5-ქულიანი თემები

1.მონტესკიე კანონების შესახებ - გვ. 116-119

monteskies humanistur-ganmanaTleblobiTi poziciis Tanmimdevruloba

ganxilulia traq-tatSi “kanonTa gonis Sesaxeb”, romelmac frangi
moazrovne saqveynod cnobil avtori-tetad aqcia samarTlebrivi da
politikuri azris istoriaSi. monteskies samarTlebrivi Teoriis mTavari
Tema da ZiriTadi faseuloba politikuri Tavisuflebis idea aris,
romlis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, aucilebel pirobaTa ricxvs samarTliani
kanonebi da sa-xelmwifoebriobis saTanado organizacia miekuTvneba.
“kanonTa gonis” moZiebisas, an kanonebSi kanonzomierebis dasadgenad,
monteskie adamianis gonieri bunebis, nivTebis bunebis Sesaxeb
racionalistur warmodgenebs eyrdnoboda da cdilobda istoriulad
cvalebadi, pozitiuri kanonebis logikurobas, agreTve maTi Seqmnis
faqtorebsa da mize-zebs Caswvdomoda.
ama Tu im TvalsazrisiT, kanonzomieri (anu kanoni, Sesabamisi
urTierTobis wesi), monteskies azriT, goniersa da aucilebels niSnavs,
rac, Tavis mxriv, SemTxveviTobas, TviTnebobasa da fatalurobas (brma
sve-beds) upirispirdeba.
monteskies azriT, swored kanoni gamoxatavs gansazRvrulobis,
ganpirobebulobis da ganmsWvalulobis moments, ama Tu im urTierTobaSi;
gonier sawyiss, anu gonivrulobisa da aucileblobis arsebobas
aRniSnul urTierTobaSi.
kanonis saerTo cnebiT moculia yvela kanoni _ ucvleli, fizikur
samyaroSi moqmedi da cvalebadi _ anu gonieri arsebebis samyaroSi
moqmedi kanonebi. adamiani, danarCeni fizikuri arsebebis msgavsad,
ucvleli bunebiTi kanonebiT imarTeba, Tumca _ rogorc gonieri arseba,
romelic sakuTari ganzraxviT moqmedebs (gonebis gardauali SezRu-
dulobis, SecdomaSi Sesvlis unaris, vnebebis gavlenis qveS yofnis gamo),
mudmivad arRvevs rogorc bunebis am mudmiv kanonebs, ise cvalebad
adamianur kanonebs.
adamianebTan mimarTebiT, bunebis (bunebiTi) kanonebs monteskie
ganmartavda, rogorc “Cveni arsebis mowyobidan mxolod da mxolod
gamomdinare” kanonebs. im bunebiTi kano-nebidan, romelTa arsebobas
hqonda adgili, rodesac adamianebi bunebriv (winare-civilizaciur)
mdgomareobaSi cxovrobdnen, gamomdinareoben adamianis bunebis Semdegi
Tvisebani: mSvidobisken ltolva, sakvebis mopovebis survili, adamianebs
Soris urTi-erTobis damyareba Txovnis safuZvelze, sazogadoebaSi
cxovrebis survili. monteskie specialurad aRniSnavda hobsis moZRvrebis
erT miuRebel debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianebs Tavidanve
agresiuloba da urTierTdapirispirebis survili axasiaTebdaT. piruku,
monteskies azriT, adamiani Tavidanve susti da Zalzed mSiSara arseba
iyo, romelic Tanasworobisa da sxvebTan mSvidobiani cxovrebisaken
iswrafoda. garda amisa, xelisuflebisa da sxvebze batonobis idea
imdenad rTuli da sxva mraval ideaze damokidebulia, rom ver iqneba
adamianis Tavdapirveli azri. magram, vinaidan adamianebi sazogadoebaSi
erTiandebian, isini sakuTari sisustis SegrZnebas kargaven; qreba maT
Soris arsebuli Tanasworobac; iwyeba orgvari omebi _ calkeul
adamianebsa da mTel xalxs Soris. iqmneba xalxs Soris urTierTobebis
momwesrigebeli kanonebi (saerTa-Soriso samarTali); mmarTvelsa da
qveSevrdomTa Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi (pozitiuri
samarTali); moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi
(samoqalaqo samarTali). sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis moTxovnas,
zogad kanonebSi, monteskies azriT, saxelmwifos Seqmnis aucilebloba
ganapirobebs: “sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia iarsebos mmarTvelis gareSe”.
iqmneba e.w. politikuri mdgo-mareoba (saxelmwifo). calkeuli adamianebis
Zalisxmevis aseTi SeerTeba ukve gu-lisxmobs adamianTa nebis erTobas,
anu e.w. samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. saxelmwifos (politikuri
mdgomareobis) Sesaqmnelad da saerTo kanonebis dasadgenad saWiroa, ada-
mianTa sazogadoebaSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli mdgomareoba, romelsac
monteskie samoqa-laqo mdgomareobas uwodebda. dadebiTi (pozitiuri,
adamianuri) kanoni samarTlianobis obieqtur xasiaTsa da samarTlian
urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. samarTlianoba win uswrebs pozitiur kanons
da ara _ piruku. kanoni, zogadad, _ monteskies mixedviT, _ aris
adamianuri goni, romelic yvela adamianis cxovrebas warmarTavs. amitom,
“samoqa-laqo da politikuri kanonebi, romlebsac yvela xalxi iRebs,
sxva araferia, Tu ara am gonebis kerZo gamoyeneba. aseTi midgomis
realizaciis procesSi, monteskie im faqtorebs ikvlevda, romelTa
erToblioba qmnis “kanonTa gons”, anu imas, rac pozitiur kano -nebTan
mimarTebiT _ gonierebas, marTlzomierebas, kanonierebas, samarTlianobas
gansazRvravs. kanonebze gadamwyvet gavlenas, monteskies azriT, buneba da
im mTavrobis principebi axdenen, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi
yalibdeba. monteskie mmarTve-lobis sam formas (saxes) gansazRvravda:
respublikurs, monarqiuls, despoturs. respublikur mmarTvelobaSi
uzenaesi xelisufleba an mTlianad xalxs (demokratia), an mxolod
xalxis nawils (aristokratia) upyria. monarqia _ erTi adamianis
mmarTvelobaa, Tumca _ dadgenili kanonebis meSveobiT. despotiaSi
yvelafers erTi piris neba da TviTneboba gansazRvravs, nebismieri
kanonisa da rigis miRma. amrigad, monterskies Sefa-sebiT, mmarTvelobis
samive saxeobas sakuTari buneba gaaCnia, romlisganac avtori
mmarTvelobis principis formas ganasxvavebda. es formac Zalzed
mniSvnelovania, kanon-Semoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT. demokratiis ZiriTadi
kanonebi kenWisyris uflebas gan-sazRvraven. xalxi, monterskies
mtkicebiT, sxva pirTa saqmianobis gakontrolebis unars avlens, Tumca
mas ar Seswevs unari TviTon gauZRves saqmeebs. aqedan gamomdinare, aRniS-
nuli kanonebis Tanaxmad, demokratiis pirobebSi, igulisxmeba xalxis
ufleba, airCios sakuTari rwmunebulebi (saxelmwifos Tanamdebobis
pirebi) da gaakontrolos maTi saqmianoba. demokratiis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi kanonia is, romelic sakanonmdeblo xeli-suflebas mxolod
xalxs aniWebs. garda kanonebisa, savaldebuloa senatis dadgeni-lebanic,
romlebsac is droebiTi moqmedebis aqtebs miakuTvnebda.
aristokratiis ZiriTadi kanonebi, monteskies azriT, xalxis nawilis
uflebas gan-sazRvraven, riTac xalxi kanonebs gamoscems da Tvalyurs
adevnebs maT Sesrulebas.
monarqiis ZiriTadi kanonebis Tanaxmad, yoveli politikuri da
samoqalaqo xeli-suflebis wyaro aris monarqi.
despoturi mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi kanonia is, sadac saerTod ar aris
kanoni da mis adgils TviTneboba da despotis axireba, religia da
Cveuleba ikaveben; dadgenilia SeuzRudavi uflebebis mqone veziris
daniSvna. TiToeuli mmarTvelobis formis buneba gansazRvravs, misi
wyobis Semqmneli, ZiriTadi kanonebis saxeobas (da am TvalsazrisiT, _
konstituciur kanons).
mmarTvelobis TiToeuli saxeobis bunebas sakuTari principi gaaCnia,
romelsac moqmedebaSi mohyavs adamianis vnebebis meqanizmi _
gansakuTrebuli politikuri wyobis SigniT.
respublikaSi aseTi principia saTnoeba, monarqiaSi _ Rirseba, despotiaSi
_ SiSi.
specialur yuradRebas monteskie kanonisa da Tavisuflebis
Tanafardobis problemas aq-cevda. is ganasxvavebda, politikuri
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, arsebuli kanonebis or nair-saxeobas: 1. is kanoni,
romelic, saxelmwifo wyobasTan mimarTebiT politikur Tavisuflebas
adgens da 2. kanonebi, romlebic politikur Tavisuflebas adgenen, moqa-
laqesTan mimarTebiT. maSasadame, saubaria politikuri Tavisuflebis
institucionalur da pirovnul aspeqtebze, romlebic sakanonmdeblo
wesiT unda ganmtkicdes. am ori aspeqtis Tanafardobis gareSe
politikuri Tavisufleba arasrulyofili, ararealuri da garantiis
gareSe darCenili iqneba.

2.ჰუგო გროციუსი - გვ. 99- 102

hugo de groot grociusi (1583-1645) enciklopediurad ganaTlebuli

adamiani da nayofieri avtori gaxldaT, romlis kalams ekuTvnis 90-ze
meti naSromi samarTlis istoriasa da TeoriaSi, omisa da mSvidobis
problematikaze, saerTaSoriso, bunebiTi da kanonikuri samarTlis
sferoebSi, zogadi istoriis, eTnografiis, antikuri literaturisa da
kulturis sakiTxebze. misi ZiriTadi naSromia, fundamenturi qmnileba
“omisa da mSvidobis uflebis Sesaxeb. sami wigni, romlebSic ganxilulia
bunebiTi samarTali da xalxis samarTali, agreTve sajaro samarTlis
principebi” (1625). grociusis samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi agreTve
asaxulia traqtatSi “nadavlis (alafis) uflebis Sesaxeb” (misi nawilia
“Tavisufali zRva, anu holandielTa ufleba indoeTTan Tavisufali
vaWrobis sferoSi”, 1609 wels gamoica).
axali drois samarTlis filosofiis amocanas grociusi da misi
mimdevrebi, racio-nalisturi xerxebiT, mudmivi da absoluturi, yvela
xalxisa da droisaTvis saerTo samarTlis axsnaSi xedavdnen, anu im
samarTlisa, romelic gamocemulia TviT bunebis mier, ris gamoc is
ufro maRla dgas, vidre pozitiuri samarTali.
grociusma samarTlis or mniSvneloba Camoayaliba: pirveli
mniSvnelobiT, samarTali aris moraluri xarisxi, romelic
SesaZleblobas uqmnis adamians, iqonios garkveuli nivTebi da
ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedebani (samarTali, subieqturi arsiT).
meore mniSvnelobiT, samarTlis cneba gaigivebulia kanonis cnebasTan
(samarTali, obieqturi gagebiT). grociusi Tvlida, rom bunebiTi
samarTlis kanonebi saTaves iReben bunebiTi gonidan, amitom isini
iseTive mudmivia, rogorc TviT goni. misi moZRvrebiT, TviT RmerTsac ki
ar SeuZlia bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Secvla.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifos, is ganmartebulia, rogorc uzenaesi, mudmivi da
srulyofili sazogadoeba, romelic Seqmnilia adamianTa uflebebisa da
sayovelTao sargeblis dasa-cavad. aristoteles msgavsad, grociusi
mTel samarTals bunebiT da nebagamovlenil samarTlad yofda. bunebiTi
samarTali ganmartebulia, rogorc “saRi azris moTxovna”, romelic,
nebadarTuli da akrZaluli qmedebebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnis
kriteriumebs warmoadgens. nebagamovlenili samarTali RvTiur (zemodan
boZebul da RvTis nebiT dadgenil) da adamianur samarTlad iyofa.
adamianuri samarTali, Tavis mxriv, or jgufad iyofa: adamianuri
samarTali, farTo ga-gebiT da adamianuri samarTali, viwro gagebiT.
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali (samo-qalaqo kanonebi), grociusis
azriT, samoqalaqo xelisuflebisgan momdinareobs. Adamia-nuri
samarTali, viwro gagebiT, Seicavs mamis, batonis uflebebs. adamianuri
samarTali, farTo gagebiT _ xalxis doneze dadgenili samarTalia.
bunebiTi samarTlis koncef-ciis SemuSavebisas, grociusma saerTaSoriso
samarTlis safuZvlebi Seqmna, romlebsac calkeuli saxelmwifoebi
erTmaneTTan urTierTobisas iyenebdnen. aRniSnul sferoSi, grociusis
naRvawi Zalzed mniSvnelovania da man didad Seuwyo xeli saerTaSoriso
samarTlis ideis ganviTarebas, romelic ganxorcielda erTa ligisa da
gaeros Seqmnisa da niurbergis procesis warmoebis dros. grociusi
miuTiTebda im pirobebze, rom-lebsac unda akmayofilebdes saxelmwifo,
raTa is msoflio Tanamegobrobis Tanaswor-uflebian wevrad iqces. misi
azriT, mniSvneloba ar aqvs saxelmwifos moculobas; mTavaria mxolod
misi stabiluroba da unarი _ xelmowerili SeTanxmebis bolomde
erTguli darCes. saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso
urTi-erTobebis damyareba, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia omisa da
zavis problemasTan. grociusi mkveTrad akritikebda gavrcelebul
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom omi mTlia-nad ewinaaRmdegeba samarTals.
misi azriT, omis dros dauSvebelia omis wesebis uaryofa. omis dawyebisa
da msvlelobisas, savaldebuloa iseTi sayovelTao wesebis dacva,
rogoricaa keTilsindisiereba da gulmowyaleba. grociusi Tvlida, rom
omi aris brZola Zalismieri wesebiT. es zogadi cneba moicavs rogorc
kerZo omebs (calkeul, kerZo pirebs Soris), ise sajaro omebs (omi,
romelsac awarmoeben samoqalaqo xeli-suflebis organoebi). grociusi,
agreTve gamohyofda e.w. “Sereul oms”, romelSic Seje-rebulia kerZo
omisa da sajaro omis elementebi. omi, rogorc aseTi, ar ewinaaRmdegeba
bunebiT samarTals; mas arc RvTiuri da xalxis samarTali krZalavs.
Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela omi samarTliania. grociusi
ganasxvavebda samarTlian da usamarTlo omebs. samarTliania is omi,
romelic icavs saxelmwifos erTianobasa da kerZo sakuTrebis
xelSeuvalobas. usamarTloa _ dapyrobiTi omi, romlis mizania sxvisi
qonebis daufleba da sxva xalxis damoneba. aseTi omi ewinaaRmdegeba
bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebs da, ufro metic, pirdapir arRvevs maT.
aseTi omi miuRebelia RvTiuri da adamianuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT.
dapyrobiTi omis gamCaRebeli pasuxis-mgebelia yvela im Sedegze, rasac
aseTi omi moitans. manve unda aanazRauros miyenebuli ziani.
adamianis bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonieri erToba (bunebiT
samarTalSi warmod-genili) da, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare, samarTlianobis da sar-geblis uflebis Tanafardoba,
aucilebel gamoxatulebas poulobs saxelmwifoSi, rome-lic, deduqciis
gziT, grociusis moZRvrebaSi bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Sedegs
warmoadgens. grociusis azriT, saxelmwifo aris Tavisufal adamianTa
kavSiri, romelc dadebulia uflebaTa da sayovelTao sargeblis dacv is
mizniT. saxelmwifos es cneba aristotelesa (saxelmwifo, rogorc
Tavisufali adamianebis urTierTobaTa uzenaesi da srulyofili forma)
da ciceronis (saxelmwifo, rogorc samarTlebrivi urTierToba da
sayovelTao sargeblis dacvis forma) ideebs gavlenas ganicdis da Tan
saxelmwifos warmoSobis saxelSekrulebo koncefcias gamoxatavs.
adamianTa cxovrebis winare-saxelmwifoebrivi xana, grociusis mier
xasiaTdeba, rogorc “bunebiTi mdgomareoba”, romlis pirobebSi ar
arsebobda kerZo sakuTreba; adamianebi “udides simartiveSi” cxov -
robdnen da “saerTo qonebiT” sargeblobdnen. TandaTanobiT, adamianebma
aiTvises sxva-dasxva saxelovnebo da saxelosno dargebi; maT daiwyes
fufunebiT cxovreba da SeiTvi-ses adamianuri mankiereba. amitom, moxda
jer moZravi, Semdeg uZravi qonebis pirvel-yofili erTobis uaryofa da
qonebis gayofa. adamianebs Soris Sesustda samarT-lianobisa da
urTierTsiyvarulis grZnoba, ramac Sedegad uTanasworobis damkvidreba
moitana, Sromasa da miRebuli Semosavlebis gayofisas. aseTi procesis
ganviTarebis Semdeg gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba, romlis warmoSobas
grociusi im warmosaxviT SeTan-xmebas ukavSirebda, romelic, qonebis
gayofis Taobaze dadebuli, sityvieri Tanxmobis an qonebis mdumared
dauflebis Sedegi iyo. grociusis ganmartebiT, socialuri arsiT,
saxelmwifo aris umravlesobis SeTanxmeba, umciresobis winaaRmdeg;
kavSiri sustebisa da Cagrulebisa, ZlierTa da mdidarTa winaaRmdeg da
ara “mdidarTa SeTqmuleba” Rari-bebisa da sustebis winaaRmdeg.
uzenaesi xelisuflebis arsi, grociusis azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom _
xelisufleba, romlis moqmedeba ar eqvemdebareba sxva romelime
xelisuflebas da romlis gauqmeba ar ZaluZs sxva xelisuflebas,
sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr axorcielebs mis winaSe mdgar amocanebs.
amrigad, uzenaesi xelisufleba aris suverenuli xelisufleba, romlis
matაrebelia mTlianad saxelmwifo. sakuTriv xelisuflebis materebeli
ki SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime piri (es damokidebulia aRniSnul
debulebasa an, ama Tu im xal-xis kanonebsa da zneobaze). suvereniteti,
Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos ganmasxvavebel niSans warmoadgens.
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis klasifikaciisas (aristoteles,
ciceronisa da senekas gavleniT), grociusi axsenebda samefo
(TviTmpyrobelur) xelisuflebas, warCi-nebulTa mmarTvelobas,
Tavisufal samoqalaqo Tems da demokratiul respublikas. misi azriT,
mmarTvelobis formas ar aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba. Tumca, grociusi,
upirobod, uaryofiTad afasebda tiranias (Zaladobis Sedegi, sadac ar
moqmedebs marTlwesrigi) da dadebiTad ixseniebda TviTmpyrobelobas da
aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis formebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom grociusi
burJuaziuli politikuri Sexedulebebis mimdevari da im
aristokratiuli mmarTvelobis damcveli gaxldaT, romlis ideals
holandiuri sazogadoebis savaWro-samrewvelo zedafenis mmarTveloba
warmoadgenda, is mainc ar uaryofda mmarTvelobis demokratiul formas.
grociusi arc xalxis suverenitetis ideas uaryofda, anu xalxisaTvis
uzenaesi xeli-suflebis gadacemas. Tumca, igi mainc cdilobda
aRmoefxvra azri imis Sesaxeb, rom uzenaesi xelisufleba yvelgan da
ganusxviseblad ekuTvnis xalxs, romelsac aqvs ufleba daamxos im
mbrZaneblis xelisufleba, romelic borotad iyenebs sakuTar mdgo-
mareobas. grociusma specialuri yuradReba gaamaxvila xalxis uflebaze,
winaaRmdegoba gauwios uzenaes xelisuflebas an misdami
daqvemdebarebul organoebs. mTlianobaSi, is Tvlida, rom qveSevrdomebis
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac iqm-neba
saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo xelisufleba. qveSevrdomTa uflebas
xelisuflebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevaze, grociusi upirispirebda
kanonisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis akrZalvas, romlis moTxovnis mimarT
Tavis arideba, mxolod ukiduresi auci-leblobis SemTxvevaSi da im
pirobiT aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac qveSevrdomTa Seiara-Rebuli
winaaRmdegoba, xelisuflebis mimarT, gamousworebel zians ar miayenebda
TviT saxelmwifos.
3. ჟან ბოდენი- გვ. 91-93

