first a waiter rather than a free
human being
5. RAGE AGAINST THE MACHINE
believer in the Marxist school of thought, Jean-Paul Sartre
reasoned the need of money is the excuse people give themselves
when they shut down the idea of exploring unconventional life
choices
He likened capitalism to a machine that traps people in a cycle of
working in jobs they don't like so that they can buy things they
don't need. This necessity of material things, he argued, did not
exist in reality but rather was a man-made construct that led
people to deny their freedom and consider living in other ways
as foolhardy
6. JOHN KAVANAUGH (2005) on his book “Human
Freedom”, tried to evaluate freedom in the minds of Skinner, Sarte,
and Maslow.
7. SKINNER believes that “man is not free. All his present behavior
is influenced by previous actions and has a motivational cause”
8. SARTE believes “man is free and his identity is freedom itself”;
states that the “man is the only source of ends, motives causes”
9. MASLOW stated that “Man cannot be reduced to his historicity,
to his environment, to determinism; nor can man be totally divorced
from them”
10. ABSOLUTE DETERMINISM, ABSOLUTE
FREEDOM, AND STRUCTURAL FREEDOM
three types of freedom were derived from the statements of Skinner,
Sarte, and Maslow
11. CHOICE everything we say or do in life
12. VOLUNTARY ATTENTION we concentrate our senses
and mind on some object which does not spontaneously interest us
13. SPONTANEOUS ATTENTION present in animals; the
concentration of the senses and of the mind on some object which
appeals to one of the lower drives
14. WILL tendency towards an intellectually known good
15.HUMAN ACTS
the free and voluntary acts of man; acts done with knowledge
Elements: voluntariness, knowledge, freedom
Modifiers: ignorance, fear, passion, violence, habits
16. IGNORANCE lack or absence of knowledge in a person
capable of knowing a certain thing of things
17. INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE cannot be dispel by
ordinary diligence. It is impossible for an individual to remove his
ignorance if he is has no way of suspecting that he is ignorant
18. VINCIBLE IGNORANCE It can and should be dispelled
19. FEAR a mental agitation of disturbance brought about by the
apprehension of some present or imminent danger
20. GRAVE FEAR aroused by the presence of a serious danger
21. SLIGHT FEAR aroused by a danger that is not serious
22. CONCUPISCENCE/PASSION a movement of the
sensitive appetite which is produced by good or evil as apprehended
by the mind
23. FEELINGS movements of passions
24. ANTECEDENT arises spontaneously before the will
controls the situation; sudden feelings of joy, hatred, grief or anger
25. CONSEQUENT deliberately aroused by the will to ensure a
more prompt and willing operation
26. VIOLENCE an external force applied by someone on
another in order to compel him to perform an action against his will
27. HABITS are inclination to perform some particular action
acquired by repetition
28. ACTS OF MAN
if one of the modifiers of human act are present
Qualities: done w/o knowledge and consent, involuntary
can become human acts when one employs intellect and will in
performing the act
29. ACTIONS process of doing something to achieve an aim
30. CONSEQUENCES result/effect of an action or condition
done
31. FREEDOM the absence of resistant.
32. PHYSICAL FREEDOM absence of physical restraint;
prisoners
33. MORAL FREEDOM absence of moral restraint, an
obligation & law
34. PSYCHOLOGICAL FREEDOM absence of
psychological restraint; also called Freedom of choice;
hunger/untrained dog
35. FREEDOM OF EXERCISE can choose to act or not act
36. FREEDOM OF SPECIFICATION can act in this way
or that way
37. ARGUMENT FROM COMMON CONSENT
judgement of common sense is that there is freedom of will
38. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ARGUMENT people are
directly and indirectly aware of their freedom in the very act of
making a free decision
39. DIRECTLY AWARENESS OF THE FREEDOM
OF DECISIONS we are directly aware of being able to choose
freely before the choices has been made
40. INDIRECT AWARENESS OF THE FREEDOM
OF DECISIONS many facts of our daily life we are clearly
aware, can be explained only if we are free; we deliberated before
 taking a decision, we weigh the reasons for or against it and we 52. PRINCIPLE OF PATERNALISM to act for the good
regret some of our past choices of another person without that person’s consent
41. ETHICAL ARGUMENT sense of duty & belief in
morality & moral obligation come naturally to man and even those
who deny their existence in theory live in practice as if they admitted
it. 53. LEGAL MORALISM
42. DETERMINIST modern philosophers and psychologists Decided by majority
view that the law can legitimately be used to prohibit behaviors
who deny the freedom of the will
that conflict with society’s collective moral judgement
43. DETERMINISM philosophical concept; every event like a person’s freedom can legitimately be restricted because it
human behavior, cognition, decision & action is casually determined conflicts with society’s collective morality
44. HARD DETERMINISM theory that if determinism is BASIC ELEMENTS OF LOVE
true then no one is free Care most evident in a mother’s love for her child.
45.THE ARGUMENT FROM BIOLOGY Responsibility to denote duty, something imposed upon one from
Biological determinism maintains that physiological factors exert a the outside.
compelling influence in man’s life Respect – the concern that the other person should grow and
We do what we do because of the kind of body we have inherited
unfold as he is.
from our parents, because we are born in that way.
The biological determinist emphasize especially the role of the Knowledge doesn’t stay at periphery but penetrates to the core
endocrine glands and genes in determining conduct 54.
46.ARGUMENT FROM PSYCHO-SOCIAL
emphasize a combination of psychological and social factors as
explaining human conduct.
Psychological side, they point the different drives and tendencies
which impel individual.
Social side, the continual pressure of the environment (words,
customs, fashion, propaganda and education).
47. INTERSUBJECTIVITY Man’s being-with-others;
accepting others and their differences
ACCEPTING ME, ACCEPTING YOU
48. ACCEPTANCE understanding that there are aspects in life
that we can’ t change
49. ACCEPTING YOURSELF realizing that you are a
unique human being
50. FREEDOM OF LIFE PLAN freedom to pursue life
goals, but it’s not absolute
51. PATERNALISM comes from the Latin “pater”>to act like a
father, or to treat another person like a child; Decided by the State