North South University

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ETE 424: Mobile and Wireless Communication System

Lab No: 02

Handoff

A mobile station (MS) is defined as any mobile receiving device connected to the network.
Typically it represents a mobile user. A Base Station (BS) is defined as a fixed transmitter.

An MS is moving along a straight line between BS1 & BS2, situated distance D apart. The MS
is initially connected to BS1 and is moving toward BS2. As the MS moves toward BS2, the
received signal power from BS1 will decrease and the received signal power from BS2 will
increase. At one point, somewhere between the two towers, the MS will be ‘handed off’ from
BS1 to BS2, i.e., it will disconnect from BS1 and connect to BS2. This process is called a
handoff.

A handoff occurs when the received signal power from BS1 (Pr_BS1) is less than the handoff
power (Pr_hoff) and the signal received at BS2 is greater than the minimum acceptable power
(Pr_min).

The expression for the power received by the MS from a BS at distance ‘d’ is:

Problem:
Suppose that a mobile station is moving along a straight line between BS-1 & BS-2, distance
between them is D=1600 m. MS is currently connected to BS1. A handoff occurs when received
signal power from BS1 is less than the handoff power Pr_ho and the signal received at the BS-2
is greater than the minimum acceptable level Pr_min. Here, n=4, sigma=6, Po=0dBm, do=1m,
Pr_min=- 118dBm and Pr_ho= -112 dBm.

Find the probability that handoff occurs as a function of the distance between the mobile and its
serving base station.
Show your result in a plot P(handoff) vs. distance d1.

Procedure:
Step-1: For part (a), find the received power for both the Base stations at different distance
points.

For BS1: Pr1(d) = Po-10nlog10(d1/d0) dBm

North South University
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
For BS 2: Pr2(d) = Po-10nlog10((D-d1)/d0) dBm

Step-2: From the plot find the minimum distance where a successful handoff may occurs.

P[Pr1(d)<Pr_ho] = 1- Q(Pr_ho – mean(Pr1(d)))/sigma)

P[Pr2(d)> Pr_min] = Q(Pr_min – mean(Pr2(d)))/sigma)
P[handoff] = P[Pr1(d)<Pr_ho]*P[Pr2(d)> Pr_min]

Step-3: Write the code for part (b) and plot the figure.

Matlab Code:

Part 01:

n=4;
sigma =6;
po=0;
do=1;
p_r_min= -118;
p_r_Ho= -112;
D=1600;
for d1 = 1:10:D;
Pr_one = po-10*n*log10(d1/do);
Pr_two = po-10*n*log10((D-d1)/do);
plot(d1,Pr_one,'r-+')
hold on
plot(d1,Pr_two,'c-*')
hold on
plot(d1,p_r_min,'g-p')
hold on
plot(d1,p_r_Ho,'b-o')
hold on
grid on
end
xlabel('distance(m)')
ylabel('Received Power')
title ('Received power vs. distance')
legend('BS-1','BS-2','min power','handoff')
North South University
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Part 02:

n=4;
sigma =6;
po=0;
do=1;
p_r_min= -118;
p_r_Ho=-112;
D=1600;
for d1 = 1:10:D;
Pr_one= po-10*n*log10(d1/do);
Pr_two= po-10*n*log10((D-d1)/do);
m1 = mean(Pr_one);
m2= mean(Pr_two);
P_one_handoff = 1-qfunc(((p_r_Ho-m1)./sigma));
P_two_gmin = qfunc(((p_r_min-m2)./sigma));
handoff=P_one_handoff.*P_two_gmin;
plot(d1,P_one_handoff,'r-o')
hold on
plot(d1,P_two_gmin,'c-*')
hold on
plot(d1,handoff,'s-g')
hold on
grid on
North South University
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
end
xlabel('distance(m)')
ylabel('probability')
title('handoff probability vs. distance')
legend('BS-1','BS-2','final')