XVI saukunis movlenebma arsebiTi gavlena iqonia axal ideologiur da

politikur doqtrinaze. amitom, sulac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom
aRniSnul periodSi Cndeba saxelmwifos Sesaxeb sruliad axali
moZRvreba, romlis avtoroba gamoCenil Sveicarel iuristsa da
publicists _ Jan bodens (1530-1596) ekuTvnis, romelic saf- rangeTSi
moRvaweobda. man daasabuTa saxelmwifos prioriteti yvela sxva
socialuri institutis, maT Soris eklesiis mimarT. Bodenma
suverenitetis _ saxelmwifos mTavari Tvisebis cneba SemoiRo. sakuTar
naSromSi “eqvsi wigni respublikis Sesaxeb” (1578), bo-deni ayalibebda
ideas im suverenuli saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, romelsac SeuZlia daicvas
avtonomiuri piris uflebebi da myarad danergos mSvidobiani
Tanacxovrebis principi, qveynis SigniT arsebul gansxvavebul socialur -
politikur Zalebs Soris. bodeni amu-Savebda ra sakuTar filosofiur-
samarTlebriv koncefcias saxelmwifos da poli-tikuri Zalauflebis
Sesaxeb, iziarebda aristoteles mosazrebas, rom saxelmwifos sa-
fuZvels ojaxi warmoadgenda. bodenis azriT, saxelmwifo aris mravali
meurneobisa da ojaxis samarTlebrivi mmarTveloba. is iziarebda,
sazogadoebaSi, qonebrivi uTanas-worobis princips da aseT viTarebas
bunebriv da aucilebel movlenad miiCnevda. bodenis politikuri ideali
saero saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac Seswevs Zala, uzrun-velyos yvelas
ufleba-Tavisuflebani. marTlwesrigis damyarebis saukeTeso gzad,
bodeni Zlier absolutur monarqias miiCnevda, vinaidan monarqi
samarTlisa da suve-renitetis erTaderTi wyaro iyo.
suverenuli saxelmwifos cnebis qveS, bodenis azriT, uzenaesi da
SeuzRudavi sa-xelmwifo xelisufleba igulisxmeboda, romelic Sua
saukuneebis sabatono monarqiebs upirispirdeba, sadac, Cveulebriv
movlenad daqucmacebuloba, socialuri uTanaswo-roba, mefeTa
xelisuflebis SezRudva iTvleboda.
suverenuli saxelmwifos mTavari niSnebi aris: 1. uzenaesi xelisuflebis
simtkice da uryevoba; 2. misi SeuzRudavoba da absolutizmi; 3. erTianoba
da ganuyofloba. mxolod aseT xelisuflebas ZaluZs yvelasaTvis
saerTo da Tanabari uflebis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, bodenis azriT,
suvereniteti sulac ar niSnavs saxelmwifos suverenitets. misi
SexedulebiT, suverenitetis subieqti aris ara TviT saxelmwifo,
mTlianobaSi, aramed _ konkretuli mbrZanebeli (monarqi, xalxi _
demokratiul respublikaSi), anu saxelmwifo organoebi. imis mixedviT,
Tu vin aris suverenitetis matarebeli subieqti, bodeni gamo-yofda
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas: monarqias, aristokratiasa da de -
mokratias.
bodenis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba “saxelmwifos geografiuli tipizacia”,
anu sa-xelmwifos tipis gansazRvra geografiul-klimaturi pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod, zomieri havis pirobebSi, SesaZlebelia gonebis
saxelmwifos arseboba, sadac iseTi adamianebi cxovroben, romlebsac
samarTlianoba da kacTmoyvareoba axasiaTebT. samxreT regionebSi ki
xalxi _ bunebrivad zarmacia; maT ar uyvarT garja. amitom, aq saWiroa
religiuri Zalauflebisa da mkacri saxelmwifos arseboba. CrdiloeTis
mcxov-rebTaTvis sakmarisia mxolod Zlieri saero saxelmwifos arseboba.
bodeni suverenitetis 5 ganmasxvavebel niSans gamoyofda: 1. kanonebis
gamocema, rom-lebic yvela qveSevrdomisa da saxelmwifos sxva
uwyebisadmi iqneboda mimarTuli; 2. omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxTa
gadawyveta; 3. Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvna; 4. uzenaesi sasamarTlos
saxiT moqmedeba, saboloo instanciis sasamarTlod qceva; 5. Sewyaleba.
zogadsavaldebulo kanonebis gamocema suverenitetis pirveli da
aucilebeli Tviseba aris. suvereni gamoscems kanonebs, Tumca ar qmnis
samarTals. bodeni, erTmaneTisagan, mkveTrad mijnavda kanonsa da
samarTals da maT gansxvavebulobas aRiqvamda. “samarTali sakuTar TavSi
samarTlianobas atarebs, kanoni _ brZanebas”. xelisuflebis
ganxorcielebis xerxebidan gamomdinare, bodeni saxelmwifos sam
nairsaxeobas gamo-yofda: kanonieri, samamulo (senoilaruri), tiranuli.
kanonieri aris saxelmwifo, sadac qveSevrdomebi emorCilebian suverenis
mier gamocemul kanonebs, xolo TviT suvereni _ bunebiT kanonebs da
icavs sakuTari qveSevrdomebis bunebiT Tavisuflebasa da sakuT-rebis
uflebas. senioraluria saxelmwifo, romelSic suvereni, iaraRiT xelSi,
iqca qonebisa da xalxis mesakuTred da maTze batonobas axorcielebs
imgvarad, rogoric aris mamis xelisufleba, ojaxis wevrTa mimarT.
tiranul saxelmwifoSi suvereni gmobs bunebiT kanonebs, Tavisufal
adamianebs eqceva rogorc monebs, xolo maT qonebas sakuTari
Sexedulebisambr gankargavs.
4. ჟან-ჟაკ რუსო „ბუნებით მდგომარეობასა“ და ხალხის სუვერენიტეტზე გვ.120-
123
Jan-Jak ruso (1721-1778) _ msoflio samarTlebrivi azris istoriaSi erT-
erTi gamoCenili da originalurad moazrovne moZRvari.
sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problemebs rusos moZRvreba
saxalxo su-verenitetis ideisa da principis dasabuTebisa da dacvis
poziciidan exeba. im periodSi gavrcelebul warmodgenas adamianis
bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, ruso iyenebs ro-gorc hipotezas, raTa
Camoayalibos sakuTari, absoluturad axleburi, warmodgena ada-mianTa
sulieri, socialuri da politikur-samarTlebrivi cxovrebis
Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
rusos azriT, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adgili ar hqonda kerZo sakuTrebas
da yvela ada-miani Tavisufali da Tanaswori iyo. uTanasworoba
adamianebs Soris mxolod maT fizi-kur mdgomareobas exeboda, rac
bunebrivi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tumca, kerZo sakuTrebis
gaCenis Semdeg, iwyeba socialuri uTanasworoba, rac bunebiT
Tanasworobas ewinaaRmdegeba da iwvevs brZolas mdidrebsa da Raribebs
Soris. es iyo Seurigebeli, antagonisturi dapirispireba, romelmac
moicva winareistoriuli, anu winaresa-xelmwifoebrivi peroidi da misgan
erTaderT gamosavals, yvelas sasicocxlo inte-residan gamomdinare,
saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da kanonebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb “eSmaki
mdidrebiT inspirirebuli, sayovelTao SeTanxmeba warmoadgenda,
romelsac unda damor-Cileboda yvela adamiani. Tumca, samwuxarod,
bunebrivi Tavisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg, Raribebs arc politikuri
ufro met borkilebs adebdnen, xolo mdidrebs kidev ufro met Zalas
matebdnen; Seuqcevadad ganadgurda bunebrivi Tavisufleba, samudamod
dad-ginda kerZo sakuTrebisa da uTanasworobis damcveli kanoni,
romelmac eSmakuri uzur-pacia xelSeuval uflebad gadaaqcia da,
ramdenime pativmoyvares sasargeblod, mTeli kacobrioba, amis Semdeg,
sastik SromaSi, monobasa da siRatakeSi Caeba”. rusos Tanaxmad, kerZo
sakuTrebis uTanasworobam, romelsac Tan erTvoda politikuri
uTanasworoba, saboloo jamSi, despotizmis pirobebSi, absoluturi
uTanasworoba gamoiwvia, rodesac despotis mimarT yvela Tanabaria,
sakuTar monobasa da uuflebobaSi. aseTi cru, man-kier da mTeli
kacobriobisaTvis damRupveli sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis
ganviTarebis nacvlad, “politikuri organizmis, rogorc xalxsa da
mmarTvelebs Soris WeSmariti xelSekrulebis Taobaze” ruso sakuTar
koncefcias gvTavazobda. amasTanave, WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi amocanaa, adamianTa masebis suverenul xalxad
gadaqceva, xolo TiToeuli adamianisa _ moqalaqed, agreTve “asociaciis
iseTi formis Seqmna, romelic saerTo ZaliT, asociaciis yvela da Ti-
Toeuli wevris pirovnebasa da qonebas daicavs da daifaravs, da, romlis
wyalobiT, TiToeuli, yvelasTan SeerTebis Semdeg, mxolod sakuTar Tavs
eqvemdebareba da iseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric uwin iyo”.
TiToeuli, sakuTari qonebis gaerTianebisa da erTian umaRles
xelisuflebaSi daqvemdebarebis Semdeg, sakuTar pirovnebasa da mTel
Tavis Zalas, erTiani mTlianis ganuyofel nawilad aqcevs. rusos mier
dasabuTebuli, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis koncefcia, mTlianobaSi,
saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb mis idealur warmodgenas
gamoxatavs. rusos ZiriTadi azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mxolod
saxelmwifos warmoSobiT, politikuri urTierTobebisa da kanonebis,
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi koncefciis dadgeniT,
SeiZleba gamarTldes bunebiTi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo
mdgomareobaSi gadasvla, raTa mudmivad arse-bobdes gonis,
samarTlianobisa da samarTlis batonoba. rusos es idea upirispirdeba
missave mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo sakuTrebis da sazogadoebriv
urTi-erTobebSi uTanasworobis gaCena aseve iyo saxelmwifoebriobis
warmoSobis obieqturi aucilebloba. “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
Sesaxeb”-is pirvelive winadadebaSi naT-qvami iyo: “adamiani ibadeba
Tavisufali, Tumca _ mudmivad borkilebis qveSaa; arada, bunebiTi
mdgomareoba _ Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba, rusos azriT, iyo is oqros
xana”, romlis idealizacias cdilobda frangi moazrovne.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisa da saxelmwifos Seqnis procesSi myofi,
suverenis uflebamosilebaTa safuZvelSi devs saerTo neba.Aam
SemTxvevaSi ruso xazs usvamda imas, rom saerTo neba gansxvavdeba yve -
las nebisagan: saerTo neba gulisxmobs saerTo interesebs, yvelas neba ki
iTva-liswinebs mxolod kerZo pirTa kerZo interesebs da warmoadgens
saxelmwifosa da mis kanonebSi saerTo nebis arsebobas. ruso mkveTrad
akritikebda yovelgvar kerZo asociaciebs, partiebs, jgufebsa da
gaerTianebebs, romlebic suverenTan gaumarTlebel konkurenciaSi
Sevidodnen. maTi neba saerTo xdeba sakuTari wevrebis mimarT, da es neba
kerZo xasiaTs iZens saxelmwifos mimarT, rac amaxinjebs moqalaqeTa
WeSmariti saerTo nebis Seqmis process, vinaidan irkveva, rom xmis
mimcemTa raodenoba ar emTxveva xalxis raodenobas, aram ed _ mxolod
organizaciebisas. ruso uerTdeba makiavelis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom “seqtebisa da partiebis arseboba” zians ayenebs saxelmwifos. saerTo
saxiT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis farglebi, misi da individis
urTierTobaTa Tval-sazrisiT, rusos Tanaxmad, isea gansazRvruli, rom
“suvereni, Tavis mxriv, qve-Sevrdomebs ver daadebs borkilebs, romlebic
usargeblo iqneba TemisaTvis”; mas amis gakeTeba arc ki surs, vinaidan
kanonis “gonisa da bunebiTi kanonis ZaliT, araferi xdeba umizezod”.
valdebuleba, romelic akavSirebs xalxs sazogadoebriv (saxelmwifo)
organizmTan, uryevia mxolod imitom, rom is urTierTsanacvloa da
iTvaliswinebs maTi ufleba-movaleobebis Tanasworobas. amasTanave,
suvereni ar aris SeboWili sakuTari kanonebiT. Tu suvereni daadgenda
mis SemboWav kanonebs, romelTaganac is ver SesZ-lebda gaTavisuflebas,
moxdeboda TviT politikuri organizmis bunebis sawinaaRmdego movlenis
ganxorcieleba. suvereni “dgas mosamarTlesa da kanonze maRla”.
suverenis rolis swored aseT gagebasTan akavSirebda ruso warmodgenas,
braldebulis sasje-lisgan gaTavisuflebis an misi Sewyalebis uflebis
Sesaxeb, rac kanoniT da garkveuli sasamarTloTi iqneboda
gaTvaliswinebuli. rusos azriT, suverenis xelisufleba qve-SevrdomTa
sikvdil-sicocxlis gadawyvetis uflebasac iTvaliswinebs. rusos azriT,
mTlianobaSi, sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmeba saSualebas aZlevs politikur
organizms (saxelmwifos) iqonios SeuzRudavi xelisufleba saxelmwifos
yvela wevris mimarT. es xelisufleba, romelsac saerTo neba warmarTavs,
aris suvereniteti, rome-lic, rusos koncefciiT, aris erTiani da,
saerTod, mxolod erTaderT suverenitetze _ saxalxo suverenitetze
unda visaubroT. Tanac, “xalxis cnebis qveS, romelic rusosTan aris
erTaderTi suvereni, igulisxmeba sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebis (mTeli
eri, mTeli mosaxleobis mamrobiTi sqesis nawili) yvela monawile da ara
sazogadoebis romelime erTi wodeba an fena (Raribebi, “mesame wodeba”,
“mSromelebi”), rogorc amas ganmar-tavdnen misi koncefciis radikaluri
momxreebi (mogvianebiT _ iakobinelebi, marq-sistebi), saxalxo
suverenitetis ideis ganxilvisas. swored imis gamo, rom suvereniteti
xalxis saerTo neba aris _ is ganusxvisebeli da ganuyofelia, riTac,
arsebiTad, rusom uaryo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiTi forma
(parlamenti an sxva organo saxalxo warmomadgenlobis formaSi) da
agreTve, xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principi. sakanon-mdeblo
xelisuflebas, rogorc sakuTriv suverenul saxelmwifo xelisuflebas
TviT xalxi _ suvereni, uSualod axorcielebs. rac Seexeba
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas (mTavrobas), mas ar SeiZleba
axorcielebdes xalxis mTeli masa an suvereni, radgan es xelisufleba
mxolod kerZo xasiaTis aqtebSi gamoixateba, romlebic kanonis sferos
da, maSasadame, suverenis kompetencias ar miekuTvneba. aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba iqmneba ara sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze,
aramed suverenis gadawyveti-lebiT, Sualeduri organizmis
saxiT,QqveSevrdomsa da suverens Soris urTierTobebis dasamyareblad.
5. თ ომას ჰობსი - გვ. 106-109
didi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda gamoCenili ingliseli moazrovnis
Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) damokidebuleba revoluciuri moZraobis mimarT.
cnobilia misi siaxlove (garkveul etapze) roialistur wreebTan,
revoluciuri pertrubaciis mimarT SiSi, absoluturi politikuri
xelisuflebisadmi ltolva. miuxe-davad amisa, is arasdros yofila
sabatono reaqciis momxreTa banakis wevri; misi inte-resebi ar yofila
Tanxvedri samemkvidreo monarqiis “uflebaTa” damcvelebisa. hobsis
samarTlebrivi doqtrina asaxulia mis naSromebSi: “moqalaqis Sesaxeb
moZRvrebis filo-sofiuri sawyisebi” (1642), “leviaTani, anu saeklesio da
samoqalaqo saxelmwifos ma-teria, forma da Zalaufleba” (1651). hobsis
samarTlis Teoriis safuZvelSi devs indi- vidis bunebis Sesaxeb
garkveuli warmodgena. is Tvlida, rom, Tavdapirvelad, yvela adamiani,
fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis aspeqtSi, “Tanaswori iyo da
TiToeul maTgans sxvisi msgavsi ufleba hqonda, yvelafris mimarT”.
Tumca, adamiani Rrmad egoisturi arseba aris, romelsac sixarbe, SiSi da
pativmoyvareoba amoZravebs. mas gars akrvia mxolod moSurne, moqiSpe da
mtrad qceuli adamianebi. “adamiani _ adamianisaTvis mgelia”. aqedan
warmoiSveba sazogadoebaSi “yvelas winaaRmdeg, yvelas omis” auci-
lebloba. aseTi omis pirobebSi “yvelafris momarT, yvelas ufleba”,
faqtiurad, srul uuflebobas niSnavda. swored aseT gausaZliss
viTarebas miiCnevda hobsi “adamianTa modgmis bunebriv mdgomareobad”.
moazrovnes eCveneboda, rom man Seiswavla adamianis bu- neba, zogadad, da
gamoavlina yvela droisa da xalxis socialuri yofis bunebrivi forma.
hobsis azriT, yvelaze fundamenturi bunebiTi kanonis moTxovna
mSvidobisaken ltolva da misi dacva (pirveli bunebiTi kanoni) aris.
yvelaferi danarCeni unda iyos mSvidobis miRwevis saSualeba. am
saSualebaTa Soris umTavresia sakuTar uflebebze uaris Tqma im
moculobiT, ra moculobiTac amas mSvidobis da Tavdacvis interesebi
(meore bunebiTi kanoni) moiTxovs. uflebebze uaris Tqma, umeteswilad,
maTi gadacemiT xdeba garkveuli pirebisa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis,
xelSekrulebis dadebis gziT. am meore bunebiTi kano-nidan
gamomdinareobs mesame bunebiTi kanoni: xalxi valdebulia Seasrulos mis
mier dadebuli SeTanxmebebi; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi am SeTanxmebebs
araviTari mniSvneloba aqvT. mesame kanonSi samarTlianobis wyaro da
sawyisia asaxuli. am sami bunebiTi kano-nidan kidev 16 bunebiTi kanoni
(Seucvleli da mudmivi) gamomdinareobs. yvela kanonis reziumireba xdeba
erT zogad wesSi: sxvas nu gaukeTeb imas, rac ar gsurs Seni Tavi-saTvis.
hobsisaTvis, bunebiTi kanoni aris Tavisufleba, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo
raime, pozitiuri kanoni _ moTxovnaa, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo raime.
bunebiTi kanoni aval-debulebs individs, surdes am moTxovnebis
aRsruleba, Tumca ar SeuZlia mas daaZalos, praqtikaSi, am moTxovnaTa
Sesabamisad moqmedeba. aucileblobas warmoadgenda Zala, romelic
yvelafris mimarT TiToeulis uflebas gansazRvravda da wyvetda, Tu ra
ekuTvnoda TiToeuls, anu risi ufleba hqonda an ar hqonda. saxelmwifos
absoluturi xelisufleba aris mSvidobisa da bunebiTi kanonebis
realizebis garanti. is aiZulebs individs aRasrulos, mis mier
gamocemuli samoqalaqo kanonebi. Tu bunebiTi kanonebi ukavSirdeba
gonebas, samoqalaqo kanonebi Zalas emor-Cileba. yvela pozitiuri kanoni,
SinaarsiT, msgavsia. kanonmdebelTa nebismieri TviT-neboba ver iqneba
samoqalaqo kanoni, vinaidan es ukanaskneli aris igive bunebiTi kanoni,
Tumca saxelmwifos avtoritetiTa da ZlierebiT ganmtkicebuli. hobss
surda, rom pozi-tiuri kanonebi bunebiT kanons daqvemdebarebodnen,
radgan bunebiTi kanoni (samoqa-laqoSi gadaqceuli) ver Seicvleba da
gauqmdeba saxelmwifos martivi nebisga-movlinebiT. Tumca, es sulac ar
niSnavda imas, rom hobss surda saxelmwifos samarT-lisTvis
daeqvemdebareba. xalxi saxelmwifos qmnida imisaTvis, rom Tavi daeRwia
“yvelas omisaTvis, yvelas winaaRmdeg”; SiSisaTvis _ daucvelobis gamo
da mudmivi muqarisgan, Zaladobrivi sikvdilis gamo. Tu adamianebi
erTxel dadeben sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas da samoqalaqo
mdgomareobaSi gadavlen, maT aRar SeeZlebaT mmarTve-lobis formis
Secvla, uzenaesi xelisuflebis qvemdebarebidan gaTavisufleba. xalxs
ekrZaleboda suverenis gadawyvetilebis gaprotesteba, am ukanasknelis
aqtebis gansja da sxva. suverenis prerogativebi, qveSevrdomTa mimarT
Zalzed farToa. yvelafers is garemoeba amwvavebda, rom uzenaesi
xelisuflebis mflobeli ar iyo dakavSirebuli sakuTar xalxTan da
amitom mas, principSi, arc pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. hobsis azriT,
saxelmwifos warmoSoba SesaZlebelia aramxolom individis
nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebiT, aramed _ Zalismierad. kerZod, rodesac
ojaxis ufrosi, muqaris SiSiT, aiZulebs sakuTar Svilebs daeqvemdebaron
mis Zalauflebas, an vinme daemorCileba mters, dapyrobiTi omis Sedegad.
saxelmwifo, romelic Cndeba nebayoflobiTi Se-Tanxmebis Sedegad, hobss
dadgenilad anu politikur saxelmwifod miaCnda, xolo fizi-kuri Zalis
meSveobiT Seqmnil saxelmwifos, SeZenili ewodeba da mis mimarT hobsi
uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili. saxelmwifoTa aRniSnuli klasifikacia
saSualebas iZleva davaskvnaT, rom hobsi siZulvils gamoxatavda
inglisis revoluciamdeli sabatono-monarqiuli wyobis mimarT. hobsis
naSromebSi saubaria “suverenis movaleobebze”. yvela movaleoba erT
debulebamdea dayvanili: xalxis keTildReoba _ uzenaesi kanoni. suve-
renis movaleoba aris xalxis kargi mmarTveloba, vinaidan saxelmwifo
dadgenilia ara sakuTari Tavis, aramed moqalaqeTa interesebis
dasakmayofileblad. es formulebi aRsavsea politikuri sibrZniT da
humanizmiT. politikuri absolutizmis Teoriis mim-devari hobsi,
kmayofilebas gamoxatavda saxelmwifos SeuzRudavi xelisuflebis gamo,
Tumca did yuradRebas ar uTmobda saxelmwifos formebis problemas.
hobsis azriT, saxelmwifos mxolod sami forma arsebobda: monarqia,
demokratia da aristokratia. isi-ni erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ara
maTSi gansaxierebuli uzenaesi xelisuflebis bune-biTa da SinaarsiT,
aramed imiT Tu ramdenad vargisia esa Tu is forma, im miznebis gan-
xorcielebisaTvis, risTvisac iqmneba saxelmwifos samive forma. da,
mainc, hobsi ixre-boda monarqiisaken. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom monarqia
danarCen formebze ukeT gamo-xatavs da axorcielebs saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis absolutur xasiaTs.
6. ნიკოლო მაკიაველი - გვ. 85-88
samarTlis Sesaxeb koncefciis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, arc Tu bevria
moZRvari, romlis Semoqmedebas amdeni mimdevari da Seurigebeli kriti-
kosi da mowinaaRmdege gasCenoda, rogorc TanamedroveTa, ise Semdgomi
periodebis moaz-rovneTa wridan, ramdenic gamoCenilma italielma
moazrovnem, mweralma da sazogado moRvawem _ nikolo makiave lim (1469-
1527) SeiZina. antikuri literaturis didi mcodne, diplomati da
politikosi (kerZod, 14 wlis asakSi mas ekava florenciis respublikis
mdivnis Tanamdeboba), makiaveli, iuridiuli azris istoriaSi Sevida,
rogorc ramdenime SesaniSnavi naSromis avtori: “mTavari” (1513, mieZRvna
gankacebul satanas _ Cezare borjias), “msjeloba titus liviusis
pirveli dekadis Sesaxeb” (1519), “florenciis istoria” (pirveli gamocema
gamovida misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1532 wels).
mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian imaSi, rom makiavelis Semoqmedeba, sakuTari
suliskveTebiT me-tad winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. amis axsnas ki cdiloben
moazrovnis pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, agreTve im dramatuli
viTarebiT, romelic axasiaTebda mis Tanamedrove epoqas, miTumetes, rom
makiaveli Zalzed gonieri da dakvirvebuli analitikosi da mim-dinare
movlenebis obieqturi aRmnusxveli iyo. yvela mkvlevari aRniSnavda mis
pat-riotizms, im mZime sulier tkivils, romelsac makiaveli ganicdida
italiis qalaq-respublikebSi mimdinare Sinaomebisa da ucxoel
dampyrobelTa Semosevebis Sedegad. mas is Sedegebic aRelvebda,
romlebic saeklesio xelisufalTa usafuZvlo CareviT iyo gamowveuli,
qveynis saero cxovrebaSi. makiaveli simpaTiiT iyo ganwyobili respub -
likuri wyobilebisa da demokratiuli institutebis mimarT.
Tanamedrove mecniereba saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb swored
nikolo makiavelis Semoqmedebidan iwyeba, romlis mizani stabiluri
saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmna iyo, im-droindeli evropis aramyar
socialur-politikur garemoSi.
makiaveli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas gamoyofda: monarqias,
aristokratiasa da demokratias. misi azriT, TiToeuli maTgani metad
arastabiluria da mxolod mmarTvelobis Sereuli formis wyalobiT Tu
moxdeba saxelmwifoSi mtkice wesrigis damkvidreba. aseTi mmarTvelobis
forma ki Zvel romSi, respublikis xanaSi iyo, sadac konsulati
monarqias, senati _ aristokratiasa da tribuni plebis _ demokratias
gana-saxierebda. “mTavarsa” da “msjeloba titus liviusis pirveli
dekadis Sesaxeb”-Si, makiaveli politikaSi warmatebis miRwevisa da
marcxis gancdis mizezebs ixilavda. misi azriT, es mizezebi unda veZioT
xelisuflebis SenarCunebis xerxebSi. “mTavarSi” makia-veli absoluturi
monarqiis momxred, xolo “msjeloba”-Si _ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
respublikuri formis damcvelad gvevlineba. Tumca, orive nawarmoebi
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb avtoris erTsa da igive
realur-politikur Tvalsazriss gamoxatavda: mniSvnelovania mxolod
politikuri Sedegebis miRweva. mTavari mizania _ xelisuflebis
SenarCuneba. yvelaferi danarCeni ki mxolod xerxia _ saSualebaa, maT
Soris religia da zneobac.
makiaveli miiCnevda, rom adamianebi, bunebiT, egoistebi arian; ar arsebobs
raime sazRva-ri, romelic adamianis materialuri keTildReobisa da
Zalauflebisaken ltolvas Sez-Rudavs. Tumca, imis gamo, rom adamians
mxolod SezRuduli resursi gaaCnia, is mudam konfliqtur viTarebaSi
imyofeba. saxelmwifo ki efuZneba individis moTxovnas, Tavi daicvas
sxvaTa mxridan, agresiuli Semotevisagan. Tu ar arsebobs kanonze
dafuZnebuli Zala, warmoiqmneba anarqia. amitom, saWiroa Zlieri
mmarTvelis arseboba, romelic ada-mianTa usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs.
makiaveli ar cdilobda admianis arsis filosofiuri analizis moxdenas
da aRniSnul movlenas ganixilavda, rogorc aSkarasa da udaos.
makiavelis azriT, yvela adamiani egoistia da maT Soris gansxvaveba
mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu romeli maTgani ufro garyvnilia (ra
xarisxiT). sakuTari argumentebis gansamtkiceblad man keTili da boroti
saxelmwifos, agreTve cudi da kargi moqalaqis cnebebi Semoitana. mas
ainteresebda swored is pirobebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobdnen kargi
saxelmwifos da kargi moqalaqis Seqmnas. makiavelis azriT, saxelmwifo
maSin iqneba kargi, Tu is moqalaqeTa egoisturi interesebis da
miswrafebebis dabalansebas SesZlebs, anu saxelmwifo stabiluri unda
iyos. cud saxelmwifoSi aSkaraa gansxva-vebuli egoisturi moTxovnebis
konfliqti. xolo aseTi saxelmwifos kargi moqalaqe patriotad da
mebrZol subieqtad gvevlineba. sxva sityvebiT, kargi saxelmwifo _
stabiluria. politikis mizani aris ara kargi cxovreba, rogorc es
antikur eladasa da Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi iTvleboda, aramed
xelisuflebis martivi SenarCuneba da xeli-sufalTa rCena (anu,
stabilurobis damyareba). makiavelis kargad hqonda gaazrebuli Zlieri
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mniSvneloba. Tumca, mas, upirveles yovlisa,
wminda saxis politikuri TamaSi ainteresebda. sakmaod sustia makiavelis
msoflmxedvelobiTi arsenali, xelisuflebis realizaciis ekonomikuri
pirobebis aspeqtSi.
mTlianobaSi, makiavelis Rvawli samarTlis filosofiis TeoriaSi
Semdegs gulisxmobs: 1. man uaryo sqolastika da mis nacvlad
racionalizmi da realizmi daamkvidra; 2. Seqm-na samarTlis filosofiis
mecnierebis safuZvlebi; 3. gamoaaSkarava politikisa da sa-xelmwifo
formis kavSiri socialur brZolasTan, SemoiRo, Tanamedrove gagebiT,
stato-s _ saxelmwifosa da respublica-s cnebebi; 4. Seqmna saxelmwifos
iseTi modelis winapiroba, romelic adamianis materialur interess
daefuZneboda. mTavari ki aris is, rom makiavelisgan moyolebuli,
saxelisuflo struqturaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa samarT-lebriv
safuZvels politikuri Zalaufleba da ara zneobrivi debulebani
warmoadgenda. xolo politika zneobisagan gaTavisuflebul cnebad
ganixileboda. makiavelis swored imitom miaweren axali drois
politikuri mecnierebis fuZe-mdeblobas, rom man saxelmwifos miakuTvna
sajaro-saxelisuflo prerogativaTa monopoluri ufleba. “mTavarSi”
makiaveli saxelmwifos ixilavs, rogorc im erTaderTi legalur
aparats, romelic qveSevrdomebsa da sazogadoebas marTavs. aseTi
saxelmwifo aparati mmarTvels (mbrZanebels) da mis ministrebs,
moxeleebs, mrCevlebs da sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs aerTianebs, anu, sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, imas, rasac Cven centralur administraciad
miviCnevT. mTavars ekuTvnis mTeli Zalaufleba: dauSvebelia misi
xelisuflebis Sez-Rudva, saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sxva romelime
organos an Tanamdebobis piris mier. amitom, is uaryofiTad afasebda im
garemoebas, rodesac mbrZaneblis gadawyvetilebaze gavlenas vinmes neba -
survili axdenda. xelisuflebis arsi, mbrZaneblis TviT-mpyrobeloba
swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili sazo -
gadoeba da qveSevrdomebi sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr marTos.
makiavelisaTvis absoluturad ucxo da miuRebelia idea: xalxi _
uzenaesi xelisuflebis wyaros Sesaxeb. mis naSromebSi araferia naTqvami
xalxis uflebaze, marTos saxelmwifo. is ki ara, saerTodac uaryofilia
xalxis minimaluri CarTuloba saxelmwifo saqmeebis aRsrulebaSi.
“mTavarSi” makiaveli miiCnevda, rom mbrZanebeli xalxis meurve d unda
gamodiodes. Ta-nac, mbrZanebels mudam unda axsovdes, rom didkacoba _
pativmoyvarea, xolo xalxi _ mouTokavi brbo. man kargad unda icodes,
rom samyaroSi araferia im mdabios garda, romelsac garegnuli efeqti
da warmateba itacebs. gonieri mbrZanebeli dakavebulia saxelmwifoSi
wesrigis damyarebiTa da uzrunvelyofiT, rac qveyanas Tavidan aacilebs,
Tanamdebobis da kerZo pirTa mxridan, danaSaulis Cadenas; daicavs
qveSevrdomebs, moxe-leTa mxridan ganxorcielebuli, Zarcva-glejisgan,
dazaralebuls ki miscems marTl-msajulebas. cudia is mbrZanebeli,
romelic qveSevrdomebs ar meurveobs, xvleps maT da ar eZiebs maTi
gulebis mogebis gzebs. qveyanaSi wesrigis dacva ganamtkicebs uzenaesi
xelisuflebis avtoritets. “mTavarSi” makiaveli arafers ambobda
qveSevrdomTa ufleba-Tavisuflebaze, rac sulac ar aris SemTxveviToba.
iq, sadac saubaria qveSevrdomTa ufleba-Tavisuflebaze _ mudam
problemebia. xalxs anaRvlebs mxolod misi kerZo sakuTrebis dacva.
xalxi Tavisuflad egueba Tavisuflebis, prestiJis, xelisuflebis
dakargvas. Tumca, is verasodes Seegueba qonebis xelyofas. imisaTvis, rom
qalaqSi (qveyanaSi) damyardes wesrigi, makiavelis azriT, ra ufro
sasurvelia: mbrZaneblis siyvaruli, Tu misi SiSi? Tu orive
erTdroulad moqmedebs, amas ra sjobs. Tumca, Tu arCevanis winaSe
davdgebiT, maSin upiratesoba eniWeba SiSs, radgan dasjis SiSiT,
qveSevrdomi morCilebas gamoxatavs.
7. ჯამბატისტა ვიკო - გვ. 124- 125
jambatista viko (1668-1744) _ erT-erTi pirveli moazrovne iyo, romlis
ideebma, ramdenime mimarTulebiT, win gauswro mecnieruli sociologiis
ganviTarebas. is istorias obieqtur da kanonzomier procesad
ganixilavda, romelic ciklurad mimdinareobda (“mudmivi idealuri
istoria, romlis Tanaxmad, drois gark-veul monakveTSi, yvela eris
istoriaSi yvelaferi xdeba”). vikosaTvis _ istoria aris adamianTa
qcevebis usasrulo jaWvi. vikos damsaxureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man
Tavis mTavar NnaSromSi “axali mecnierebis safuZvlebi eris saerToO
bunebis Sesaxeb” (1725), saxelmwofo- samarTlebrivi institutebis
asaxsnelad, istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodisa da determinuli midgomis
gamoeyenebis mcdeloba ganaxorciela. istoriis mier ganvlili cikli sam
fazas Seicavs: sawyisi stadia _ RvTaebrivi, RmerTebis epoqa, romlis
dros ar arsebobda saxelmwifoebrioba da iuridiuli kanonebi. kanonebis
rols misteriebi da orakulTa winaswarmetyveleba asrulebdnen,
romlebic adamianebs RmerTebis nebas gadascemdnen. vinaidan am epoqaSi
sasamarTlo zneobriv avtoritets efuZneboda, vikos azriT, dauSvebelia
raime saxis racionaluri axsna- ganmarteba. sazogadoebas qurumebi
marTaven. materialuri moTxovnebi, sapirispiro mimdevrobebis brZola
kanonebisa da saxelmwifos warmoSobas amzadebs. anu es iuridiul-
sazoga-doebrivi movlenebi iqmneba ara individis subieqturi nebiT,
aramed obieqturi auci-leblobiT. viko mkacrad da zedmiwevniT zustad
akritikebda, bunebiT-samarTlebrivi skolis wminda xelovnur debulebebs
(saxelmwifosa da samarTlis warmoSobis saxel-Sekrulebo koncefcia).
viko saxelmwifos warmoSobas ar ukavSirebs xelSekrulebas. TiToeuli
mmarTvelobis formas vikom sakuTari safuZveli da warmoSobis sakuTari
mi-zezi mouZebna. istoriuli ciklis meore fazaze, gmirebis epoqaSi,
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis saTaveSi ukve aristokratia dgas, romelic
sakuTar angarebian samarTlis normebs karnaxobs sazogadoebas da
mkacrad Trgunavs plebeebs. am fazaze samarTali aris uxeSi Zalis
samarTali.
istoriuli ciklis mesame faza aris adamianTa epoqa, romelsac
respublikur-demok-ratiuli mowyoba an warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiebi
axasiaTebs, rodesac, adamianis Rirsebis Sesabamisi, uflebebi da
Tavisuflebebi moqmedeben, romlebic saxalxo suve-renitets
uzrunvelyofen. am periodSi kanoni brZnulad da moqnilad
iTvaliswinebs rogorc kerZo, ise sayovelTao interessa da adamianebs
Soris (rasakvirvelia, iuri-diuli Tanasworoba) Tanasworobas amyarebs.
vikos simpaTia mTlianad “Tavisufali sa-xalxo saxelmwifos mxares aris,
sadac yvela adamiani an maTi udidesi nawili war-moadgens saxelmwifos
kanonier Zalas ... da iqceva saxalxo Tavisuflebis batonad”.
8. ბენჯამინ ფრანკლინი - გვ. 130-131
benjamin franklinma saqveyno aRiareba sakuTari naSromebis wyalobiT
moipova. kerZod, mecnieruli gamokvlevebiT eleqtrobaSi, agreTve sagan-
manaTleblo da diplomatiuri moRvaweobiT. franklini enciklopediurad
ganaTlebuli moZRvari gaxldaT, romlis respublikurma ideebma is
damoukideblobis mosurne kolo-nistebTan daakavSires. 60-ani wlebis
bolos man uari Tqva britaneTis imperiis erTia-nobis aRqmaze, rogorc
erTiani politikuri warmonaqmnisa da homrulis, anu Crdilo-amerikuli
provinciebis TviTmmarTvelobisa da politikuri TviTgamorkvevis
uflebis idea ganaviTara. 1769 wels, franklinma pirvelma uwoda
Crdiloamerikuli provinciebs Statebi. Semdgom wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT _
“bostonis Cais smis” Semdeg, homrulis idea aitaces da ganaviTares
radikaluri orientaciis mqone, politikuri pamfletebis avto-rebma.
franklins Statebis konfederaciuli mowyobis erT-erTi gegmac ekuTvnis.
is 1781 wlis “konfederaciis muxlebis” erT- erTi aqtiuri Semdgenelic
gaxldaT. agreTve mas damoukideblobis deklaraciisa da, filadelfiis
mexuTe kongresze, aSS-is konsti-tuciis miRebaSic miuZRvis wvlili.
franklini ar iyo radikaluri politikuri gardaqmnebis momxre.
naxevarsaukunovani sa-zogadoebrivi, politikuri da diplomatiuri
saqmianobis ganmavlobaSi, franklini ucvlelad icavda sakuTari qveynis,
rogorc “Sromis qveynis” harmoniuli da damou-kidebeli ganviTarebis
ideas, sadac ar arsebobs mdidrebsa da Ratakebs Soris mkeTri
polarizacia, sadac adgili ar aqvs erTis fufunebas, meoris _
asketizms, sadac xalxi cxovrobs “bednieri zomierebis” pirobebSi, sadac
respublikuri zneobis sisadave gan-sazRvravs materialuri da
politikuri zne-Cveulebebis principebs. franklini ar iyo arc
gulubryvilo demokrati, arc _ demagogi. safrangeTidan, revoluciuri
moZraobis dawyebis Taobaze cnobis miRebis Semdeg, man didi wuxili
gamoTqva da aRniSna, rom “Tavisuflebis cecxls SeuZlia rogorc
ganwmenda, ise ganadgureba”. brbos xmaurSi saeWvoa, rom vinmem
filosofiis Zaxili gaigonos. amitom, franklini upiratesobas socialur
evoluciasa da reformistul nabijebs aniWebda da ara _ radikalur
moTxov-nebs.
franklinis mosazrebani sakanonmdeblo politikis aqtualur sakiTxebze
_ monobaze, indielebis mimarT mtrul damokidebulebaze, zRvaze
mekobreobis SenarCunebasa (kape-robaze) da sakuTrebis dacvaze _
gamoxatuli da dasabuTebulia moralisturi filo-sofiisa da adamianis
bunebiTi uflebebis koncefciis poziciidan.
9. თ ომაზო კამპანელას „მზის ქალაქი“ - გვ. 96-97

მorisagan gansxvavebiT, Tomazo kampanela “mzis qalaqSi”, Riad ar gmobda

misTvis miuRebel socialur-ekonomokur da politikur-iuri-diul wesebs.
maTi mkveTri kritika, italiel moazrovnes, TiTqos “kadrs miRma” moh -
qonda. pirvel planze ki solariusebis qalaq-saxelmwifos cxovreba-
moRvaweoba gamodis. qalaq- saxelmwifos politikuri mowyoba
Semdegnairia: is xelisuflebis im sami Stosgan Sedgeba, romlebic
saqmianobis im sami ZiriTadi sferos mixedviT iqmneba da romlebsac isini
“meTauroben”, kerZod: 1. samxedro saqme, 2. mecniereba da 3. mosaxleobis
kvlav-warmoeba, misi uzrunvelyofa sakvebiTa da samosiT, agreTve
moqalaqeTa aRzrda. Xeli-suflebis samive Stos Tavisi mmarTveli hyavda,
romlebsac, Sesabamisad,: Zliereba, sibrZne, siyvaruli ewodebodaT.
samives TiTo meTauri emorCileba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sam
Tanamdebobis pirs gankargavs. mmarTvelobiTi piramidis saTaveSi uzenaesi
mmarTveli _ metafizikosi dgas, romelic gansakuTrebuli
ganswavlulobiT, talantiT, gamocdilebiTa da gonierebiT gamoirCeva.
metafizikosi _ saero da sasuliero xeli- suflebis meTauria. masve
eniWeba yvela saxis davebis saboloo gadawyvetis ufleba. metafizikoss
xelisufleba upyria ara samudamod, aramed manam, vidre solariusebis
rigebSi ar gamoCndeba adamiani, romelic dajabnis mmarTvels, sakuTari
ganswav-lulobiT, talantiT, gamocdilebiTa da gonierebiT. xolo,
rodesac es moxdeba, meta-fizikosi TviTon gadascems aseT pirs uzenaes
xelisuflebas. metafizikosi xeli- suflebas aRasrulebs sami TanaSemwis
_ Zlierebis, sibrZnis, siyvarulis daxmarebiT. am ukanasknelTac udidesi
goniereba, gamorCeuli organizatoruli niWi da maRali zneobrivi
principebi axasiaTebs. dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan, mxolod am oTxeulis
gadayeneba aris SeuZlebeli, xalxis nebiT. xalxs arc maT Soris
arsebul urTi- erTobebze zemoqmedebis saSualeba gaaCnia. danarCeni
magistratebi, oficialur Tanam-debobis dakavebamde, arCevis specialur
proceduras gadian.
“mzis qalaqSi”, sadac ar aris kerZo sakuTreba, miwaTmoqmedebas,
xelosnobas da sxva saqmianobas solariusebi, Sromas sazogadoebriv
sawyisebze axorcielebdnen. Sromis process mmarTvelebi da maTi
qvemdebare Tanamdebobis pirebi _ specialistebi xelmZRva-neloben.
saerTo SromiT Seqmnili, Tanabrad nawildeba, TiToeulis aucilebeli
moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT. solariusebis yvela moTxovnas akmayofilebs
Temi, da Tanamdebobis pirebi zedamxedveloben ganawilebis process, raTa
TiToeulma saWiroze meti ar miiRos. “mzis qalaqis” Tanamdebobis pirebi
zedamxedvelobas uweven sola-riusebis pirad cxovrebas: urTierTobebs,
janmrTelobis mdgomareobas, dasvenebasa da garTobas, agreTve Temis
wevrebis aRzrda-swavlebasa da sulier ganwyobas. kampanelas azriT,
“mzis qalaqSi” didi yuradReba unda mieqces solariusebis gvaris
gagrZelebas. saxelmwifo xelisufleba (saerTo interesebidan
gamomdinare) unda ereodes poetebis SemoqmedebaSic da moiTxovdes
maTgan, garkveuli formiT, sakuTari suliskveTebis asaxvas.
“mzis qalaqis” Sinaarsi naTlad asaxavs adreuli socializmis
doqtrinis, praqtikulad erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebel, or sawyiss:
inteleqtualuri, zneobrivi faqtorebis gverdiT, romlebic adamianis
Rirsebas da sazogadoebaSi mis adgils asaxaven, vawydebiT miTi-Tebas
avtoritarizmze, asketizmze, adamianis pirovnebisadmi agdebul
damokidebu-lebaze; misi Sinagani, pirovnuli Tavisuflebis
ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado organi-zaciuli da samarTlebrivi pirobebis
ugulebelyofas. Tumca, solariusebi savsebiT akmayofilebT sakuTari
cxovreba: kampanelas azriT, arc erTi maTgani ganicdis si-duxWiresa da
damcirebas, sulier tkivils.
utopiuri socializmis samarTlebriv SexedulebebSi samarTlianad aris
asaxuli sakanonmdeblo saqmianobisadmi maTi daintereseba, Tumca
araferia naTqvami adamianis _ individis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze,
saxelmwifosa da moqalaqis samarTlebriv urTierTkavSirze, aseTi
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis saimedo garantiebis sistemaze, rac,
zogadad, mravali Taobis socialistur moZRvrebebs axasiaTebda.
10. თ ომას მორის „უტოპია“ - გვ. 94-95
Tomas morma, Tavisi drois epoqaluri naSromi _ “utopia” (1516) dawera,
kampanelam ki saqveynod cnobili nawarmoebi _ “mzis qalaqi” (1602,
pirvelad gamoica _ 1623) Seqmna.
sazogadoeba, moris azriT, aris mdidarTa SeTqmulebis Sedegi.
saxelmwifo _ maTi mar-tivi iaraRi, romelsac xalxis Cagvrisa da
sakuTari angarebiTi materialuri interesebis dacvisTvis iyeneben.
Zalismierad, motyuebiT, veragobiT mdidrebi imor-Cileben mdabio xalxs
da xvlepen mas. aseTi qmedebis ganxorcielebas ki xels uwyoben, maT mier
miRebuli kanonebi, saxelisuflo aqtebi, romlebsac, saxelmwifos
saxeliT, Tavs axveven xalxs.
aRniSnuli sazogadoebis sapirispirod, mori qmnis warmosaxviT qveyanas _
utopias, ro-melmac Tavi daaRwia yvela ubedurebis sawyiss _ kerZo
sakuTrebas da misiT gamowveul mankierebas, ris Sedegad sazogadoebam
TiTqmis udardeli da netari cxovreba daiwyo. utopiaSi akrZalulia
kerZo sakuTreba; miwa ki sazogadoebis saerTo sakuTrebaSia gada-cemuli.
sazogadoebasve ekuTvnis miwaTmoqmedebis yvela produqti, romelic
ojaxuri SromiT iqmneba. TiToeuli ojaxi raime xelobas misdevs.
saojaxo-saxelosno organi-zacia utopiuri sazogadoebis sawarmoo
struqturas warmoadgens. sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis aRsruleba
utopiis moqalaqeTa sayovelTao begara aris. samuSao dRis xan-
grZlivoba _ eqvsi saaTia. utopielTa Sromas zedamxedvelobas uweven
gansakuTrebuli Tanamdebobis pirebi.
utopiis moqalaqeni uzrunvelad cxovroben; maTi ekonomikuri
mdgomareobac norma-luria. Tumca, am mdgomareobis miRweva da
SenarCuneba sakmaod specifikuri gziT xdeba: jer erTi, Sromas aiZuleben
TiTqmis yvela qalsa da mamakacs; meore, (es garemoaba mniSvnelovania)
moTxovnilebis done daqveiTebulia, vinaidan utopielebi mcirediTac
kmayofildebian; utopiis moqalaqeni ubralo da mouxerxebel, Tanac
yvela-saTvis erT-nair samoss atareben; maTTvis ucxoa fufuneba.
paradoqsia, magram utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. moris azriT, am idealur
qveyanaSi aris da unda iyos kidec mona, romelic valdebulia daborkili
iyos. “utopiis” avtori-saTvis warmoudgenelia, rom raime usiamovno
samuSaos Sesrulebam Selaxos utopielTa bednieri cxovreba: pirutyvis
dakvlam, sibinZuris gawmendam da a.S. imis gamo, rom aseTi samuSaos
Sesruleba, nebayoflobiT, aravis surda, saWiro gaxda monaTa Sroma,
romelTa mxrebs daawva usiamovno saqmeebis keTeba. monebad samxedro
tyveebi, agreTve danaSau-lisaTvis gasamarTlebuli moqalaqeebi da is
adamianebi xdebodnen, romlebic, sakuTar saxelmwifoSi
sikvdilmisjilebad iTvlebodnen da isini utopielebma gamoisyides,
damonebis mizniT. Tumca, utopiaSi monoba ar aterebs memkvidreobiT
xasiaTs, mona kacis Svili _ Tavilufalia. monas SeeZlo Taviluflebis
mopoveba.
moris mtkicebiT, sazogadoebaSi saerTo sakuTrebis batonoba iseTi
danaSaulis Cadenas gamoricxavs, romelsac kerZo sakuTreba
ganapirobebs. mwerlis azriT, swored kerZo sakuTreba aris mizezi
adamianis iseTi mankieri Tvisebebisa, rogoric sixarbe, nebismieri
xerxebiT sakuTari simdidris gazrda, egoizmi da sxva faqtorebia. Tumca,
utopia ar aris Tavisufali danaSaulebriobisagan. amitom, saxelmwifos
erT-erTi mTa-vari sazrunavia masTan brZola.
utopia saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili sazogadoebaa. Tumca, ar Cans misi
saxelmwi-foebriobis tipi: unitarulia, Tu federaciuli. samagierod,
Zalzed kargad aris daxa-siaTebuli sajaro xelisuflebis struqtura
da misi Seqmnis wesi. yoveli 30 ojaxi irCevs filarqs, 10 filarqi _ erT
protofilarqs. filarqebi specialur krebaze, xalxis mier
dasaxelebuli oTxi kandidaturidan, faruli kenWisyriT irCeven
saxelmwifos mmarTvels (princefss). princefsis xelisufleba
samisdReSioa, Tumca SesaZlebelia misi gadayeneba, Tu is eWvmitanili
iqneba tiraniis damyarebaSi. danarCeni Tanamdebobis pirebi da senati,
romlis SemadgenlobaSi brZeni da cxovrebiseuli gamoc-dilebis mqone
moqalaqeebi Sedian, erTi wlis vadiT airCevian. saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs (administraciuls, sameurneo gegmebs,
sazogadoebrivi pro-duqciis ganawilebas), senatTan SeTanxmebiT,
princefsi wyvets. mors ar hqonda gan-sazRvruli saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis erTi konkretuli forma _ demokratia, oli-garqia, Tu
monarqia; savaraudod, is “Sereuli mmarTvelobis formas” emxroboda,
rome-lic, sakuTar TavSi, samive martivi formis saukeTeso Tvisebebs
Seicavda.
11. ჯონ ლოკი ბუნებით უფლებებზე, კონსტიტუციონალიზმსა და
ხელისუფლებათ ა დანაწილების შესახებ - გვ. 109-112
jon loki (1632-1704) 1688 wlis socialuri kompromisis ideologi iyo,
romelmac sakuTari samarTlebrivi moZRvreba Camoayaliba naSromSi “ori
traqtati saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” (1690).
loki mTlianad iziarebda bunebiTi samarTlis, sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis, saxal-xo suverenitetis, pirovnebis ganusxvisebeli
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, xeli-suflebaTa gamijvnisa da
dabalansebis, tiraniis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis kanonierebis ideebs. Tumca,
es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom loki mxolod mdumared aRiqvamda yvela-
fer imas, rac manamde gamoiTqva sxva ideologebis mier. lokma,
nawilobriv, Secvala da ganavrco es ideebi da isini erTian mTlian
moZRvrebad Camoayaliba _ adreuli burJua-ziuli liberalizmis
doqtrinis saxiT.
rogorc im droisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, lokma sakuTari moZRvreba
saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxis ganxilviT daiwyo. misi azriT,
saxelmwifos warmoSobamde, adamia-nebi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi
imyofebodnen. Tumca, am etapze sulac ar iyo “yvelas omi, yvelas
winaaRmdeg”. piruku, am periodSi moqmedebda Tanasworoba, roca “yvela
xeli-sufleba da yoveli ufleba aris urTierTsanacvlo da aravis aqvs
sxvaze meti ufleba”. imisaTvis, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi
Tanacxovrebis normebi (kanonebi) dacu-li yofiliyo, bunebam TiToeuli
individi daajildova SesaZleblobiT ganesajaT kano-nis damrRvevi da
SeefardaT misTvis Sesabamisi sasjeli. Tumca, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi
adgili ar hqonda iseT organoebs, romlebic SesZlebdnen, adamianebs
Soris arsebuli, davis miukerZoebel gadawyvetas, braldebulTa
Sesabamiss dasjas, raTa xelSeuxebeli yofiliyo bunebiTi kanoni.
yovelive zemoTqmuli uimedobis gancdas badebda da sazoga-doebaSi
destabilizacias iwvevda. bunebiTi uflebebis, Tanasworobisa da
Tavisuflebis saimedod dacvis mizniT, pirovnebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis
interesebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo, adamianebi SeTanxmdnen, raTa SeeqmnaT
politikuri sazogadoeba da daewesebinaT saxelmwifo. loki
gansakuTrebul aqcents SeTanxmebis aqtze akeTebda. lokis azriT, sa-
xelmwifo im adamianTa erToblioba aris, romlebic erT mTlianobaSi
gaerTiandnen, maT mier dadgenili saerTo kanonis egidiT, agreTve
sasamarTlo instanciis Seqmnis mizniT, romelic adamianebs Soris
arsebul konfliqtebs moawesrigebda da damnaSaveT dasjida. danarCeni
koleqtiuri formebisgan gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifos axasiaTebs
politikuri xelisufleba, anu ufleba, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis
dasacavad, Seqmnas kanoni, raTa daicvas kerZo sakuTrebis
xelSeuxebloba, agreTve warmarTos sazogadoebis Zalisxmeva, am
kanonebis dasacavad da, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, sagareo agresiis Tavi-
dan asacileblad. saxelmwifos nebayoflobiT Seqmnis Semdeg, adamianebi
_ gonebis Zaxi-liT, Zalzed zustad gansazRvraven im uflebamosilebaTa
moculobas, romlebsac isini saxelmwifos gadascemen. Tumca, sicocxlis,
qonebis flobis ufleba, adamianis Tanas-woroba da Tavisufleba aravis
gadaecema da arc gulisxmobs raime garemoebas, rodesac SesaZlebelia am
ufleba-TavisuflebaTa vinmesaTvis gadacema. e.i. aRniSnuli uflebebi _
ganusxvisebeli faseulobania da xelisuflebis moqmedebisa da
saxelmwifos arsebobis saboloo farglebia, romelTa gadalaxva maT
kategoriulad ekrZalebaT.
xelisuflebaTa danawilebis kon cefcia da konstitucionalizmi
imisaTvis, rom moxdes Tavisuflebis reJimis dacva, politikuri
Tanacxovrebis “mTavari da diadi miznis” realizeba, aucileblobad
miiCneoda saxelmwifos sajaro-saxeli-suflo uflebamosilebaTa mkveTri
gamijvna, saxelmwifos sxvadasxva organoebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs
Soris. kanonis miRebis uflebamosileba (sakanonmdeblo xeli-sufleba)
mTeli eris warmomadgenlobiT organos _ parlaments ekuTvnis. kanonebis
cxovrebaSi gatareba-aRsruleba (aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) monarqisa
da misi mi-nistrTa kabinetis (mTavrobis) kompetenciaSi Sedis. maTive
saqmea ucxo saxelmwifoebTan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis warmoeba (e.w.
federaciuli xelisuflebis ganxor-cieleba). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom
politikur TeoriaSi lokma Camoayaliba gacilebiT meti, vidre
“mTavrobis xelisuflebis gawonasworebis” martivi ideaa (am
TvalsazrisiT, mTavrobis cnebaSi igulisxmeba, zogadad, saxelmwifo),
rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom misi calkeuli nawilebi _ saxelmwifo
meqanizmis Semadgeneli elementebi _ man sxva-dasxva organos
kompetenciaSi gadaanawila.
imisaTvis, rom ar momxdariyo, romelime organos mxridan, mTeli
saxelmwifo xeli-suflebis uzurpacia da am xelisuflebis despoturi
gziT ganxorcieleba, man “saxelmwifos calkeuli nawilis” kavSirisa da
urTierTTanamSromlobis (urTierT-damokidebulebis) zogadi principebi
Camoayaliba. sajaro-saxelisuflo saqmianobis Sesabamisi tipebi lokma
ierarqiuli wesiT ganalaga. qveyanaSi, saxelisuflo ierarqiis pirvel
safexurze sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba dadga, rogorc uzenaesi, Tumca _
araabso-luturi. danarCeni sajaro organoebi unda eqvemdebarebodnen mas.
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom es organoebi sulac ar arian
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis martivi danamatebi. am organoebis
kompetenciaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze zegavlenis mox-dena
(kerZod, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) Sedis.
arsebiTad, “mmarTvelobis normaluri struqtura” loks warmodgenili
hqonda, rogorc, mTeli rigi oficialurad, normatiulad ganmtkicebuli,
urTierTSekavebisa da gawo-nasworebis sitema. erTiani saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis diferencirebis, gadanawilebis principebis, misi
calkeuli nawilebis kavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb
warmodgenebi safuZvlad daedo, XVII s-Si Camoyalibebul burJuaziuli
konstitu-cionalizmis doqtrinas, romelic gansakuTrebiT S.-l.
monteskiem ganaviTara.
lokis moZRvrebaSi sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba saxelmwifos
mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, ramac aristoteles droidan
moyolebuli, evropul samarTlebriv moZRvrebebSi tradiciuli xasiaTi
SeiZina. Tumca, loki arc erT mmarTvelobis formas aniWebda
upiratesobas. erTaderTi forma, romelic man kategoriulad uaryo, abso-
lutur-monarqiuli mowyoba iyo. misi piradi simpaTia im SezRuduli
monarqiuli mmarTvelobisken ixreboda, romelic inglisSi 1688 wlis e.w.
saxelovani (usisxlo) revoluciis Sedegad damkvidrda, konstituciuri
monarqiis saxiT. lokisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rom saxelmwifos
nebismieri forma unda gamomdinareobdes sazoga-doebrivi
xelSekrulebisa da adamianTa nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebidan, raTa mas
“mmarTvelobis saTanado struqtura” hqondes; daicvas individis bunebiTi
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, izrunos sayovelTao keTildReobaze.
lokma kargad icoda, rom ar arsebobda saxelmwifos iseTi idealuri
forma, romelic, erTxel da samudamod, tiraniaSi _ im politikur
wyobaSi gadazrdis saSiSroebisagan iqneboda dazRveuli, sadac adgili
aqvs “xelisuflebis ganxorcielebas samarTlis miRma”. rodesac
saxelmwifo organoebi (sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli) iseT
moqmedebas iwyeben, rom ignorirebulia samarTali da saerTo SeTanxmeba,
agreTve saxelmwifos mier, saTanado wesiT miRebuli kanonebi, adgili
aqvs qveynis normaluri marTvis dezorganizebas, sakuTrebis uflebis
darRvevas da TviT xalxis damoneba-gadagvarebas. im mmarTvelobis
mimarT, romelic sakuTari xalxis winaaRmdeg iyenebs despotur
xelisuflebas, xalxs erTaderTi SesaZleoba rCeba _ “SesTxovos
Semoqmeds daxmarebisaTvis da gamoiyenos Zala usamarTlo da ukanono
Zalis winaaRmdeg”. amrigad, lokis azriT, xalxis suvereniteti, saboloo
jamSi, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre xalxis mier Seqmnili, saxelmwifos
suvereniteti. Tu xalxis umravlesoba gadawyvets, rom bolo unda
moeRos sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis damrRvevi mmarTvelobis Tav-
xedobas, SeiaraRebuli saxalxo ajanyeba xelisuflebis damxobis mizniT,
raTa sa-xelmwifo dabrundes Tavisuflebis, kanonis, sayovelTao
keTildReobisaken moZraobis gzaze, _ savsebiT legitimuri qmedebaa.
xalxis SeiaraRebul ajanyebaze uflebis Tezisi _ ar aris lokis
doqtrinis SemTxveviTi nawili. es misi liberalur-demokratiuli ideis
mniSvnelovani debulebaa, riTac is, postfaqtum, 1688 wlis saxelmwifo
gadat-rialebis gamarTlebas Seecada, rasac inglisSi mmarTvelobis
formis Secvla mohyva.
12. თ ომას ჯეფერსონის სამართ ლებრივი შეხედულებანი - გვ. 127-130
bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ideebis argumentireba, anu “adamianis bunebiTi da
ganusxvisebeli uflebebisadmi” apelireba, miuxedavad misi
saxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebisa, amerikaSi 1744 wlidan gaZlierda,
rodesac abso-luturad naTeli gaxda, rom inglisis parlamenti raime
daTmobaze wasvlas ar apirebda. j. adamsis, T. jefersonisa da a.
hemiltonis pamfletebSi aisaxa, amerikaSi da- saxlebuli kolonistebis
bunebiT-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis dasabuTeba. aSS-is damou-kideblobis
deklaraciis sazeimod gamocxadebamde (1776 wlis 4 ivlisi), adamianis
bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis Sesaxeb mosazreba aramxolod
publiccistur naSromebSi, aramed politikur da, rac gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, konstituciur dokumentebSi aisaxa. 1776 wlis 12 ivliss
jorj meisonma, j. medisonis redaqciiT, gamosca virjiniis Statis
uflebaTa deklaracia, romelSic pirvelad, oficialurad ganmtkicda,
rom yvela adamiani aris bunebiT Tavisufali da damoukidebeli, rom mas
ganusxvisebeli uflebebi gaaCnia, romlebzec uaris Tqma maSinac ki ar
SeiZleba, ro-desac adamianebi TanamegobrobaSi erTiandebian. am uflebebs
adamianebi ver waarTmeven sakuTar STamomavlobas. deklaraciaSi saubari
iyo sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis xel-Seuxeblobaze, agreTve
bednierebisa da usafrTxoebis damyarebisaken ltolvis uf-lebaze (dekl.,
m.1). Semdeg, saubari exeboda imas, rom xalxs ufleba aqvs Secvalos
iseTi mTavroba, romelc ar pasuxobs sakuTar daniSnulebas _
uzrunvelyos sayovelTao keTildReoba da usafrTxoeba. b. franklinisa
da j. adamsis monawileobiT, Tomas jefersonis mier dawerili damouki-
deblobis deklaracia, romelic 13 Statma erTxmad miiRo, zustad
asaxavda adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis logikurobasa
da dasabuTebulobas. dekla-raciis teqsti im samarTlebrivi mizezebisa
da dasabuTebis CamoTvliT iwyeba, rom-lebmac koloniebis gamoyofisa da
mmarTveli xelisuflebis formis Secvlis aucilebloba ganapirobes.
“rodesac adamianTa cxovrebaSi momxdari movlenebiT, erTi xalxisaTvis
aucilebeli xdeba im politikuri kavSirebis gawyveta, riTac is sxva
xalxs ukavSirdeboda, am gankerZoebul xalxs evaleba Tanaswori da
damoukidebeli mdgomareobis dakaveba msoflio derJavebs Soris. es
ufleba mas mopovebuli aqvs bu- nebis kanonebisa da maTi Semoqmedis
TanxmobiT. maSin, adamianTa azrisaTvis sayovel-Taod aRiarebuli
pativiscema moiTxovs, rom CamoTvlili iqnas is mizezebi, romlebic
aiZuleben am xalxs gamoyofisaken”. Semdeg modioda “ganusxvisebeli
uflebebis” Camo-naTvali, sadac, lokiseul triadaSi miTiTebuli
“sakuTreba” (sicocxlis, Tavi- suflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba)
Seicvala “uflebiT iyo bednieri”. es, erTi mxriv, Seesabameboda
aristoteleseul gagebas im umTavresi miznisa, Tu ratom erTian-
debodnen adamianebi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi da, meore mxriv,
ganmanaTleblobis suliskveTebiT ganmtkicebul, Tavisuflebis cnebis
gagebas asaxavda, ris gareSec SeuZ- lebelia adamianis srulyofileba da
misi SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna.
garda amisa, cnobilia is faqti, rom T. jefersoni ar urCevda mis
megobars, general markizs de lafaiets, rom kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba
asaxuliyo 1789 wlis safrangeTis “adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaraciaSi”, rogorc adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli ufleba. T.
jefersoniseul redaqciaSi, ganusxvisebeli uflebebis dasabuTeba
Semdegi saxiT aris mocemuli (frCxilebSia Setanili b. fran-klinisa da
j. adamsis mier Casworebuli cnebebi): “Cven vTvliT, rom TvalnaTelia
Sem-degi WeSmariteba: yvela adamiani Seqmnilia Tanasworad; is misi
SemoqmediT dajil-dovebulia garkveuli (Tandayolili) ganusxvisebeli
uflebebiT, romelTa ricxvs si-cocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da
bednierebisaken ltolvis ufleba miekuTvneba; am ufle-bebis
uzrunvelsayofad adamianebi qmnian mTavrobas, romelic sakuTar Tavze
iRebs samarTliani xelisuflebis aRsrulebas, maT mier namarTi xalxis
TanxmobiT; Tu mmarTvelobis romelime forma amsxvrevs am principebs,
maSin xalxis ufleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Secvalos an saerTod
gaauqmos is da daadginos axali mmarTveli xelisufleba, romlis
saqmianobis safuZvelSi iseTi principebi da formebi Caideba, romlebic,
xalxis azriT, yvelaze sasurvelia xalxis usafrTxoebisa da
bednierebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis”. garda amisa, warsulis gamocdileba
mowmobs, rom “adamianebi ufro metad iTmenen borotebas, manam
SesaZlebebia misi moTmena, vidre, gauqmebis gziT, cvlian maTTvis Cveul
mmarTvelobis formebs”. Tumca, mmarTveli xelisuflebis Secv-lis
moTxovna aucilebeli da gadaudebeli xdeba im momentidan, rodesac
xelisufleba gamoamJRavnebs sakuTar ganzraxvas, daTrgunos xalxi da
dauqvemdebaros is TviTnebobas an absolutur despotizms. “Tumca,
rodesac borotad sargeblobisa da uzurpaciis grZeli CamonaTvali
(garkveul periodSi dawyebuli), absoluturi despotizmisTvis xalxis
daqvemdebarebis erTsa da imave mizans ucvlelad isaxavs, xalxi ufleba-
mosilia, es misi movaleobac aris, daamxos aseTi mmarTveli
xelisufleba da, momavali usafrTxoebis mizniT, uzrunvelyos sakuTari
Tavi axali damcvelebiT”. bunebiT-samarT-lebrivi Teoriis ideebis aseTi
axsna-ganmartebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda da gaJRerda saxalxo
suverenitetsa, politikur TviTgamorkvevasa da damoukidebel arsebobaze
xal-xis uflebaTa konstituciuri principi. XVIII saukunis 70-ani wlebis
Sua xanebis Teo- riuli siaxlis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegi
xelisuflebaTa danawilebis principis dazusteba da xelaxali gaazreba
iyo. 1776 wels j. adamsma pamfletSi “mmarTveli xeli-suflebis azris
Sesaxeb”, garda argumentebisa orpalatiani legislaturis RirsebaTa
sasargeblod, xelisuflebaTa danawilebis ideebis saxiT, wamoayena
Sekavebisa da urTierTgawonasworebis sistemaTa idea, romlis Tanaxmad,
urTierTdapirispirebuli an moqiSpe xelisuflebebs Soris,
SeenarCunebinaT Tanazomiereba da, nawilobriv, gan-kerZoebasa da
gaTanabrebas daqvemdebarebuli uflebamosilebaTa SeTavseba moexdinaT.
kerZod, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Camocilebulia sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobas, maSin, adamsis sakmaod realisturi da zusti mosazrebiT, mas
warmoeSveba dapirispireba legislaturasTan da maT Soris winaaRmdegoba
ar damTavrdeba mxolod paeqrobiT, vinaidan mTeli xelisufleba,
sakanonmdebloc da aRmasrulebelic, SeiZleba ukanonod daipyros
konfliqtis monawile ufro Zlierma xelisuflebam. am viTarebaSi
sasamarTlo xelisufleba ver SesZlebs Suamavlis rolis Sesrulebas
da, miTumetes moqiSpe xeli-suflebaTa Soris, Tanazomierebis damcvelad
gamosvlas, rac aseve mis damorCilebas gamoiwvevs romelime
xelisuflebis mxridan.
T. jefersoni icavda rwmenis Tavisuflebas, romelic man bunebiTi
uflebebis CamonaT-valSi Seitana. amitom dauSvebeli iyo am uflebis
daTmoba romelime mTavrobisaTvis. jefersonisaTvis erT-erTi
magistraluri Tema bunebiTi da samoqalaqo uflebebis dasa-buTeba iyo.
damoukideblobis deklaraciis daweris Semdeg, man uari Tqva lokiseuli
bunebiTi uflebebis triadis (sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da kerZo
sakuTrebis ufleba) dacvaze da upiratesoba “sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa
da bednierebisaken ltolvis uf-lebas” mianiWa. Tumca, federaluri
konstituciis miRebis Semdeg, man specialuri weri-li gaugzavna j.
medisons da gamovida winadadebiT, Sevsiliyo konstitucia im ufle-
bebisa da Tavisuflebebis CamonaTvaliT, romlebic, mogvianebiT, 1791
wlis Bill of rights-Si Sevidnen, sadac sabolood da samudamod
damkvidrda lokiseuli bunebiTi uflebebis triada (sicocxlis,
Tavisuflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba _ V Sesworeba). Semd-gomSi,
T. jefersonma kidev ufro daazusta sakuTari warmodgenebi bunebiT
uflebebze. kerZod, is usafuZvlod miiCnevda hobsisa da lokis azrs imis
Sesaxeb, rom sazo-gadoebaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, adamianebi uars amboben
romelime bunebiT uflebaze. kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba efuZneba adamianis
bunebiT moTxovnebs im saSualebebze, romelTa meSveobiT adamiani
sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas SesZlebda. TiToeuli
adamiani da sazogadoeba uflebamosilia moipovos TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba, romelsac isini bunebisgan iZendnen. arsebobs iseTi uflebac,
romlis gadacema mTavrobisaTvis uazro da usargeblo qmedeba iqneba:
azris gamoxatvis ufleba, zepirad da werilobiT; Tavisufali vaWrobis
ufleba; piradi Tavisuflebis da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba da sxva.
13. ნეტარი ავგუსტინეს სამართ ლებრივი შეხედულებანი - გვ. 76-77
aurelius avgustine (354-430) _ qristianuli ideologiisa da dasavluri
patristikis erT-erTi gamoCenili warmomadgeneli. qristianad moqcevamde
(387 w.), is jer maniqeelTa mimdevrobas emxroboda, Semdeg skepticizmiT,
platonisa da neoplatonistTa filosofiiT, ciceronis naSromebiT
dainteresda. gaqristianebis Sem-deg, avgustine aqtiurad monawileobda
“eretikosTa” devnaSi. 395 wlidan, sicocxlis bo-lomde _ is giponis
episkoposi (CrdiloeT afrikaSi) iyo. aurelius avgustine sakmaod
nayofieri avtori gaxldaT, romelmac qristianuli moZRvrebis ZiriTadi
debulebani SeimuSava: “Tavisufali nebis Sesaxeb” da sxva.
netari avgustines religiuri filosofiis umTavresi idea _ RvTisa da
RvTiuri siyva-rulis Secnoba; es aris adamianis sulis mizani da
erTaderTi arsi. RmerTi _ erTiani, srulyofili da absoluturi arsia;
yvelaferi danarCeni arsebobs mxolod RvTis nebiT. mTels samyaroSi
araferi xdeba RvTisa da zebunebrivi Zalebis gareSe.
elinisturi filosofiis Tanaxmad, avgustine Tvlida: adamianTa
cxovrebis mizani da arsi _ bednierebaa, romelic RmrTis siyvaruliT
miiRweva. moZRvrebis mTavari Tezaa _ rwmenis upiratesoba gonebis mimarT.
eklesia _ rogorc Seucdomeli, ukanaskneli ins-tancia, nebismieri
WeSmaritebisaTvis rwmenis uzenaesi da avtoritetuli wyaro aris.
uTanasworobas is icavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mudmiv da
ucvlel princips. uTanasworoba aris im sazogadoebrivi organizmis
ierarqiuli struqturis nawili, romelic RmerTma Seqmna. miwieri
ierarqia aris im ciuri ierarqiis anarekli, romlis “monarqic” aris
RmerTi. avgustine cdilobda ar daeSva xalxis masebis dainte-reseba
eretikuli moZRvrebebiT da amisaTvis RvTis winaSe yvela adamianis
Tanaswo-robis qristianul ideas iyenebda _ yvela xalxi warmoiSva erTi,
saerTo winaprisgan.
avgustines gamoTqmuli aqvs adamianuri da RvTiuri istoriis erTianobis
idea. es isto-riebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, Tumca ganuyofel
sferoebSi mimdinareobda. orive istoriis mTavari arsia _ ori samefos,
ori qalaqis _ RvTiurisa da adamianuris brZola. amrigad, RvTisa da
bunebis dualizmi sazogadoebriv ganviTarebazec aris gadmotanili.
RvTiuri qalaqi adamianTa umciress nawils warmoadgenda, anu imas, ro -
melmac sakuTari religiur-zneobrivi cxovrebis wesebiT daimsaxura
RvTis mowyaleba da RvTiuri dacva. miwier qalaqSi ki, piruku _
batonoben sixarbe, egoizmi da RvTis-mgmobeli adamianebi. RvTiuri qalaqi
mudmivad Zlierdeboda, sazogadoebriv-istoriuli ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT ieso qristes movlinebis Semdeg. RvTiuri
qalaqisadmi kuTvnilebis mTavari piroba RvTisa da eklesiisadmi
morCileba da Tav-mdabloba aris.
saero saxelmwifoTa miwieri wesrigi boroti, demonuri Zalebis
zemoqmedebas eqvemde-bareba. imisaTvis, rom xalxi daicvan am Zalebisagan,
savaldebuloa socialuri cxov-rebis ganwmenda uzenaesi RvTiuri
samarTlianobis ideiT.
miwieri marTlwesrigis dadgena-uzrunvelyofa ar ZaluZs adamians. misi
Seqmna mas Semdeg iTava RmerTma, rac pirveli adamianebi codvili
cxovrebis wess miecen. gadawyda momdevno Taobebis dacva
gadagvarebisagan, uricxvi danaSaulis Cadenisagan. marTl-wesrigis
safuZvelia _ RvTis SiSi. RmerTi, adamianis dasjis muqariT, icavs am uka-
nasknels da ar aZlevs ufskrulSi gadavardnis saSualebas.
sainteresoa avgustines mosazreba monobis Sesaxeb: monoba usamarTloa,
im bunebiTi samarTlis poziciidan, romelsac stoelebi qadagebdnen,
Tumca samarTliania _ rogorc codvis Sedegi. avgustines azriT, monoba
ara warmavali da droebiT mosaTmeni mov-lenaa, raTa Tavi davicvad
areulobisagan, aramed mudmivi mdgomareobaa, vinaidan is adamianis
bunebis Seryvnis Sedegia. monoba iarsebebs manam, vidre iqneba adamianTa
miwieri samyaro. mxolod RvTiur qalaqSi gauqmdeba monoba.
14.აშშ-ის კონსტიტუცია

1. usaSvelod moZvelebuli `konfederaciis muxlebis~ gadasinjvis

aucilebloba imiT iyo nakarnaxevi, rom mkveTrad gauaresda
konfederaciis ekonomikuri da politikuri poziciebi, maT Soris
saerTaSoriso arenaze.

2. am procesebis garTulebas, kidev ufro, amZafrebda mTavrobis

finansuri uZlureba, vinaidan Statebi uars ambobdnen, samxedro xarjebis
da `Tavdacvis da saerTo keTildReobisaTvis~ gaRebuli Tanxebis,
anazRaurebaze.

3. omis damTavrebam da, 1783 wlis aprilSi, yofil metropoliasTan

parizis zavis dadebam, TvalnaTliv daadastura, rom Crdilo-amerikuli
Statebis konfederaciulma kavSirma amowura sakuTari SesaZleblobani
da is unda daSliliyo. garda amisa, mkveTrad gamwvavda socialuri
winaaRmdegobani, risi naTeli dadasturebac iyo 1786-87 wlebis saxalxo
ajanyeba.

4. 1787 wlis 6 maiss miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba specialuri

damfuZnebeli krebis – konstituciuri konventis mowvevis Sesaxeb,
romlis muSaobaSi monawileoba unda mieRoT Statebis mier daniSnul
delegatebs, mxolod `konfederaciis muxlebSi~ cvlilebebis Setanisa da
maTi daxvewis mizniT.

5. Tumca, misi muSaobis periodSi, Camoyalibebuli iqna axali

federaciuli saxelmwifos konstitucia.
6. konventis mowveva ar iqna yvela Statis mier mowonebuli – mis
muSaobaSi, Statebis mier arCeuli 74 delegatidan, monawileoba mxolod
55-ma miiRo, romelTa Soris sWarbobdnen amerikuli revoluciis
aRiarebuli liderebi.

7. yvela delegati iyo aSS-s TeTrkaniani mamakaci moqalaqe, mdidari da

ganaTlebuli adamiani.

8. delegatebi, politikuri mrwamsiT, or jgufad:

a) federalistebad _ erTiani federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis

momxreebi, romelsac eqneboda Zlieri centraluri xelisufleba da

b) antifederalistebi _ maTi mowinaaRmdege demokratebi. amitom, axali

saxelmwifos konstitucia mxolod kompromisis Sedegi SeiZleba
gamxdariyo. 1787 wlis 17 seqtembers mowonebuli da 9 Statis mier
ratificirebuli aSS-is konstitucia, ZalaSi Sevida 1789 wlis 4 marts.

9. konstitucia mcire moculobis dokumentia, romelic Sedgeba

preambulisa da 7 muxlisagan, romelTagan mxolod pirveli 4 muxli
iyofa karebad.

10. konstituciis Seqmnis mizani `aSS-is xalxis mier~ gacxadebuli iyo

mis preambulaSi. isini dayvanili iyo `srulyofili kavSiris~ Seqmnis,
samarTlianobis dadgenisa da marTlmsajulebis garantirebis, Sinagani
simSvidis uzrunvelyofisa da erToblivi Tavdacvisunarianobis
ganmtkicebis, saerTo keTildReobisadmi Tanadgomis~ gawevamde.

11. konstituciis safuZvelSi Caido, mis teqstSi pirdapiri gziT ar

Camoyalibebuli, Tumca nagulisxmevi principebi: saprezidento
respublikanizmi, federalizmi (mowyoba), xelisuflebaTa danawileba,
konstituciuri sasamarTlo kontroli.

12. konstitucia ar Seicavda pollitikur-samarTlebriv principebs,

romlebic manamde gamoTqmuli iyo

sxva politikur dokumentebSi, kerZod, damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi

(1776 w.) da Statebis konstituciebSi: adamianis bunebiTi da
ganusxvisebeli uflebebi, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoria,
xalxis ufleba SeiaraRebul ajanyebaze da sxva.

13. es ar iyo SemTxveviTi garemoeba, aramed ganpirobebuli iyo rTuli

politikuri da socialuri viTarebiT.
14. konstitucia mowodebuli iyo uzrunvelyo socialuri mSvidoba da
wesrigi, saimedod daecva TeTrkaniani umciresobis eknomikuri da
politikuri interesebi.

15. aSS-is konstituciis fuZemdebluri principi gaxda ara saxalxo

suvereniteti, aramed xelisuflebaTa danawileba da urierTSejerebisa
da gawonasworebis (chek and balances) meqanizmi.

16. xelisuflebaTa danawilebis saprezidento modelis Sesabamisad,

saxelisuflebo funqciebi da saxelisuflebo funqciaTa sagnebi
mkveTrad iyo ganawilebuli xelisuflebis sami Stos mier:
sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo.

17. swored am sakiTxebs exeboda aSS-is konstituciis pirveli sami muxli.

18. I-li muxlis pirvel ganyofilebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom `sakanonmdeblo

uflebamosilebani, aRniSnuliT dadgenilia, ekuTvnoda aSS kongress,
romelic Sedgeboda senatisa da warmomadgenelTa palati-sagan~.

19. Tu warmomadgenelTa palata iqmneboda im deputatebisagan, romlebsac,

or weliwadSi erTxel, irCevda calkeuli Statis xalxi, senatis
formireba xdeboda orsafexuriani arCevnebis gziT, `TiToeuli Statidan
or-ori senatoris SemadgenlobiT, romlebsac adgilobrivi
legislaturebi 6 wlis vadiT irCevdnen.

20. isini rotacias eqvemdebarebodnen 1/3 raodenobiT, yovel or

weliwadSi erTxel.

21. amave pirveli muxliT, Camoyalibda sxvadasxva saarCevno cenzebi,

romelTa dacva moeTxoveboda kongresis orive palatis deputatebs.

22. warmomadgenelTa palatis wevri SeiZleba yofiliyo 25 wlis asakis

aSS-is moqalaqe, romelic 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda im StatSi,
sadac iyrida kenWs. xolo senatori SeiZleboda gamxdariyo, 30 wlis
asaks miRweuli aSS-is moqalaqe, romelic 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi
cxovrobda im StatSi, sadac iyrida kenWs.

23. konstituciis II muxlis I karis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba ekuTvnoda aSS-is prezidents, romelsac, vice-prezidentTan
erTad, 4 wlis vadiT, iribi arCevnebis gziT, faruli kenWisyriT irCevda
amomrCevelTa kolegia.

24. am kolegiis wevrebs TiToeuli Stati im wesis mixedviT niSnavda,

romelic dadgenili iyo misi legislaturiT.
25. aSS-is prezidentis Tanamdebobaze airCeoda, 35 wlis asaks miRweuli,
dabadebiT aSS-is moqalaqe, an is piri, romelic aSS-is moqalaqe iyo
konstituciis miRebis momentisaTvis da am qveyanaSi cxovrobda sul
mcire 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

26. prezidents Zalzed vrceli uflebamosilebani mieniWa, ris gamoc mas

demokratebma `arCeviTi monarqi~ uwodes. prezidenti iyo: armiisa da
flotis mTavarsardali; calkeuli Statebis policiis meTauri; mas
amnistiis da Sewyalebis ufleba mieniWa; mas `senatis TanxmobiT~,
xelSekrulebis dadebis ufleba hqonda, im pirobiT, rom xelSekrulebas
moiwonebda senatis Semadgenlobis 2/3; Tanamdebobaze niSnavda elCebs,
konsulebsa da sxva oficialur warmomadgenlebs, uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTleebs da aSS-is sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs. mas, sagangebo
mdgomareobisas an sxva saWiroebisas, SeeZlo kongresis orive an erT-
erTi palatis mowveva, kavSiris saqmeebze amomwuravi informaciis miReba~
da sxva.

27. aSS-is prezidentis aseTi Zlieri erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis

Seqmnis Sesaxeb konventis gadawyvetilebaze didi gavlena iqonia im
garemoebam, rom prezidentobis yvelaze realuri kandidati swored j.
vaSingtoni iyo.

28. konstitucia Zalze mcire adgils uTmobda sasamarTlo sistemis

organoTa Seqmnisa da

funqcionirebis sakiTxebs. maTi dawesebis ufleba kongress mieniWa,

romelic uflebamosili iqneboda Seeqmna nebismieri sasamarTlo,
romelic uzenaesi sasamarTlos qvemdgomi instancia iqneboda (kari 8,
muxli 1; kari I, m. III). konventSi eWvi gamoiTqva saerTo federaluri
sasamarTlo organos Seqmnis mizanSewonilobis Taobaze. Tumca, es eWvi
maleve gaifanta, roca gaixsenes, Tu ramdenad araqmediTi iyo
konfederacia, romlis sisuste didad ganapiroba saerTo-
saxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlo organoebis ararsebobam.

29. konstituciis III muxlis 2 karis ZaliT, federaluri sasamarTlo

xelisufleba gavrcelda 5 kategoriis saqmeebze: 1) yvela saqme, romelic
TviT aSS-is konstituciis, federaluri kanonebisa da saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze iyo aRmocenebuli; 2) yvela saqme, romelic
elCebs, konsulebs da sxva oficialur warmomadgenlebs exeboda; 3)
saadmiralosa da sazRvao iurisdiqciis saqmeebi; 4) yvela davebi, romlis
erT-erTi mxare aSS-bi iqneboda; 5) or an met Stats Soris aRmocenebuli
davis saqmeebi, romelime Statisa da sxva Statis moqalaqes Soris,
sxvadasxva Statebis moqalaqeebs Soris, romlebic uflebebs acxadeben
sxva Statebis mier daTmobil miwebze.
30. federaluri sasamarTlos specialur kompetencias, specialurma
kanonmdeblobam miakuTvna saqmeebi `sasamarTlos upativcemlobisa~ da is
saqmeebi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo federaluri sasamarTloebis mier,
sxvadasxva sasamarTlo brZanebebis gamocemasTan, sakuTari uflebebis
realizaciasTan da maT mier am brZanebis nebismieri Statis qvemdgomi
instanciis sasamarTloSi wargzavnasTan (brZaneba `habaes corpus~,
amkrZalavi brZaneba `iniunction~, mavalebeli brZaneba `mandatus~ da
sxva).

31. konstituciaSi pirdapir ar iyo naTqvami mosamarleTa Seucvlelobasa

da daTxovnis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, Tumca miTiTebuli iyo, rom `isini manam
ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas, vidre maTi qceva umwikvlo iyo~.

32. ganmtkicebuli iyo mosamarTleTa materialuri garantiebi, kerZod,

mosamarTlis ufleba sakuTari samsaxuris Rirseuli anazRaurebiT,
romlis moculobis Semcireba dauSvebeli iyo, misi samsaxurSi yofnis
mTel periodSi.

33. xelisufalTa danawilebis amerikuli koncefciaa – ara mxolod

xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebs Soris, saxelisuflebo funqciebisa da
kompetenciis saganTa gamijvna da maTi damoukidebloba, aramed am
kompetenciis udavo da, ufro metic, ZiriTadi nawili `urTierTSekavebisa
da gawonasworebis~ sistema, Semakavebeli kontroli da xelisuflebaTa
dabalanseba im dros, Tu safrTxe Seeqmneba maT Soris
urTierTgawonasworebasa da warmoiqmneba saxifaTo disbalansi.

34. nebismier normalurad moqmed saxelmwifo meqanizmSi, xelisuflebis

yvela Sto erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobs da urTerTzemoqmedebas axdens.

35. Tumca, aseTi urTierTzemoqmedeba, ZalTa Soris Tanasworobis

SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSic ki, ar gamoricxavs maT Soris Sinagani
daZabulobis SemTxvevebs. swored am daZabulobisa da disbalansis
moxsnas, xelisuflebis calkeul Stoebs Soris, unda emsaxurebodes
`urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis~ sistema, romlis dros
xelisuflebis TiToeul Stos SesaZlebloba eZleva winaaRmdegoba
gauwios, meore saxelisuflebo Stos mxridan, uzurpatoruli
miswrafebebis ganxorcielebas.

36. es sistema sulac ar niSnavda, rom romelime Sto TviTneburad

Caereoda meoris uflebamosilebaSi, aramed axorcielebda da
uzrunvelyofda Stoebis urTierT sakonstrolo funqciebs da amisaTvis
aniWebda maT garkveul saSualebebsa da xerxebs, romlebic
organizaciul-proceduruli da uflebamosilebiTi xasiaTisa iyo.
37. aSS-is konstituciis mixedviT, kongresis Semadgeneli rgoli aSS-is
prezidentia, romelic vetos uflebis gamoyenebiT, zemoqmedebs kongresis
mier miRebul kanonproeqtebze.

38. saprezidento veto SeiZleba daZleuli iqnas, Tu moxdeba imave

kanonproeqtis ganmeorebiTi ganxilva da mis damtkiceba warmomadgenelTa
palatisa da senatis wevrTa 2/3-is mier.

39. aSS-is prezidentis Semakavebelia senati, romelic am uflebas

axorcielebs, `saxelmwifo

meTaurisaTvis~ `rCevebisa da Tanxmobis micemis~ meSveobiT.

40. konstituciaSi aRniSnula, rom kongresi, saxelmwifos meTaurTan

erTad, monawileobs prezidentis mier sagareo da saSinao politikis
umniSvnelovanesi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis procesSi, kerZod:
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis dadebisas, savaldebulo iyo, rom maTi
mowoneba-damtkicebaSi monawileoba mieRo, sxdomaze damswre senatorTa
2/3-s mainc.

41. imis miuxedavad, rom prezidenti SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

mTavarsardali iyo, mas ar SeeZlo omis gamocxadeba, vinaidan am
uflebiT mxolod kongresi iyo aRWurvili. mxolod kongresis saxeliT
da misi mxridan arsebiTi kontrolis qveS, prezidents SeeZlo sagangebo
mdgomareobis SemoReba qveyanaSi da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyeneba.

42. federaluri kongresi, aSS-is prezidentisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos

mosamarTleebis mimarT, maTi mxridan uxeSi amoraluri saqcielis Cadenis
SemTxvevaSi, iTxovda maTi Tanamdebobidan vadamde gadayenebas, impiCmentis
proceduris wesiT. Tavis mxriv, uzenaesi sasamarTlo axorcielebs
kongresis da aSS-is prezidentis Sekavebas, sakuTari konstituciuri
kontrolis uflebebis meSveobiT, radgan amowmebs am organoebis mier
miRebuli aqtebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs.

43. 1787 wlis aSS-is konstitucia ganamtkicebda aSS-is saxelmwifo

wyobilebis federaciul formas, imis miuxedavad, rom konstituciis
teqstSi ar iyo gamoyenebuli `federaciis~ cneba.

44. mis safuZvelSi Caido dualizmis (orgvaroba) principi, romelic

gansazRvravda kavSiris sagnobriv kompetencias da ara StatebisaTvis
mikuTvnebul uflebamosilebaTa sferos.

45. konstituciaSi Setanili X Sesworeba (1791) azustebda formulas

`Statebis narCeni uflebis Sesaxeb~ da adgenda, rom, aRniSnuli
konstituciiT, aSS-is `miuniWebeli ufleba-mosilebani~ da is funqciebi,
romelTa Sesruleba ar ekrZalebaT calkeul Statebs, SenarCunebuli
aqvT am Statebs an mTlianad amerikis xalxs.

46. konstitucia ganamtkicebda nebismieri tradiciuli saxelmwifosa da

konstituciis aucilebel pirobas _ federaluri samarTlis uzenaesobis
(supremaciis) princips, romelic aisaxa konstituciis VI muxlSi; aSS-is
konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesatanad saWiro iyo
StatebSi specialuri konventebis mowveva da maTi mowoneba
legislaturebis an Statebis konventebis sul mcire 3/4-is mier.

47. filadelfiis konventis mier damtkicebuli, federaluri konstitucia

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Sevidoda ZalaSi, Tu mis ratifikacias moaxdenda
13-dan 9 Stati mainc.

48. konstituciis proeqtis mimarT iyo garkveuli SeniSvnebic:

a) masSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli is principi, romlis mixedviT is

Zalaufleba, romelic konstitucias ar miuniWebia aSS-is kongresisaTvis,
Statebs unda SenarCunebodaT;

b) konstituciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom Statebs

unarCundebodaT suvereniteti im farglebSi, romelic ar hqonda
mikuTvnebuli federacias;

g) konstitucia ar Seicavda calke kars moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciaSi mainc
iyo ganmtkicebuli zogeirTi uflebebi da maTi dacvis konstituciuri
garantiebi: 1) habeas corpus-s _ brZanebis gacemis ufleba; 2) kanonis
ukuqceviTi Zalis akrZalva; 3) sasamarTlos gareSe, devnisa da dasjis
Sesaxeb, bilis gacemis ufleba; 4) nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos
garantireba; 5) raime saxis privilegiebis dawesebis akrZalva,
Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis dros; vinaidan aikrZala yovelgvari
Tavadaznauruli tituli da wodeba; 6) konstituciaSi mkacrad
ganisazRvra iseTi danaSaulis definicia, rogoric iyo saxelmwifos
Ralati.

15.თ ომა აქვინატის სამართ ლებრივი შეხედულებები - გვ.78-81

XIII saukuneSi, evropaSi rogorc politikur, ise sulier cxovrebaSi
papis xelisuflebis aRzeveba moxda. maSinve dasrulda sqolastikis _
adamianuri gonis saSualebiT, rwmenis postulatebis gamarTlebaze
orientirebuli kaTolikuri Teologiis _ sistemis Seqmna. am sistemis
SeqmnaSi udidesi roli domi-nikanelma berma, swavlulma-RvTismetyvelma
Toma aqvinatma (aqvinelma _ 1225-1274) iTamaSa, romlis Txzulebani Sua
saukuneebis saeklesio ideologiis Tavisebur enci-klopediad iqca. sxva
sakiTxebTan erTad, aqvinati Tavis naSromebSi ixilavda saxelmwifos,
kanonebis, samarTlis problematikas. swored aRniSnuli Tematikaa
ganxiluli naSromebSi “mbrZanebelTa mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” da
“Teologiis suma.”
swavluli-RvTismetyveli sakuTar naSromebSi kaTolikuri eklesiis
dogmebs ujerebda aristoteles Sexedulebebs da am gziT, sakuTari
poziciis ganmtkicebas cdilobda. Toma aqvinelis warmodgena
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb aRniSnul sakiTxze qristianuli doqtrinis
ganviTarebis pirveli mcdeloba iyo, aristoteles “politikis”
misadagebis bazaze (romelic laTinur eneze iTargmna da samecniero
brunvaSi damkvidrda mxolod 1250 wlis bolodan).
aristotelesgan aqvinatma gadaiRo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani,
sakuTari bunebiT, “politikuri da sazogado arseba” aris. adamianebSi,
apriori, Casaxulia ltolva gaerTianebisa da saxelmwifoSi
cxovrebisaken, vinaidan individs martod-marto sakuTari moTxovnebis
dakmayofileba ar SeuZlia. am bunebrivi mizeziT, iqmneba poli-tikuri
erToba (saxelmwifo). saxelmwifoebriobis dawesebis procedura,
analogiuria RvTis mier samyaros Seqmnis procedurisa. samyaros Seqmnis
aqtSi pirvelad Cndebian nivTebi, rogorc aseTi, mere ki xdeba _ nivTebis
diferencireba, maTi im funqciebis mixedviT, romlebsac isini
aRasruleben, msoflio wesrigis Sinagani gaangariSebis sazRvrebSi.
monarqis saqmianoba RvTis aqtiurobas emsgavseba. vidre RmerTi samyaros
marTvas Seudgeboda, man am samyaroSi organizebuloba da swori aRnagoba
Seitana. Zus-tad amave wesiT, monarqi jer awesebda da awyobda
saxelmwifos, Semdeg _ mis marTvas iwyebda. saxelmwifoebriobis mizania
_ “saerTo keTildReoba”, gonieri da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis saTanado
pirobebis Seqmna. am miznis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia, sabatono-
wodebriobaze damyarebuli, saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi, vinaidan
RmerTma Zala-ufleba da simdidre mxolod privilegirebul wodebas
mianiWa, xolo miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi gamoricxa politikis
sferodan. am RvTiuri wesrigis dacva ki yvelas eva-leba, vinaidan maTi
RvTiuri movaleobaa daemorCilon umaRless wodebas _ mmarTvelebs,
romlebic saxelmwifos ganasaxiereben.
papis mmarTvelobis interesebisa da sabatono samyaros dawesebulebaTa
dacva sul uf-ro rTuli xdeboda. kerZod, “yvela xelisufleba RvTisgan
momdinareobs” Tezisis logikuri axsna, dasaSvebad miiCnevda saero
warCinebulebis (mefeebis, Tavadebis) abso-lutur uflebas, marTon
saxelmwifo, e.i. SesaZlebels xdida am Tezisis Semobrunebas, romis
kaTolikuri eklesiis politikuri ambiciebis sawinaaRmdegod. imisaTvis,
rom saxelmwifos saqmeebSi kaTolikuri eklesiis Carevis safuZveli
Seqmniliyo da saeros mimarT, sasuliero xelisuflebis upiratesobis
Tezisi daesabuTebina, aqvinatma mecnierul brunvaSi saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis sami momentis (elementis) gansxvaveba Semoitana: 1)
Sinaarsi (arsi); 2) forma (warmoSoba); 3) gamoyeneba.
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis arsi _ es aris batonobisa da morCilebis
urTierTobaTa wesi, romlis drosac adamianTa ierarqiis saTaveSi
myofTa neba marTavs da amoZravebs mosaxleobis dabal fenas. es wesi
daadgina RmerTma, e.i. xelisufleba, misi ZirZveli arsidan gamomdinare,
aris RvTiuri dawesebuleba. amitom xelisufleba aris ucvleli sikeTe
da keTildReoba. xolo misi warmoSobis konkretuli xerxebi (anu
xelisuflebis dauflebis meTodebi), misi konstruqciis esa Tu is
formebi, SeiZleba zogjer Seryvni-li da usamarTloc ki iyos. aqvinati
im viTarebasac ar gamoricxavda, rodesac sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebiT
sargebloba SeiZleba mis borotad gamoyenebaSi gadazrdi-liyo.
maSasadame, saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis meore da mesame elementebi
zogjer moklebulni arian RvTiurobis niSans. es maSin xdeba, rodesac
mmarTveli an xelisuf-lebis uzurpacias axdens, an saxelmwifos marTavs
usamarTlod. erTic da meorec RvTiuri kanonebis, romis kaTolikuri
eklesiis, rogorc dedamiwaze ieso qristes nebis gamomxatveli
erTaderTi xelisuflebis, kanonebisa da RvTiuri samarTlis darRvevis
Sedegi aris.
ramdenadac mmarTvelis moqmedeba RvTis nebas scildeba da es moqmedeba
eklesiis inte-resebs ewinaaRmdegeba, imdenad qveSevrdomni, aqvinatis
azriT, uflebamosilni arian SeewinaaRmdegon aseT moqmedebas. mmarTveli,
romelic brZaneblobs RvTis kanonebisa da zneobis debulebaTa
sawinaaRmdegod, ametebs sakuTar kompetencias, iWreba adamianTa sulier
samyaroSi da uwesebs maT, zomaze metsa da mZime gadasaxadebs _ aseTi
mmarTveli tiranad gardaiqmneba. xolo, vinaidan tirani mxolod sakuTar
keTil-dReobaze zrunavs da mas ar surs icodes saerTo sargeblianoba,
arRvevs kanonebsa da samarTlianobas, xalxs eniWeba ufleba, Tundac
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gziT, daamxos aseTi mmarTveli. xolo, tiranis
winaaRndeg ukiduresi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebis sakiTxs mxolod eklesia
da romis papi wyvets. tiranias aqvinati ganasxvavebda monarqiisagan,
romelic, misi azriT, aris mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma. am formas igi
upiratesobas ori mizezis gamo aniWebda: 1) monarqias saerTo hqonda,
zogadad, RvTis mier dadgenil da warmarTul samyarosTan da, agreTve,
adamianis organizmTan, romlis sxvadasxva nawili erTiandeba da
warimarTeba erTiani gonis mier; 2) istoriuli gamocdilebis monacemTa
Sedegad, romlebic erTi piris mier marTuli saxelmwifos simtkicesa da
warmatebulobas adasturebdnen.
Toma aqvinatma, aristoteles naSromTa Seswavlis Sedegad, mmarTvelobis
sxva formebic Seicno: aristokratia, oligarqia, demokratia, Sereuli
mmarTveloba. Tumca, maT Soris yvelaze sasurveli iyo monarqia. Tanac,
igi ganasxvavebda monarqiuli wyobis or nair-saxeobas: absolutur
monarqiasa da politikur monarqias. pirvelTan SedarebiT, misi azriT,
meores axasiaTebda ueWveli upiratesobani. masSi mniSvnelovan rols
Tama-Sobdnen saero da sasuliero didgvarovnebi. am monarqiaSi mefis
xelisufleba damo-kidebulia kanonze da ar scildeba mis farglebs.
qristianobaSi, ZiriTad socialur-politikur funqcias asrulebda, masSi
Semavali eTika. religiuri eTikis ZiriTadi aspeqti valdebulebis
problema aris. savaldebulod iTvleba adamianebis mimarT, individis
normaluri urTierTobebis garkveuli nair-saxeoba. aqvinati farTod
iyenebda “kanonis” kategorias im movlenis asaxsnelad, rome-lic
politikurad mowyobil sazogadoebas axasiaTebda. man kanonis
gansakuTrebuli Teoria SeimuSava.
Toma aqvinati Tvlida, rom yvela kanoni erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia
subordinaciis ZafebiT. kanonTa piramidis saTaveSi dgas mudmivi kanoni _
universaluri norma, RvTaeb-rivi gonis zogadi principi, romelic
marTavs samyaros. mudmivi kanoni zis RmerTSi, misi Tanazomieria; is
TviTon arsebobs da misgan gamomdinareoben kanonis sxva saxeobani.
pirvelyovlisa ki, bunebiTi kanoni, romelic, TavisTavad aris mudmivi ka-
nonis anarekli adamianTa gonSi, moazrovne arsebaTa SemecnebaSi.
bunebiTi kanoni mogviwodebs, viswrafodeT TviTgadarCenisaken da
admianTa modgmis gagrZelebisaken, moiTxovs da gvavaldebulebs, veZioT
WeSmariteba (RmerTi) da pativi vceT adamianis Rirsebas.
bunebiTi kanonis konkretizacias emsaxureba adamianTa (pozitiuri)
kanoni. misi daniS-nulebaa _ ZaladobiTa da SiSiT aiZulos adamianebi
(romlebic, bunebiT, arasrul-yofili qmnilebani arian), Tavi aaridon
borotebas da eziaron saTnoebas. bunebiTi kanonisgan gansxvavebiT,
pozitiuri kanoni aris imperativi, romelsac cvalebadi Sinaarsi gaaCnia.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi pozitiuri kanonis normebi, SesaZloa, gansxva-vebuli
Sinaarsisac ki iyos. is, raSic maT saerTo gaaCniaT, SeiZleba gaxdes
“adamianis (xalxis) samarTali”. maTSi arsebuli specifikuri normebi ki
gaaerTianeben, yoveli calkeuli saxelmwifos, “moqalaqeTa uflebebsa da
samarTals”. aqvinatis aRniSnuli mosazreba romaeli iuristebis
msoflmxedvelobas Seesabameba. rodesac aqvinati adamianTa (pozitiuri)
kanonze saubrobda, mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda Sua saukuneebis evropuli
kanonmdebloba. Tumca, Zalzed mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom Toma
aqvinati uaryofda adamianTa kanonis mniSvnelobas, rogorc saero
xelisuflebis iseT qmnilebas, romelic bunebiTi kanonis moTxovnebs
ewinaaRmdegeba. misTvis ar iyo kanoni is dadgenileba, romelSic
uaryofilia TviTgadarCenis, saojaxo cxovrebisa da aRzr -dis, RvTisa
(WeSmaritebis Zebnis) da adamianTa Rirseuli cxovrebis moTxovnebi.
da bolos, kanonis kidev erTi saxeobaa _ RvTiuri kanoni, romelic
bibliaSi mocemulia da saWiroa ori mizezis gamo: 1) adamianTa
(pozitiur) kanons ar ZaluZs borotebis bolomde aRmofxvra; 2)
adamianTa gonis arasrulyofilebis gamo, adamianebs TviTon ar SeuZliaT
samarTlisa da simarTlis erTiani cnebebis Seqma; maT am saqmeSi
daxmarebas gauwevs, qristianTa Soris, yvelaze avtoritetuli
saxelmZRvanelo _ biblia.
eTikis safuZvelzeve Seiqmna aqvinatis samarTlebrivi koncefcia. misTvis,
eTika aris simarTlisa da samarTlianobis sfero. romaeli iuristebis
gavleniT, igi Tvlida, rom samarTliani aris is, rac TiToeuls ergeba,
damsaxurebisamebr.
Toma aqvinats romis kaTolikurma eklesiam “angelozTa doqtori” uwoda.
1323 wels igi wmindanad Seiracxa, xolo 1879 wels aqvinatis
sqolastikuri sistema, romis papma _ leon XIII-em “kaTolicizmis
erTaderT WeSmarit filosofiad” _ enciklikad “Aeterni patris”
gamoacxada, ramac sadave daudo neoTomizmis Teorias (koncefcias).
16. მარსილიო პადუელის პოლიტიკური შეხედულებანი - გვ. 82-83
XI-XIII saukuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi swrafi tempiT viTardeboda
sameurneo cxovreba; gafarTovda da gacxovelda xelosnoba da vaWroba,
ramac saqalaqo cxovrebisa da misTvis Cveuli sabazro urTierTobebis
daCqarebul ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. am procesis kanonzomier Sedegs
Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi jgufebis Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda,
romlebSic, ZiriTadad, gaerTiandnen qalaqis aristokratiis
warmomadgenlebi, kerZod: savaWro gildiebSi da xelosanTa amqrebSi
gaerTianebuli pirebi _ vaWrebi da bankirebi, mewarmeni, damoukidebeli
mdidari xelosnebi. aRniSnul sazogadoebriv jgufebs araferSi
sWirdeboda gauTavebeli Sina-omebi, romlebic Zirs uTxridnen
saxelmwifoebriv wesrigs, radgan maTi ideali iyo, gankerZoebulobis
mosurne mebatoneTa TviTnebobisa da Zaladobisagan Tavisufali, mtkice
mmarTvelobis forma, romelic Zlier da mtkice samefo xelisuflebasTan
aso-cirdeboda. biurgerTa aRniSnuli orientaciis yvelaze naTel
politikur da iuridiul mosazrebebs marsilio padueli (daaxl. 1275-1343
ww.) gamoTqvamda.
sakmaod vrcel naSromSi “mSvidobis damcveli” (1324-1326), marsilio
padueli, samyaroSi arsebul yvela ubedurebasa da usamarTlobaze
mTels pasuxismgeblobas kaTolikur eklesias akisrebda. am mZime Sedegis
Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tu samRvdeloeba mxolod
adamianTa sulieri cxovrebis sferoTi dakavdeboda da sa-xelmwifos
gamoeyofoda, agreTve saero politikur xelisuflebas
daeqvemdebareboda.
paduelis azriT, saero politikuri xelisufleba adamiaTa
Tanacxovrebis formaTa garTulebis Sedegad warmoiSva. Tavdapirvelad,
ojaxebi, sayovelTao sargeblisa da sayovelTao Tanxmobis miRwevis
mizniT, gaerTiandnen gvarebad, gvarebi _ tomebad. Sem-deg, imave mizniTa
da wesiT, moxda qalaqebis konsolidacia; am procesis daskvniTi sta-dia
_ saxelmwifos warmoSobaa, romelic mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi yvela
piris saerTo Tanxmobas daefuZna, raTa sayovelTao sargebeli
moepovebinaT. saxelmwifos bunebisa da misi warmoSobis procesis
aRwerisas, padueli aristoteles Sesabamiss ideebs izia-rebda.
marsiliom gamoTqva, im droisaTvis Zalzed mamaci mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom yoveli xelisuflebis WeSmariti wyaro aris xalxi,
romlisganac momdinareobs rogorc saero, ise sasuliero xelisufleba.
mxolod xalxia _ uzenaesi kanonmdebeli da mmarTveli. Tumca, xalxis
cnebis qveS igulisxmeboda ara mTlianad saxelmwifos mosaxleoba,
aramed _ misi saukeTeso, Rirseuli nawili. amrigad, padueli axdenda
qveynis mosaxleobis diferencirebas or kategoriad: saukeTesoebad da
mdabioebad, umaRlessa da umdablesad. umaRlesi kategoria (samxedroebi,
samRvdeloeba da moxeleebi) emsa-xurebian sayovelTao sargebelsa da
sikeTes; umdablesi (vaWrebi, xelosnebi, miwaT-moqmedni) mxolod sakuTari
kerZo interesebis dakmayofilebaze zrunaven.
saxelmwifo xelisufleba moqmedebs, upirveles yovlisa, kanonebis
gamocemis meSveobiT. kanoni ki aris is savaldebulo moTxovna, romelic
iTvaliswinebs an mkacri sasjelis gamoyenebas, an realuri jildos
dapirebas, amqveyniur cxovrebaSi. swored amiT gansxvavdeba saero
(saxelmwifos) kanoni RvTiuri kanonebisagan, romlebic mkacri sasjelis
gamoyenebas, an realuri jildos dapirebas iTvaliswineben mxolod
imqveyniur cxovrebaSi. mxolod xalxs aqvs iuridiuli kanonebis
gamocemis ufleba. kanonmorCileba evaleboda aramxolod xalxs, aramed
maT gamomcem pirebs.
“mSvidobis damcvelis” avtorma, erT-erTma upirvelsma, moaxdina
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaTa mkveTri
diferencireba. Tanac, paduelis azriT, swored sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba gansazRvravda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis orga-
nizaciasa da kompetencias. da saerTodac, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
unda arse-bobdes da saqmianobdes swored im avtoritetis wyalobiT,
romelsac mas aniWebs kanon-mdebeli; manve mkacrad unda daicvas kanonis
moTxovna. Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
valia xalxis _ kanonmdeblis nebis aRsruleba.
padueli, italiis qalaq-respublikebSi moqmedi, saxelmwifo
dawesebulebaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa kostituirebis principis
gaTvaliswinebiT, upiratesobas aniWebda arCeviTobas, yvela rangis
dawesebulebaTa, Tu moxeleTa mimarT. monarqiis drosac ki, romelic mas
mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miaCnda, savaldebulo iyo arCevnebis
gziT saxelmwifo organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa mowyoba, vinaidan
arCeviTi monarqi, rogorc wesi, yvelaze sasurveli mmarTvelia, xolo
arCeviTi monarqia gaci-lebiT ukeTesia, vidre memkvidreobiTi.

2-ქულიანები

1. ხელისუფლებათა დანაწილება (ჯ.ლოკი) - გვ. 110

imisaTvis, rom moxdes Tavisuflebis reJimis dacva, politikuri

Tanacxovrebis “mTavari da diadi miznis” realizeba, aucileblobad
miiCneoda saxelmwifos sajaro-saxelisuflo uflebamosilebaTa mkveTri
gamijvna, saxelmwifos sxvadasxva organoebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs
Soris. kanonis miRebis uflebamosileba (sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba)
mTeli eris warmomadgenlobiT organos _ parlaments ekuTvnis. kanonebis
cxovrebaSi gatareba-aRsruleba (aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) monarqisa
da misi ministrTa kabinetis (mTavrobis) kompetenciaSi Sedis. maTive
saqmea ucxo saxelmwifoebTan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis warmoeba (e.w.
federaciuli xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba). Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom
politikur TeoriaSi lokma Camoayaliba gacilebiT meti, vidre
“mTavrobis xelisuflebis gawonasworebis” martivi ideaa (am
TvalsazrisiT, mTavrobis cnebaSi igulisxmeba, zogadad, saxelmwifo),
rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom misi calkeuli nawilebi _ saxelmwifo
meqanizmis Semadgeneli elementebi _ man sxvadasxva organos
kompetenciaSi gadaanawila.
imisaTvis, rom ar momxdariyo, romelime organos mxridan, mTeli
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uzurpacia da am xelisuflebis despoturi
gziT ganxorcieleba, man “saxelmwifos calkeuli nawilis” kavSirisa da
urTierTTanamSromlobis (urTierTdamokidebulebis) zogadi principebi
Camoayaliba. sajaro-saxelisuflo saqmianobis Sesabamisi tipebi lokma
ierarqiuli wesiT ganalaga. qveyanaSi, saxelisuflo ierarqiis pirvel
safexurze sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba dadga, rogorc uzenaesi, Tumca _
araabsoluturi. danarCeni sajaro organoebi unda eqvemdebarebodnen mas.
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom es organoebi sulac ar arian
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis martivi danamatebi. am organoebis
kompetenciaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze zegavlenis moxdena
(kerZod, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba) Sedis.
arsebiTad, “mmarTvelobis normaluri struqtura” loks warmodgenili
hqonda, rogorc, mTeli rigi oficialurad, normatiulad ganmtkicebuli,
urTierTSekavebisa da gawonasworebis sitema.

2.კანონზომიერება (მონტესკიე) - გვ. 117

“kanonTa gonis” moZiebisas, an kanonebSi kanonzomierebis dasadgenad,

monteskie adamianis gonieri bunebis, nivTebis bunebis Sesaxeb
racionalistur warmodgenebs eyrdnoboda da cdilobda istoriulad
cvalebadi, pozitiuri kanonebis logikurobas, agreTve maTi Seqmnis
faqtorebsa da mize-zebs Caswvdomoda.
ama Tu im TvalsazrisiT, kanonzomieri (anu kanoni, Sesabamisi
urTierTobis wesi), monteskies azriT, goniersa da aucilebels niSnavs,
rac, Tavis mxriv, SemTxveviTobas, TviTnebobasa da fatalurobas (brma
sve-beds) upirispirdeba.
monteskies azriT, swored kanoni gamoxatavs gansazRvrulobis,
ganpirobebulobis da ganmsWvalulobis moments, ama Tu im urTierTobaSi;
gonier sawyiss, anu gonivrulobisa da aucileblobis arsebobas
aRniSnul urTierTobaSi.
3. ადამიანის ბუნებითი მდგომარეობა (რუსო) - გვ. 121

rusos azriT, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adgili ar hqonda kerZo sakuTrebas

da yvela ada-miani Tavisufali da Tanaswori iyo. uTanasworoba
adamianebs Soris mxolod maT fizi-kur mdgomareobas exeboda, rac
bunebrivi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tumca, kerZo sakuTrebis
gaCenis Semdeg, iwyeba socialuri uTanasworoba, rac bunebiT
Tanasworobas ewinaaRmdegeba da iwvevs brZolas mdidrebsa da Raribebs
Soris. es iyo Seurigebeli, antagonisturi dapirispireba, romelmac
moicva winareistoriuli, anu winaresa-xelmwifoebrivi peroidi da misgan
erTaderT gamosavals, yvelas sasicocxlo inte-residan gamomdinare,
saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da kanonebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb “eSmaki
mdidrebiT inspirirebuli, sayovelTao SeTanxmeba warmoadgenda,
romelsac unda damor-Cileboda yvela adamiani. Tumca, samwuxarod,
bunebrivi Tavisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg, Raribebs arc politikuri
ufro met borkilebs adebdnen, xolo mdidrebs kidev ufro met Zalas
matebdnen; Seuqcevadad ganadgurda bunebrivi Tavisufleba, samudamod
dad-ginda kerZo sakuTrebisa da uTanasworobis damcveli kanoni,
romelmac eSmakuri uzur-pacia xelSeuval uflebad gadaaqcia da,
ramdenime pativmoyvares sasargeblod, mTeli kacobrioba, amis Semdeg,
sastik SromaSi, monobasa da siRatakeSi Caeba”. rusos Tanaxmad, kerZo
sakuTrebis uTanasworobam, romelsac Tan erTvoda politikuri
uTanasworoba, saboloo jamSi, despotizmis pirobebSi, absoluturi
uTanasworoba gamoiwvia, rodesac despotis mimarT yvela Tanabaria,
sakuTar monobasa da uuflebobaSi.

4. სახელმწიფოს გეოგრაფიული დეტერმინიზმი (ჟ.ბოდენი) - გვ. 92

bodenis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba “saxelmwifos geografiuli tipizacia”,

anu sa-xelmwifos tipis gansazRvra geografiul-klimaturi pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod, zomieri havis pirobebSi, SesaZlebelia gonebis
saxelmwifos arseboba, sadac iseTi adamianebi cxovroben, romlebsac
samarTlianoba da kacTmoyvareoba axasiaTebT. samxreT regionebSi ki
xalxi _ bunebrivad zarmacia; maT ar uyvarT garja. amitom, aq saWiroa
religiuri Zalauflebisa da mkacri saxelmwifos arseboba. CrdiloeTis
mcxov-rebTaTvis sakmarisia mxolod Zlieri saero saxelmwifos arseboba.
5. პოზიტიური სამართალი (მონტესკიე) - გვ. 118

dadebiTi (pozitiuri, adamianuri) kanoni samarTlianobis obieqtur

xasiaTsa da samarTlian urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. samarTlianoba win
uswrebs pozitiur kanons da ara _ piruku. kanoni, zogadad, _ monteskies
mixedviT, _ aris adamianuri goni, romelic yvela adamianis cxovrebas
warmarTavs. amitom, “samoqa-laqo da politikuri kanonebi, romlebsac
yvela xalxi iRebs, sxva araferia, Tu ara am gonebis kerZo gamoyeneba.
aseTi midgomis realizaciis procesSi, monteskie im faqtorebs ikvlevda,
romelTa erToblioba qmnis “kanonTa gons”, anu imas, rac pozitiur kano-
nebTan mimarTebiT _ gonierebas, marTlzomierebas, kanonierebas,
samarTlianobas gansazRvravs.

6. ბუნებითი სამართალი (ჰ.გროციუსი) - გვ. 100-101

grociusi mTel samarTals bunebiT da nebagamovlenil samarTlad yofda.

bunebiTi samarTali ganmartebulia, rogorc “saRi azris moTxovna”,
romelic, nebadarTuli da akrZaluli qmedebebis erTmaneTisagan
gamijvnis kriteriumebs warmoadgens. nebagamovlenili samarTali RvTiur
(zemodan boZebul da RvTis nebiT dadgenil) da adamianur samarTlad
iyofa.
bunebiTi samarTlis koncef-ciis SemuSavebisas, grociusma saerTaSoriso
samarTlis safuZvlebi Seqmna, romlebsac calkeuli saxelmwifoebi
erTmaneTTan urTierTobisas iyenebdnen. aRniSnul sferoSi, grociusis
naRvawi Zalzed mniSvnelovania da man didad Seuwyo xeli saerTaSoriso
samarTlis ideis ganviTarebas, romelic ganxorcielda erTa ligisa da
gaeros Seqmnisa da niurbergis procesis warmoebis dros.

adamianis bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gonieri erToba (bunebiT

samarTalSi warmod-genili) da, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare, samarTlianobis da sar-geblis uflebis Tanafardoba,
aucilebel gamoxatulebas poulobs saxelmwifoSi, rome-lic, deduqciis
gziT, grociusis moZRvrebaSi bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Sedegs
warmoadgens.

7. ხელისუფლებათა დანაწილება (მონტესკიე) - გვ. 119

monteskie miiCnevda, rom politikuri Tavisufleba mxolod zomieri

mmarTvelobis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli da ara _ demokratiis an
aristokratiis, miTumetes _ des-potiis dros. zomieri mmarTvelobac ar
aris sakmarisi, vinaidan iq, sadac xdeba xeli-suflebis gadameteba an
borotad gamoyeneba, veraviTar politikur Tavisuflebas daamkvidreben.
mxolod xelisuflebaTa ganawilebis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli
politikuri Tavisuflebis upirobo garantireba. xelisufleba unda
gadanawildes sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo organoebs
Soris; misi mTavari mizania _ xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis
Tavidan acileba.
8. ხალხის სუვერენიტეტის იდეა (რუსო) - გვ. 121

sazogadoebis, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis problemebs rusos moZRvreba

saxalxo su-verenitetis ideisa da principis dasabuTebisa da dacvis
poziciidan exeba. im periodSi gavrcelebul warmodgenas adamianis
bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, ruso iyenebs ro-gorc hipotezas, raTa
Camoayalibos sakuTari, absoluturad axleburi, warmodgena ada-mianTa
sulieri, socialuri da politikur-samarTlebrivi cxovrebis
Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
rusos azriT, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adgili ar hqonda kerZo sakuTrebas
da yvela ada-miani Tavisufali da Tanaswori iyo. uTanasworoba
adamianebs Soris mxolod maT fizi-kur mdgomareobas exeboda, rac
bunebrivi faqtorebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tumca, kerZo sakuTrebis
gaCenis Semdeg, iwyeba socialuri uTanasworoba, rac bunebiT
Tanasworobas ewinaaRmdegeba da iwvevs brZolas mdidrebsa da Raribebs
Soris. es iyo Seurigebeli, antagonisturi dapirispireba, romelmac
moicva winareistoriuli, anu winaresa-xelmwifoebrivi peroidi da misgan
erTaderT gamosavals, yvelas sasicocxlo inte-residan gamomdinare,
saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da kanonebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb “eSmaki
mdidrebiT inspirirebuli, sayovelTao SeTanxmeba warmoadgenda,
romelsac unda damor-Cileboda yvela adamiani. Tumca, samwuxarod,
bunebrivi Tavisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg, Raribebs arc politikuri
ufro met borkilebs adebdnen, xolo mdidrebs kidev ufro met Zalas
matebdnen; Seuqcevadad ganadgurda bunebrivi Tavisufleba, samudamod
dad-ginda kerZo sakuTrebisa da uTanasworobis damcveli kanoni,
romelmac eSmakuri uzur-pacia xelSeuval uflebad gadaaqcia da,
ramdenime pativmoyvares sasargeblod, mTeli kacobrioba, amis Semdeg,
sastik SromaSi, monobasa da siRatakeSi Caeba”. rusos Tanaxmad, kerZo
sakuTrebis uTanasworobam, romelsac Tan erTvoda politikuri
uTanasworoba, saboloo jamSi, despotizmis pirobebSi, absoluturi
uTanasworoba gamoiwvia, rodesac despotis mimarT yvela Tanabaria,
sakuTar monobasa da uuflebobaSi. aseTi cru, man-kier da mTeli
kacobriobisaTvis damRupveli sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis
ganviTarebis nacvlad, “politikuri organizmis, rogorc xalxsa da
mmarTvelebs Soris WeSmariti xelSekrulebis Taobaze” ruso sakuTar
koncefcias gvTavazobda. amasTanave, WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi amocanaa, adamianTa masebis suverenul xalxad
gadaqceva, xolo TiToeuli adamianisa _ moqalaqed, agreTve “asociaciis
iseTi formis Seqmna, romelic saerTo ZaliT, asociaciis yvela da Ti-
Toeuli wevris pirovnebasa da qonebas daicavs da daifaravs, da, romlis
wyalobiT, TiToeuli, yvelasTan SeerTebis Semdeg, mxolod sakuTar Tavs
eqvemdebareba da iseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric uwin iyo”.
TiToeuli, sakuTari qonebis gaerTianebisa da erTian umaRles
xelisuflebaSi daqvemdebarebis Semdeg, sakuTar pirovnebasa da mTel
Tavis Zalas, erTiani mTlianis ganuyofel nawilad aqcevs.
9.სახელმწიფოს მმართ ველობის ფორმები (ჟ.ბოდენი) - გვ.92
bodenis politikuri ideali saero saxelmwifo iyo, romelsac Seswevs
Zala, uzrun-velyos yvelas ufleba-Tavisuflebani. marTlwesrigis
damyarebis saukeTeso gzad, bodeni Zlier absolutur monarqias
miiCnevda, vinaidan monarqi samarTlisa da suve-renitetis erTaderTi
wyaro iyo.
suverenuli saxelmwifos cnebis qveS, bodenis azriT, uzenaesi da
SeuzRudavi sa-xelmwifo xelisufleba igulisxmeboda, romelic Sua
saukuneebis sabatono monarqiebs upirispirdeba, sadac, Cveulebriv
movlenad daqucmacebuloba, socialuri uTanaswo-roba, mefeTa
xelisuflebis SezRudva iTvleboda.
suverenuli saxelmwifos mTavari niSnebi aris: 1. uzenaesi xelisuflebis
simtkice da uryevoba; 2. misi SeuzRudavoba da absolutizmi; 3. erTianob a
da ganuyofloba. mxolod aseT xelisuflebas ZaluZs yvelasaTvis
saerTo da Tanabari uflebis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, bodenis azriT,
suvereniteti sulac ar niSnavs saxelmwifos suverenitets. misi
SexedulebiT, suverenitetis subieqti aris ara TviT saxelmwifo,
mTlianobaSi, aramed _ konkretuli mbrZanebeli (monarqi, xalxi _
demokratiul respublikaSi), anu saxelmwifo organoebi. imis mixedviT,
Tu vin aris suverenitetis matarebeli subieqti, bodeni gamo-yofda
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas: monarqias, aristokratiasa da de -
mokratias.
10. ბუნების მუდმივი კანონი (მონტესკიე ) - გვ. 116
kanonis saerTo cnebiT moculia yvela kanoni _ ucvleli, fizikur
samyaroSi moqmedi da cvalebadi _ anu gonieri arsebebis samyaroSi
moqmedi kanonebi. adamiani, danarCeni fizikuri arsebebis msgavsad,
ucvleli bunebiTi kanonebiT imarTeba, Tumca _ rogorc gonieri arseba,
romelic sakuTari ganzraxviT moqmedebs (gonebis gardauali SezRu-
dulobis, SecdomaSi Sesvlis unaris, vnebebis gavlenis qveS yofnis gamo),
mudmivad arRvevs rogorc bunebis am mudmiv kanonebs, ise cvalebad
adamianur kanonebs.
adamianebTan mimarTebiT, bunebis (bunebiTi) kanonebs monteskie
ganmartavda, rogorc “Cveni arsebis mowyobidan mxolod da mxolod
gamomdinare” kanonebs. im bunebiTi kano-nebidan, romelTa arsebobas
hqonda adgili, rodesac adamianebi bunebriv (winare-civilizaciur)
mdgomareobaSi cxovrobdnen, gamomdinareoben adamianis bunebis Semdegi
Tvisebani: mSvidobisken ltolva, sakvebis mopovebis survili, adamianebs
Soris urTi-erTobis damyareba Txovnis safuZvelze, sazogadoebaSi
cxovrebis survili.
11. სახელმწიფოს ცნება (ჰ.გროციუსი) - გვ. 100
rac Seexeba saxelmwifos, is ganmartebulia, rogorc uzenaesi, mudmivi da
srulyofili sazogadoeba, romelic Seqmnilia adamianTa uflebebisa da
sayovelTao sargeblis dasa-cavad.
12.სამართ ლებრივი კანონი (ჯ.ლოკი) - გვ. 109-110
imisaTvis, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi moqmedi Tanacxovrebis normebi
(kanonebi) dacu-li yofiliyo, bunebam TiToeuli individi daajildova
SesaZleblobiT ganesajaT kano-nis damrRvevi da SeefardaT misTvis
Sesabamisi sasjeli. Tumca, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi adgili ar hqonda
iseT organoebs, romlebic SesZlebdnen, adamianebs Soris arsebuli,
davis miukerZoebel gadawyvetas, braldebulTa Sesabamiss dasjas, raTa
xelSeuxebeli yofiliyo bunebiTi kanoni. yovelive zemoTqmuli
uimedobis gancdas badebda da sazoga-doebaSi destabilizacias iwvevda.
bunebiTi uflebebis, Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis saimedod dacvis
mizniT, pirovnebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis interesebis xelSeuxeblobis
gamo, adamianebi SeTanxmdnen, raTa SeeqmnaT politikuri sazogadoeba da
daewesebinaT saxelmwifo. loki gansakuTrebul aqcents SeTanxmebis
aqtze akeTebda. lokis azriT, sa- xelmwifo im adamianTa erToblioba
aris, romlebic erT mTlianobaSi gaerTiandnen, maT mier dadgenili
saerTo kanonis egidiT, agreTve sasamarTlo instanciis Seqmnis mizniT,
romelic adamianebs Soris arsebul konfliqtebs moawesrigebda da
damnaSaveT dasjida. danarCeni koleqtiuri formebisgan gansxvavebiT,
saxelmwifos axasiaTebs politikuri xelisufleba, anu ufleba,
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis dasacavad, Seqmnas kanoni, raTa daicvas
kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, agreTve warmarTos sazogadoebis
Zalisxmeva, am kanonebis dasacavad da, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, sagareo
agresiis Tavi- dan asacileblad. loki did imeds kanonsa da
kanonierebaze amyarebda. xalxis mier Seqmnili saerTo kanoni, romelic
maT saerTo SeTanxmebiT aRiares da daadgines, rogorc sikeTisa da
borotebis is sazomi, romelic yvela kolizias wyvets, lokis azriT,
saxelmwifos konstituciurobis mTavari niSani aris. Tanac, kanonieria
mxolod is aqti, romelic gonier arsebas im qcevaze miuTiTebs, romelic
mis sakuTar interesebs Seesabameba da saerTo sargebels emsaxureba.
kanoni mxolod maSin uwyobs xels saxelmwifos “mTavari da diadi miznis
miRwevas”, rodesac yvelam icis kanonis Sesaxeb da yvela asrulebs mis
moTxovnebs. saxelmwifoSi absoluturad aravis, arc erT organos aqvs
ufleba gamo-vides kanonis qvemdebarebidan. lokis aseTi pozicia win
uswrebda “samarTlebrivi sa- xelmwifos” Sesaxeb koncefciis Seqmnas.
13. საზოგადოებრივი შეთ ანხმება (რუსო) - გვ. 122
rusos mier dasabuTebuli, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis koncefcia,
mTlianobaSi, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Sesaxeb mis idealur
warmodgenas gamoxatavs. rusos ZiriTadi azri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
mxolod saxelmwifos warmoSobiT, politikuri urTierTobebisa da
kanonebis, sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi koncefciis
dadgeniT, SeiZleba gamarTldes bunebiTi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo
mdgomareobaSi gadasvla, raTa mudmivad arse-bobdes gonis,
samarTlianobisa da samarTlis batonoba. rusos es idea upirispirdeba
missave mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kerZo sakuTrebis da sazogadoebriv
urTi-erTobebSi uTanasworobis gaCena aseve iyo saxelmwifoebriobis
warmoSobis obieqturi aucilebloba. “sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
Sesaxeb”-is pirvelive winadadebaSi naT-qvami iyo: “adamiani ibadeba
Tavisufali, Tumca _ mudmivad borkilebis qveSaa; arada, bunebiTi
mdgomareoba _ Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba, rusos azriT, iyo is oqros
xana”, romlis idealizacias cdilobda frangi moazrovne.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisa da saxelmwifos Seqnis procesSi myofi,
suverenis uflebamosilebaTa safuZvelSi devs saerTo neba.Aam
SemTxvevaSi ruso xazs usvamda imas, rom saerTo neba gansxvavdeba yve -
las nebisagan: saerTo neba gulisxmobs saerTo interesebs, yvelas neba ki
iTva-liswinebs mxolod kerZo pirTa kerZo interesebs da warmoadgens
saxelmwifosa da mis kanonebSi saerTo nebis arsebobas.
14. სამართ ალი ობიექტური გაგებით (ჰ.გროციუსი) - გვ. 99- 100
grociusma samarTlis or mniSvneloba Camoayaliba: pirveli
mniSvnelobiT, samarTali aris moraluri xarisxi, romelic
SesaZleblobas uqmnis adamians, iqonios garkveuli nivTebi da
ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedebani (samarTali, subieqturi arsiT).
meore mniSvnelobiT, samarTlis cneba gaigivebulia kanonis cnebasTan
(samarTali, obieqturi gagebiT). grociusi Tvlida, rom bunebiTi
samarTlis kanonebi saTaves iReben bunebiTi gonidan, amitom isini
iseTive mudmivia, rogorc TviT goni. misi moZRvrebiT, TviT RmerTsac ki
ar SeuZlia bunebiTi samarTlis sawyisebis Secvla.
15. სამოქალაქო სამართალი (მონტესკიე) - გვ. 118
moqalaqeebs Soris urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli kanonebi (samoqalaqo
samarTali). sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis moTxovnas, zogad
kanonebSi, monteskies azriT, saxelmwifos Seqmnis aucilebloba
ganapirobebs: “sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia iarsebos mmarTvelis gareSe”.
iqmneba e.w. politikuri mdgo-mareoba (saxelmwifo). calkeuli adamianebis
Zalisxmevis aseTi SeerTeba ukve gu-lisxmobs adamianTa nebis erTobas,
anu e.w. samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. saxelmwifos (politikuri
mdgomareobis) Sesaqmnelad da saerTo kanonebis dasadgenad saWiroa, ada -
mianTa sazogadoebaSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli mdgomareoba, romelsac
monteskie samoqa-laqo mdgomareobas uwodebda. kanoni, zogadad, _
monteskies mixedviT, _ aris adamianuri goni, romelic yvela adamianis
cxovrebas warmarTavs. amitom, “samoqa-laqo da politikuri kanonebi,
romlebsac yvela xalxi iRebs, sxva araferia, Tu ara am gonebis kerZo
gamoyeneba.

16. სიცოცხლის, თ ავისუფლებისა და კერძო საკუთრების ხელშეუხებლობის

ბუნებითი უფლებები (ჯ.ლოკი) - გვ. 110
saxelmwifos axasiaTebs politikuri xelisufleba, anu ufleba,
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis dasacavad, Seqmnas kanoni, raTa daicvas
kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba, agreTve warmarTos sazogadoebis
Zalisxmeva, am kanonebis dasacavad da, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, sagareo
agresiis Tavi- dan asacileblad. saxelmwifos nebayoflobiT Seqmnis
Semdeg, adamianebi _ gonebis Zaxi-liT, Zalzed zustad gansazRvraven im
uflebamosilebaTa moculobas, romlebsac isini saxelmwifos gadascemen.
Tumca, sicocxlis, qonebis flobis ufleba, adamianis Tanas-woroba da
Tavisufleba aravis gadaecema da arc gulisxmobs raime garemoebas,
rodesac SesaZlebelia am ufleba-TavisuflebaTa vinmesaTvis gadacema.
e.i. aRniSnuli uflebebi _ ganusxvisebeli faseulobania da
xelisuflebis moqmedebisa da saxelmwifos arsebobis saboloo
farglebia, romelTa gadalaxva maT kategoriulad ekrZalebaT.
17. ადამიანთა ცვალებადი კანონები (მონტესკიე) - გვ. 117
monteskies azriT, swored kanoni gamoxatavs gansazRvrulobis,
ganpirobebulobis da ganmsWvalulobis moments, ama Tu im urTierTobaSi;
gonier sawyiss, anu gonivrulobisa da aucileblobis arsebobas
aRniSnul urTierTobaSi.
kanonis saerTo cnebiT moculia yvela kanoni _ ucvleli, fizikur
samyaroSi moqmedi da cvalebadi _ anu gonieri arsebebis samyaroSi
moqmedi kanonebi. adamiani, danarCeni fizikuri arsebebis msgavsad,
ucvleli bunebiTi kanonebiT imarTeba, Tumca _ rogorc gonieri arseba,
romelic sakuTari ganzraxviT moqmedebs (gonebis gardauali SezRu-
dulobis, SecdomaSi Sesvlis unaris, vnebebis gavlenis qveS yofnis gamo),
mudmivad arRvevs rogorc bunebis am mudmiv kanonebs, ise cvalebad
adamianur kanonebs.
18. სახელმწიფოს ფორმები (მაკიაველი) - გვ. 86
makiaveli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas gamoyofda: monarqias,
aristokratiasa da demokratias. misi azriT, TiToeuli maTgani metad
arastabiluria da mxolod mmarTvelobis Sereuli formis wyalobiT Tu
moxdeba saxelmwifoSi mtkice wesrigis damkvidreba. aseTi mmarTvelobis
forma ki Zvel romSi, respublikis xanaSi iyo, sadac konsulati
monarqias, senati _ aristokratiasa da tribuni plebis _ demokratias
gana-saxierebda. “mTavarsa” da “msjeloba titus liviusis pirveli
dekadis Sesaxeb”-Si, makiaveli politikaSi warmatebis miRwevisa da
marcxis gancdis mizezebs ixilavda. misi azriT, es mizezebi unda veZioT
xelisuflebis SenarCunebis xerxebSi. “mTavarSi” makia-veli absoluturi
monarqiis momxred, xolo “msjeloba”-Si _ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
respublikuri formis damcvelad gvevlineba. Tumca, orive nawarmoebi
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb avtoris erTsa da igive
realur-politikur Tvalsazriss gamoxatavda: mniSvnelovania mxolod
politikuri Sedegebis miRweva. mTavari mizania _ xelisuflebis
SenarCuneba. yvelaferi danarCeni ki mxolod xerxia _ saSualebaa, maT
Soris religia da zneobac.

19. ჰომრულის იდეა (ფრანკლინი) - გვ. 130

60-ani wlebis bolos man uari Tqva britaneTis imperiis erTia-nobis
aRqmaze, rogorc erTiani politikuri warmonaqmnisa da homrulis, anu
Crdilo-amerikuli provinciebis TviTmmarTvelobisa da politikuri
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis idea ganaviTara. 1769 wels, franklinma
pirvelma uwoda Crdiloamerikuli provinciebs Statebi. Semdgom wlebSi,
gansakuTrebiT _ “bostonis Cais smis” Semdeg, homrulis idea aitaces da
ganaviTares radikaluri orientaciis mqone, politikuri pamfletebis
avto-rebma
20. სახელმწიფოს ცნება (ჰ.გროციუსი) - გვ. 100
rac Seexeba saxelmwifos, is ganmartebulia, rogorc uzenaesi, mudmivi da
srulyofili sazogadoeba, romelic Seqmnilia adamianTa uflebebisa da
sayovelTao sargeblis dasa-cavad.
21.ქვეშევრდომთა უფლება წინააღმდეგობაზე (აქვინატი და გროციუსი) -გვ. 102;
79
grociusi arc xalxis suverenitetis ideas uaryofda, anu xalxisaTvis
uzenaesi xeli-suflebis gadacemas. Tumca, igi mainc cdilobda
aRmoefxvra azri imis Sesaxeb, rom uzenaesi xelisufleba yvelgan da
ganusxviseblad ekuTvnis xalxs, romelsac aqvs ufleba daamxos im
mbrZaneblis xelisufleba, romelic borotad iyenebs sakuTar mdgo -
mareobas. grociusma specialuri yuradReba gaamaxvila xalxis uflebaze,
winaaRmdegoba gauwios uzenaes xelisuflebas an misdami
daqvemdebarebul organoebs. mTlianobaSi, is Tvlida, rom qveSevrdomebis
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac iqm-neba
saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo xelisufleba. qveSevrdomTa uflebas
xelisuflebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevaze, grociusi upirispirebda
kanonisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis akrZalvas, romlis moTxovnis mimarT
Tavis arideba, mxolod ukiduresi auci-leblobis SemTxvevaSi da im
pirobiT aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac qveSevrdomTa Seiara-Rebuli
winaaRmdegoba, xelisuflebis mimarT, gamousworebel zians ar miayenebda
TviT saxelmwifos.
ramdenadac mmarTvelis moqmedeba RvTis nebas scildeba da es moqmedeba
eklesiis inte-resebs ewinaaRmdegeba, imdenad qveSevrdomni, aqvinatis
azriT, uflebamosilni arian SeewinaaRmdegon aseT moqmedebas. mmarTveli,
romelic brZaneblobs RvTis kanonebisa da zneobis debulebaTa
sawinaaRmdegod, ametebs sakuTar kompetencias, iWreba adamianTa sulier
samyaroSi da uwesebs maT, zomaze metsa da mZime gadasaxadebs _ aseTi
mmarTveli tiranad gardaiqmneba. xolo, vinaidan tirani mxolod sakuTar
keTil-dReobaze zrunavs da mas ar surs icodes saerTo sargeblianoba,
arRvevs kanonebsa da samarTlianobas, xalxs eniWeba ufleba, Tundac
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gziT, daamxos aseTi mmarTveli. xolo, tiranis
winaaRndeg ukiduresi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebis sakiTxs mxolod eklesia
da romis papi wyvets.

22. საერთ აშორისო სამართ ალი (მონტესკიე )

საერთაშორისო სამართალი წარმოადგენს ხალხს შორის ურთიერთობების

მომწესრიგებელ კანონებს
23. ადამიანის ბუნებითი (თ ანდაყოლილი) უფლებები (ჯეფერსონი) - გვ. 127
bunebiT-samarTlebrivi ideebis argumentireba, anu “adamianis bunebiTi da
ganusxvisebeli uflebebisadmi” apelireba, miuxedavad misi
saxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebisa, amerikaSi 1744 wlidan gaZlierda,
rodesac abso-luturad naTeli gaxda, rom inglisis parlamenti raime
daTmobaze wasvlas ar apirebda. j. adamsis, T. jefersonisa da a.
hemiltonis pamfletebSi aisaxa, amerikaSi da- saxlebuli kolonistebis
bunebiT-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis dasabuTeba. aSS-is damou-kideblobis
deklaraciis sazeimod gamocxadebamde (1776 wlis 4 ivlisi), adamianis
bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis Sesaxeb mosazreba aramxolod
publiccistur naSromebSi, aramed politikur da, rac gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, konstituciur dokumentebSi aisaxa. 1776 wlis 12 ivliss
jorj meisonma, j. medisonis redaqciiT, gamosca virjiniis Statis
uflebaTa deklaracia, romelSic pirvelad, oficialurad ganmtkicda,
rom yvela adamiani aris bunebiT Tavisufali da damoukidebeli, rom mas
ganusxvisebeli uflebebi gaaCnia, romlebzec uaris Tqma maSinac ki ar
SeiZleba, ro-desac adamianebi TanamegobrobaSi erTiandebian. am uflebebs
adamianebi ver waarTmeven sakuTar STamomavlobas. deklaraciaSi saubari
iyo sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis xel-Seuxeblobaze, agreTve
bednierebisa da usafrTxoebis damyarebisaken ltolvis uf-lebaze (dekl.,
m.1). Semdeg, saubari exeboda imas, rom xalxs ufleba aqvs Secvalos
iseTi mTavroba, romelc ar pasuxobs sakuTar daniSnulebas _
uzrunvelyos sayovelTao keTildReoba da usafrTxoeba.
b. franklinisa da j. adamsis monawileobiT, Tomas jefersonis mier
dawerili damouki-deblobis deklaracia, romelic 13 Statma erTxmad
miiRo, zustad asaxavda adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli uflebebis
logikurobasa da dasabuTebulobas. dekla-raciis teqsti im
samarTlebrivi mizezebisa da dasabuTebis CamoTvliT iwyeba, rom -lebmac
koloniebis gamoyofisa da mmarTveli xelisuflebis formis Secvlis
aucilebloba ganapirobes. “rodesac adamianTa cxovrebaSi momxdari
movlenebiT, erTi xalxisaTvis aucilebeli xdeba im politikuri
kavSirebis gawyveta, riTac is sxva xalxs ukavSirdeboda, am
gankerZoebul xalxs evaleba Tanaswori da damoukidebeli mdgomareobis
dakaveba msoflio derJavebs Soris. es ufleba mas mopovebuli aqvs bu-
nebis kanonebisa da maTi Semoqmedis TanxmobiT. maSin, adamianTa
azrisaTvis sayovel-Taod aRiarebuli pativiscema moiTxovs, rom
CamoTvlili iqnas is mizezebi, romlebic aiZuleben am xalxs
gamoyofisaken”. Semdeg modioda “ganusxvisebeli uflebebis” Camo -naTvali,
sadac, lokiseul triadaSi miTiTebuli “sakuTreba” (sicocxlis, Tavi-
suflebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba) Seicvala “uflebiT iyo
bednieri”. es, erTi mxriv, Seesabameboda aristoteleseul gagebas im
umTavresi miznisa, Tu ratom erTian-debodnen adamianebi sazogadoebasa
da saxelmwifoSi da, meore mxriv, ganmanaTleblobis suliskveTebiT
ganmtkicebul, Tavisuflebis cnebis gagebas asaxavda, ris gareSec SeuZ-
lebelia adamianis srulyofileba da misi SesaZleblobebis
ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna. garda amisa, cnobilia is
faqti, rom T. jefersoni ar urCevda mis megobars, general markizs de
lafaiets, rom kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba asaxuliyo 1789 wlis
safrangeTis “adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi”, rogorc
adamianis bunebiTi da ganusxvisebeli ufleba. T. jefersoniseul
redaqciaSi, ganusxvisebeli uflebebis dasabuTeba Semdegi saxiT aris
mocemuli (frCxilebSia Setanili b. fran-klinisa da j. adamsis mier
Casworebuli cnebebi): “Cven vTvliT, rom TvalnaTelia Sem-degi
WeSmariteba: yvela adamiani Seqmnilia Tanasworad; is misi SemoqmediT
dajil-dovebulia garkveuli (Tandayolili) ganusxvisebeli uflebebiT,
romelTa ricxvs si-cocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisaken
ltolvis ufleba miekuTvneba; am ufle-bebis uzrunvelsayofad adamianebi
qmnian mTavrobas, romelic sakuTar Tavze iRebs samarTliani
xelisuflebis aRsrulebas, maT mier namarTi xalxis TanxmobiT;
24.მონობა (თ .მორი) -გვ. 94
paradoqsia, magram utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. moris azriT, am idealur
qveyanaSi aris da unda iyos kidec mona, romelic valdebulia daborkili
iyos. “utopiis” avtori-saTvis warmoudgenelia, rom raime usiamovno
samuSaos Sesrulebam Selaxos utopielTa bednieri cxovreba: pirutyvis
dakvlam, sibinZuris gawmendam da a.S. imis gamo, rom aseTi samuSaos
Sesruleba, nebayoflobiT, aravis surda, saWiro gaxda monaTa Sroma,
romelTa mxrebs daawva usiamovno saqmeebis keTeba. monebad samxedro
tyveebi, agreTve danaSau-lisaTvis gasamarTlebuli moqalaqeebi da is
adamianebi xdebodnen, romlebic, sakuTar saxelmwifoSi
sikvdilmisjilebad iTvlebodnen da isini utopielebma gamoisyides,
damonebis mizniT. Tumca, utopiaSi monoba ar aterebs memkvidreobiT
xasiaTs, mona kacis Svili _ Tavilufalia. monas SeeZlo Taviluflebis
mopoveba.
25. თ ავისუფლების არსი (ვოლტერი) - გვ. 114
Tavisufleba, volterisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, aris pirovnebis,
individis da ara mTlianad sazogadoebis Tavisufleba. pirovnebis
Tavisuflebis RerZi sityvis Tavisuf-lebaze gadis, romlis gverdiT
didi mniSvneloba beWvdiTi sityvis Tavisuflebas eni-Weba.
gansakuTrebuli interesis sferoa sindisis Tavisufleba _ kaTolikuri
Seuwyna-reblobis antipodi. volteri maRal Sefasebas aZlevda Sromis
Tavisuflebas _ axali xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenas. es
Tavisufleba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom “Ti-Toeuls SeeZlo sakuTari
Sroma mieyida imisTvis, vinc ufro mets gadauxdida, radgan Sroma
swored imis sakuTreba aris, visac sxva sakuTreba ar gaaCnia”. volteris
azriT, WeSmariti Tavisufleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianebi aRar
arian, formalurad, erTmaneTze damokidebulni; isini avtonomiur
subieqtebad iqcnen. Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom sazogadoebaSi
qaosi da ganukiTxaoba, mouwesrigebeli avtonomiuri ne-bagamovlenis
urTierTdapirispireba unda damkvidrdes. kvlav unda moqmedebdes indi-
vidTa qmedebebis garkveuli kavSiri da Tanxvedra. volteris azriT,
“Tavisufleba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela unda emorCilebodes kanons”.
swored am debulebam Cauyara sa-fuZveli, dasavleTSi, yvelaze
popularul da gavrcelebul ideas “samarTlis bato-nobis Sesaxeb”.
xSirad, samarTlis filosofiaSi erTmaneTs Tavisuflebas da Tanas-
worobas upirispirebdnen. volteri aseTi dapirispirebis Tavidan
acilebas cdilobda. piruku, misTvis sanatreli da saSuria is garemoeba,
roca Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba erTmaneTis gamvrcobi da
ganmtkicebelia.
26. ომისა და მშვიდობის უფლება (ჰ.გროციუსი) - გვ. 100
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso urTi-erTobebis
damyareba, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia omisa da zavis
problemasTan. grociusi mkveTrad akritikebda gavrcelebul mosazrebas
imis Sesaxeb, rom omi mTlia-nad ewinaaRmdegeba samarTals. misi azriT,
omis dros dauSvebelia omis wesebis uaryofa. omis dawyebisa da
msvlelobisas, savaldebuloa iseTi sayovelTao wesebis dacva,
rogoricaa keTilsindisiereba da gulmowyaleba. grociusi Tvlida, rom
omi aris brZola Zalismieri wesebiT. es zogadi cneba moicavs rogorc
kerZo omebs (calkeul, kerZo pirebs Soris), ise sajaro omebs (omi,
romelsac awarmoeben samoqalaqo xeli-suflebis organoebi). grociusi,
agreTve gamohyofda e.w. “Sereul oms”, romelSic Seje-rebulia kerZo
omisa da sajaro omis elementebi. omi, rogorc aseTi, ar ewinaaRmdegeba
bunebiT samarTals; mas arc RvTiuri da xalxis samarTali krZalavs.
Tumca, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela omi samarTliania. grociusi
ganasxvavebda samarTlian da usamarTlo omebs. samarTliania is omi,
romelic icavs saxelmwifos erTianobasa da kerZo sakuTrebis
xelSeuvalobas. usamarTloa _ dapyrobiTi omi, romlis mizania sxvisi
qonebis daufleba da sxva xalxis damoneba. aseTi omi ewinaaRmdegeba
bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovnebs da, ufro metic, pirdapir arRvevs maT.
aseTi omi miuRebelia RvTiuri da adamianuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT.
dapyrobiTi omis gamCaRebeli pasuxis-mgebelia yvela im Sedegze, rasac
aseTi omi moitans. manve unda aanazRauros miyenebuli ziani.
27. პირველი, მეორე და მესამე ბუნებით ი კანონი (თ .ჰობსი) - გვ. 107
hobsis azriT, yvelaze fundamenturi bunebiTi kanonis moTxovna
mSvidobisaken ltolva da misi dacva (pirveli bunebiTi kanoni) aris.
yvelaferi danarCeni unda iyos mSvidobis miRwevis saSualeba. am
saSualebaTa Soris umTavresia sakuTar uflebebze uaris Tqma im
moculobiT, ra moculobiTac amas mSvidobis da Tavdacvis interesebi
(meore bunebiTi kanoni) moiTxovs. uflebebze uaris Tqma, umeteswilad,
maTi gadacemiT xdeba garkveuli pirebisa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis,
xelSekrulebis dadebis gziT. am meore bunebiTi kano-nidan
gamomdinareobs mesame bunebiTi kanoni: xalxi valdebulia Seasrulos mis
mier dadebuli SeTanxmebebi; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi am SeTanxmebebs
araviTari mniSvneloba aqvT. mesame kanonSi samarTlianobis wyaro da
sawyisia asaxuli. am sami bunebiTi kano-nidan kidev 16 bunebiTi kanoni
(Seucvleli da mudmivi) gamomdinareobs. yvela kanonis reziumireba xdeba
erT zogad wesSi: sxvas nu gaukeTeb imas, rac ar gsurs Seni Tavi-saTvis.
hobsisaTvis, bunebiTi kanoni aris Tavisufleba, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo
raime, pozitiuri kanoni _ moTxovnaa, gaakeTo an ar gaakeTo raime.
bunebiTi kanoni aval-debulebs individs, surdes am moTxovnebis
aRsruleba, Tumca ar SeuZlia mas daaZalos, praqtikaSi, am moTxovnaTa
Sesabamisad moqmedeba. aucileblobas warmoadgenda Zala, romelic
yvelafris mimarT TiToeulis uflebas gansazRvravda da wyvetda, Tu ra
ekuTvnoda TiToeuls, anu risi ufleba hqonda an ar hqonda.
28. სამართ ალი სუბიექტური არსით (ჰ.გროციუსი) - გვ. 99
grociusma samarTlis or mniSvneloba Camoayaliba: pirveli
mniSvnelobiT, samarTali aris moraluri xarisxi, romelic
SesaZleblobas uqmnis adamians, iqonios garkveuli nivTebi da
ganaxorcielos garkveuli moqmedebani (samarTali, subieqturi arsiT).
29. სუვერენიტეტის ნიშნები (ჟ. ბოდენი) - გვ. 92
suverenuli saxelmwifos mTavari niSnebi aris: 1. uzenaesi xelisuflebis
simtkice da uryevoba; 2. misi SeuzRudavoba da absolutizmi; 3. erTianoba
da ganuyofloba. mxolod aseT xelisuflebas ZaluZs yvelasaTvis
saerTo da Tanabari uflebis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, bodenis azriT,
suvereniteti sulac ar niSnavs saxelmwifos suverenitets. misi
SexedulebiT, suverenitetis subieqti aris ara TviT saxelmwifo,
mTlianobaSi, aramed _ konkretuli mbrZanebeli (monarqi, xalxi _
demokratiul respublikaSi), anu saxelmwifo organoebi. imis mixedviT,
Tu vin aris suverenitetis matarebeli subieqti, bodeni gamo-yofda
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas: monarqias, aristokratiasa da
demokratias.
30. სტატო-სახელმწიფოსა და რესპუბლიკის ცნებები (მაკიაველი ) - გვ. 86
makiaveli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sam formas gamoyofda: monarqias,
aristokratiasa da demokratias. misi azriT, TiToeuli maTgani metad
arastabiluria da mxolod mmarTvelobis Sereuli formis wyalobiT Tu
moxdeba saxelmwifoSi mtkice wesrigis damkvidreba. aseTi mmarTvelobis
forma ki Zvel romSi, respublikis xanaSi iyo, sadac konsulati
monarqias, senati _ aristokratiasa da tribuni plebis _ demokratias
gana-saxierebda. “mTavarsa” da “msjeloba titus liviusis pirveli
dekadis Sesaxeb”-Si, makiaveli politikaSi warmatebis miRwevisa da
marcxis gancdis mizezebs ixilavda. misi azriT, es mizezebi unda veZioT
xelisuflebis SenarCunebis xerxebSi. “mTavarSi” makia-veli absoluturi
monarqiis momxred, xolo “msjeloba”-Si _ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
respublikuri formis damcvelad gvevlineba. Tumca, orive nawarmoebi
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis Sesaxeb avtoris erTsa da igive
realur-politikur Tvalsazriss gamoxatavda: mniSvnelovania mxolod
politikuri Sedegebis miRweva. mTavari mizania _ xelisuflebis
SenarCuneba. yvelaferi danarCeni ki mxolod xerxia _ saSualebaa, maT
Soris religia da zneobac.
31. ხელისუფლების წყარო (პადუელი ) - გვ. 83
marsiliom gamoTqva, im droisaTvis Zalzed mamaci mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom yoveli xelisuflebis WeSmariti wyaro aris xalxi,
romlisganac momdinareobs rogorc saero, ise sasuliero xelisufleba.
mxolod xalxia _ uzenaesi kanonmdebeli da mmarTveli. Tumca, xalxis
cnebis qveS igulisxmeboda ara mTlianad saxelmwifos mosaxleoba,
aramed _ misi saukeTeso, Rirseuli nawili. amrigad, padueli axdenda
qveynis mosaxleobis diferencirebas or kategoriad: saukeTesoebad da
mdabioebad, umaRlessa da umdablesad. umaRlesi kategoria (samxedroebi,
samRvdeloeba da moxeleebi) emsa-xurebian sayovelTao sargebelsa da
sikeTes; umdablesi (vaWrebi, xelosnebi, miwaT-moqmedni) mxolod sakuTari
kerZo interesebis dakmayofilebaze zrunaven.
32. ხელისუფლების გამიჯვნის იდეა (პადუელი) - გვ. 83
“mSvidobis damcvelis” avtorma, erT-erTma upirvelsma, moaxdina
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaTa mkveTri
diferencireba. Tanac, paduelis azriT, swored sakanonmdeblo
xelisufleba gansazRvravda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis orga-
nizaciasa da kompetencias. da saerTodac, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
unda arse-bobdes da saqmianobdes swored im avtoritetis wyalobiT,
romelsac mas aniWebs kanon-mdebeli; manve mkacrad unda daicvas kanonis
moTxovna. Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
valia xalxis _ kanonmdeblis nebis aRsruleba.
33. მუდმივი კანონი (აქვინატი ) - გვ. 80
Toma aqvinati Tvlida, rom yvela kanoni erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia
subordinaciis ZafebiT. kanonTa piramidis saTaveSi dgas mudmivi kanoni _
universaluri norma, RvTaeb-rivi gonis zogadi principi, romelic
marTavs samyaros. mudmivi kanoni zis RmerTSi, misi Tanazomieria; is
TviTon arsebobs da misgan gamomdinareoben kanonis sxva saxeobani.
pirvelyovlisa ki, bunebiTi kanoni, romelic, TavisTavad aris mudmivi ka-
nonis anarekli adamianTa gonSi, moazrovne arsebaTa SemecnebaSi.
bunebiTi kanoni mogviwodebs, viswrafodeT TviTgadarCenisaken da
admianTa modgmis gagrZelebisaken, moiTxovs da gvavaldebulebs, veZioT
WeSmariteba (RmerTi) da pativi vceT adamianis Rirsebas.
34. ადამიანთ ა (პოზიტიური) კანონი (აქვინატი) - გვ. 80-81
bunebiTi kanonis konkretizacias emsaxureba adamianTa (pozitiuri)
kanoni. misi daniS-nulebaa _ ZaladobiTa da SiSiT aiZulos adamianebi
(romlebic, bunebiT, arasrul-yofili qmnilebani arian), Tavi aaridon
borotebas da eziaron saTnoebas. bunebiTi kanonisgan gansxvavebiT,
pozitiuri kanoni aris imperativi, romelsac cvalebadi Sinaarsi gaaCnia.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi pozitiuri kanonis normebi, SesaZloa, gansxva-vebuli
Sinaarsisac ki iyos. is, raSic maT saerTo gaaCniaT, SeiZleba gaxdes
“adamianis (xalxis) samarTali”. maTSi arsebuli specifikuri normebi ki
gaaerTianeben, yoveli calkeuli saxelmwifos, “moqalaqeTa uflebebsa da
samarTals”. aqvinatis aRniSnuli mosazreba romaeli iuristebis
msoflmxedvelobas Seesabameba. rodesac aqvinati adamianTa (pozitiuri)
kanonze saubrobda, mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda Sua saukuneebis evropuli
kanonmdebloba. Tumca, Zalzed mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom Toma
aqvinati uaryofda adamianTa kanonis mniSvnelobas, rogorc saero
xelisuflebis iseT qmnilebas, romelic bunebiTi kanonis moTxovnebs
ewinaaRmdegeba. misTvis ar iyo kanoni is dadgenileba, romelSic
uaryofilia TviTgadarCenis, saojaxo cxovrebisa da aRzr -dis, RvTisa
(WeSmaritebis Zebnis) da adamianTa Rirseuli cxovrebis moTxovnebi.
35. დემოკრატიული ელიტიზმი (აშშ)
amerikuli istoriis adreul etapze, manam, vidre ar gamkacrda,
mitropoliis mxridan, koloniuri damokidebulebisa da TviTnebobis
wesebi, ris Sesaxebac ase mkveTrad iyo naTqvami 1776 w. damoukideblobis
deklaraciaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi Caisaxa da ganviTarda e.w.
`demokratiuli elitizmis~ mmarTvelobis sistema, romelsac, erTi mxriv,
axasiaTebda mmarTvelobis organoTa demokratiuli meqanizmebis
Camoyalibeba da, meore mxriv, _ kolonialuri xelisuflebis
ganxorcieleba elitaruli, oligarqiuli wreebis mier (gansakuTrebiT,
samxreTis kolo-niebSi, sadac gavrcelda monoba da msxvil
latifundiebSi gamoiyeneboda Savi monuri Sroma).
36. სახელმწიფო ხელისუფლების არსი (აქვინატი) - გვ. 79
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis arsi _ es aris batonobisa da morCilebis
urTierTobaTa wesi, romlis drosac adamianTa ierarqiis saTaveSi
myofTa neba marTavs da amoZravebs mosaxleobis dabal fenas. es wesi
daadgina RmerTma, e.i. xelisufleba, misi ZirZveli arsidan gamomdinare,
aris RvTiuri dawesebuleba. amitom xelisufleba aris ucvleli sikeTe
da keTildReoba. xolo misi warmoSobis konkretuli xerxebi (anu
xelisuflebis dauflebis meTodebi), misi konstruqciis esa Tu is
formebi, SeiZleba zogjer Seryvni-li da usamarTloc ki iyos. aqvinati
im viTarebasac ar gamoricxavda, rodesac sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebiT
sargebloba SeiZleba mis borotad gamoyenebaSi gadazrdi-liyo.
maSasadame, saxelmwifoSi xelisuflebis meore da mesame elementebi
zogjer moklebulni arian RvTiurobis niSans. es maSin xdeba, rodesac
mmarTveli an xelisuf-lebis uzurpacias axdens, an saxelmwifos marTavs
usamarTlod. erTic da meorec RvTiuri kanonebis, romis kaTolikuri
eklesiis, rogorc dedamiwaze ieso qristes nebis gamomxatveli
erTaderTi xelisuflebis, kanonebisa da RvTiuri samarTlis darRvevis
Sedegi aris.
37. სახელმწიფოებრიობის დაწესების პროცედურა (აქვინატი) - გვ. 78-79
aristotelesgan aqvinatma gadaiRo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani,
sakuTari bunebiT, “politikuri da sazogado arseba” aris. adamianebSi,
apriori, Casaxulia ltolva gaerTianebisa da saxelmwifoSi
cxovrebisaken, vinaidan individs martod-marto sakuTari moTxovnebis
dakmayofileba ar SeuZlia. am bunebrivi mizeziT, iqmneba poli-tikuri
erToba (saxelmwifo). saxelmwifoebriobis dawesebis procedura,
analogiuria RvTis mier samyaros Seqmnis procedurisa. samyaros Seqmnis
aqtSi pirvelad Cndebian nivTebi, rogorc aseTi, mere ki xdeba _ nivTebis
diferencireba, maTi im funqciebis mixedviT, romlebsac isini
aRasruleben, msoflio wesrigis Sinagani gaangariSebis sazRvrebSi.
monarqis saqmianoba RvTis aqtiurobas emsgavseba. vidre RmerTi samyaros
marTvas Seudgeboda, man am samyaroSi organizebuloba da swori aRnagoba
Seitana. Zus-tad amave wesiT, monarqi jer awesebda da awyobda
saxelmwifos, Semdeg _ mis marTvas iwyebda. saxelmwifoebriobis mizania -
“saerTo keTildReoba”, gonieri da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis saTanado
pirobebis Seqmna. am miznis miRweva ki SesaZlebelia, sabatono-
wodebriobaze damyarebuli, saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi, vinaidan
RmerTma Zala-ufleba da simdidre mxolod privilegirebul wodebas
mianiWa, xolo miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi gamoricxa politikis
sferodan. am RvTiuri wesrigis dacva ki yvelas eva-leba, vinaidan maTi
RvTiuri movaleobaa daemorCilon umaRless wodebas _ mmarTvelebs,
romlebic saxelmwifos ganasaxiereben.
38. მონობა (ნეტარი ავგუსტინე ) - გვ. 77
sainteresoa avgustines mosazreba monobis Sesaxeb: monoba usamarTloa,
im bunebiTi samarTlis poziciidan, romelsac stoelebi qadagebdnen,
Tumca samarTliania _ rogorc codvis Sedegi. avgustines azriT, monoba
ara warmavali da droebiT mosaTmeni mov-lenaa, raTa Tavi davicvad
areulobisagan, aramed mudmivi mdgomareobaa, vinaidan is adamianis
bunebis Seryvnis Sedegia. monoba iarsebebs manam, vidre iqneba adamianTa
miwieri samyaro. mxolod RvTiur qalaqSi gauqmdeba monoba.
39. სოციალური უთ ანასწორობის გამართ ლება (ნეტარი ავგუსტინე ) - გვ. 76
uTanasworobas is icavs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mudmiv da
ucvlel princips. uTanasworoba aris im sazogadoebrivi organizmis
ierarqiuli struqturis nawili, romelic RmerTma Seqmna. miwieri
ierarqia aris im ciuri ierarqiis anarekli, romlis “monarqic” aris
RmerTi. avgustine cdilobda ar daeSva xalxis masebis dainte-reseba
eretikuli moZRvrebebiT da amisaTvis RvTis winaSe yvela adamianis
Tanaswo-robis qristianul ideas iyenebda _ yvela xalxi warmoiSva erTi,
saerTo winaprisgan.
40. ურთ იერთ შეკავებისა და გაწონასწორების პრინციპი (აშშ) - გვ. 129
1776 wels j. adamsma pamfletSi “mmarTveli xeli-suflebis azris
Sesaxeb”, garda argumentebisa orpalatiani legislaturis RirsebaTa
sasargeblod, xelisuflebaTa danawilebis ideebis saxiT, wamoayena
Sekavebisa da urTierTgawonasworebis sistemaTa idea, romlis Tanaxm ad,
urTierTdapirispirebuli an moqiSpe xelisuflebebs Soris,
SeenarCunebinaT Tanazomiereba da, nawilobriv, gan-kerZoebasa da
gaTanabrebas daqvemdebarebuli uflebamosilebaTa SeTavseba moexdinaT.
kerZod, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba Camocilebulia sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobas, maSin, adamsis sakmaod realisturi da zusti mosazrebiT, mas
warmoeSveba dapirispireba legislaturasTan da maT Soris winaaRmdegoba
ar damTavrdeba mxolod paeqrobiT, vinaidan mTeli xelisufleba,
sakanonmdebloc da aRmasrulebelic, SeiZleba ukanonod daipyros
konfliqtis monawile ufro Zlierma xelisuflebam. am viTarebaSi
sasamarTlo xelisufleba ver SesZlebs Suamavlis rolis Sesrulebas
da, miTumetes moqiSpe xeli-suflebaTa Soris, Tanazomierebis damcvelad
gamosvlas, rac aseve mis damorCilebas gamoiwvevs romelime
xelisuflebis mxridan.