Report #2 – Calculations Example of Solar Receiver

Submitted to:
❖ Prof. Ehab Mouris

Submitted By:

• Mohamed Ahmed Zein

• Mostafa Ahmed Zein

ASU- JAMILA – Solar Energy & Thermal Converters MEP 691 November 2019
A receiver consists of a tube with an external diameter of 76 mm enclosed in a glass tube of diameter
90 mm. The volume between the tube and the cover is evacuated. The tube is at 180 °C and has an
emissivity 0.23. The glass has an emissivity of 0.82 on both surfaces and is subject to a sky average
temperature of 22 °C. Wind at 22° C blows over the glass cover with a speed 3.5 m/s. draw the thermal
circuit. Assuming the temperature of the glass to be 35 °C calculate

1. The convective heat transfer coefficient between the glass and the wind. Use Nu=0.3 Re0.6. The
needed properties could be taken as follows ν=1.622 x10-5m2/s, K=0.02649 W/m-K, Pr=0.714
2. The heat lost by the receiver per unit length (check the assumed temperature of the glass)

Givens:
𝒅𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔, 𝒅𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 , 𝜺𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑, 𝜺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐

𝑻𝒓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐 𝑪 = 𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝑲, 𝑻𝒄 = 𝟑𝟓𝒐 𝑪 = 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝑲, 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚 = 𝟐𝟐𝒐 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝑲

𝑽∞ = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎⁄𝒔 , 𝝂 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐 ⁄𝒔 , 𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟗 𝑾⁄𝒎 − 𝑲 , 𝑷𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒

Required:

A. Thermal Circuit Diagram

B. 𝒉𝒈→𝑺𝒌𝒚 Value
C. 𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔

Solution:

𝑻𝒓 𝑻𝒄 𝑻𝑺𝒌𝒚

𝑹𝑪→∞
𝑹𝒓→𝑪
Radiation Convection
𝑻𝑺𝒌𝒚

𝑹𝑪→∞
Radiation

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 90mm
Radiation (Receiver to Cover) Per unit length
76mm 𝑱𝒄 𝑬𝒄
𝑬𝒓 𝑱𝒓

𝑻𝒈
𝑻𝒓
𝟏 − 𝜺𝒓 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒄
𝜺𝒓 𝝅 𝒅𝒓 𝝅 𝒅𝒓 𝑭𝒓𝑪 𝜺𝒄 𝝅 𝒅𝒄

Radiation (Cover to Sky) Per unit length

Cover
𝑬𝒄 𝑱𝒄 𝑱𝒔𝒌𝒚 𝑬𝒔𝒌𝒚

Receiver
𝟏 − 𝜺𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒔𝒌𝒚
𝜺𝒄 𝝅 𝒅𝒄 𝝅 𝒅𝒄 𝑭𝑪−𝒔𝒌𝒚 𝜺𝒔𝒌𝒚 𝝅 𝒅𝒔𝒌𝒚
≈ 𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐

𝑻𝒄 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚

𝟏
𝒉 𝒅𝒄
A#

𝑽∞ 𝑫𝒄 𝟑. 𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
𝑹𝒆 = = = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝝂 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓

𝑵𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝑹𝒆𝟎.𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟑 × (𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 )𝟎.𝟔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐

𝑵𝒖 𝑲 𝑵𝒖 𝑲 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟗
𝒉= = = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 𝑲
𝑳𝒄 𝑫𝒄 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗

B#

𝝈 × (𝑻𝟒𝒓 − 𝑻𝟒𝒄 )
𝒒′𝒓→𝒄 =
𝟏 − 𝜺𝒓 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒄
+ +
𝜺𝒓 𝝅 𝒅𝒓 𝝅𝒅𝒓 𝑭𝒓𝒄 𝜺𝒄 𝝅 𝒅𝒄

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 (𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 ) × (𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟒 − 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟒 )
𝒒′𝒓→𝒄 = = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝑾/𝒎
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐
[ + + ]
𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔 × 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗

𝝈 (𝑻𝟒𝒄 − 𝑻𝟒𝒔𝒌𝒚 ) (𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 )(𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟒 − 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟒 )

𝒒′𝒄→𝑺𝒌𝒚𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = =
𝟏 − 𝜺𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 𝟏
+ +
𝜺𝒄 × 𝝅 × 𝒅𝒄 𝝅 × 𝒅𝒄 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 × 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗

= 𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟒𝟓 𝑾/𝒎

𝒒′𝒄→𝑺𝒌𝒚𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒉 𝝅𝒅𝒄 (𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚 ) = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 × 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 × (𝟑𝟓 − 𝟐𝟐)

𝒒′𝒄→𝑺𝒌𝒚𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟕 𝑾/𝒎

∴ 𝒒′𝒄→𝑺𝒌𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟒𝟓 + 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 ≈ 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝑾/𝒎

C#

Second Method

𝒒′𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) = 𝝅 𝒅𝒄 𝜺𝒄 𝝈 (𝑻𝟒𝒄 − 𝑻𝟒𝒔𝒌𝒚 ) = 𝝅 𝒅𝒄 𝜺𝒄 𝝈 (𝑻𝟐𝒄 + 𝑻𝟐𝒔𝒌𝒚 )(𝑻𝒄 + 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚 )(𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚 )

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 𝟏
𝒒′𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) × = 𝑻𝒈 − 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚
𝝅𝒅𝒄 𝜺𝒄 𝝈 (𝑻𝟐𝒄 + 𝑻𝟐𝒔𝒌𝒚 )(𝑻𝒄 + 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚 )

= 𝒉𝒓 𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚

𝒉𝒓 𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 = 𝜺𝒄 𝝈 (𝑻𝟐𝒄 + 𝑻𝟐𝒔𝒌𝒚 )(𝑻𝒄 + 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚 ) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 × 𝝈 (𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟐 + 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟐 )(𝟑𝟎𝟖 + 𝟐𝟗𝟓)

= 𝟓. 𝟏 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 𝑲

General Rule: 𝒒 × 𝑹 = ∆𝑻

𝟏
𝑹𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) ∴ 𝒒′𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) × = 𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚
𝝅𝒅𝒄 × 𝒉𝒓 𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚

𝟏
𝑹𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝑲. 𝒎/𝑾
𝝅 × 𝝈 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 × 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 × (𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟐 + 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟐 )(𝟑𝟎𝟖 + 𝟐𝟗𝟓)

𝑽∞ 𝑫𝒄 𝟑. 𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗
𝑹𝒆 = = = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝝂 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓

𝑵𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝑹𝒆𝟎.𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟑 × (𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 )𝟎.𝟔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐

𝑵𝒖 𝑲 𝑵𝒖 𝑲 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟗
𝒉𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑽) = = = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 𝑲
𝑳𝒄 𝑫𝒄 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗

𝟏 𝟏
𝑹𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑽𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝑲𝒐 . 𝒎/𝑾
𝒉𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑽) × 𝑨𝒄 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 × 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗

−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 =[ + ]
𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 𝑹𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) 𝑹𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑽𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵)

𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
∴ 𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 =[ + ] = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟕 𝑲𝒐 . 𝒎/𝑾
𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟕

𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟐𝟐
∴ 𝒒′𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳) = = = 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟕 𝑾/𝒎
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟕
𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚

𝒒′𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 (𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳) 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟕

𝑼𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚 = = = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟓𝟑 𝑾⁄𝒎. 𝑲
𝝅 × 𝒅𝒄 × (𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻𝒔𝒌𝒚 ) 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 × (𝟑𝟓 − 𝟐𝟐)

𝝈 (𝑻𝟒𝒓 − 𝑻𝟒𝒄 )
𝒒𝒓→𝒄(𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) =
𝟏 − 𝜺𝒓 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒄
+ +
𝜺𝒓 × 𝝅 × 𝒅𝒓 𝝅 × 𝒅𝒓 × 𝑭𝒓𝒄 𝜺𝒄 × 𝝅 × 𝒅𝒄

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 𝝈 (𝑻𝟐𝒓 + 𝑻𝟐𝒄 )(𝑻𝒓 + 𝑻𝒄 )(𝑻𝒓 − 𝑻𝒄 )
𝒒𝒓→𝒄(𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) =
𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒓 𝟏−𝜺 𝒅
[ 𝜺 + 𝟏 + ( 𝜺 𝒄) × 𝒓]
𝝅 𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝒄 𝒅𝒄

𝝈 (𝑻𝟐𝒓 + 𝑻𝟐𝒄 )(𝑻𝒓 + 𝑻𝒄 )(𝑻𝒓 − 𝑻𝒄 )

𝒒′𝒓→𝒄(𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏−𝜺 𝒅
[ + ( 𝜺 𝒄) 𝒓]
𝝅 × 𝒅𝒓 𝜺𝒓 𝒄 𝒅𝒄

𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝒄 𝒅𝒓 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔 −𝟏
𝜺𝒆𝒇𝒇 = [ +( ) ] =[ +( ) ] = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟔
𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒄 𝒅𝒄 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗

𝟏
∴ 𝑻𝒓 − 𝑻𝒄 = 𝒒′𝒓→𝒄(𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) ×
𝝅 × 𝒅𝒓 × 𝜺𝒆𝒇𝒇 × 𝝈 × (𝑻𝟐𝒓 + 𝑻𝟐𝒄 )(𝑻𝒓 + 𝑻𝒄 )

𝒉𝒓→𝒄 = 𝜺𝒆𝒇𝒇 × 𝝈 × (𝑻𝟐𝒓 + 𝑻𝟐𝒄 )(𝑻𝒓 + 𝑻𝒄 ) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟔 × 𝝈 × (𝟒𝟓𝟑𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟐 )(𝟒𝟓𝟑 + 𝟑𝟎𝟖)
= 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟔 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲

𝟏 𝟏
𝑹𝒓→𝒄 = = = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟔 𝑲. 𝒎/𝑾
𝒉𝒓→𝒄 × 𝝅 × 𝒅𝒓 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟔 × 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔

𝑻𝒓 − 𝑻𝒄 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓
𝒒′𝒓→𝒄 = = = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟎𝟖 𝑾/𝒎
𝑹𝒓→𝒄 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟔

𝒒′𝒓→𝒄(𝑹𝑨𝑫𝑰𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵) 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟎𝟖

𝑼𝑳𝒓→𝒄 = = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝑾⁄𝒎. 𝑲
𝝅 × 𝒅𝒓 × (𝑻𝒓 − 𝑻𝒄 ) 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟔 × (𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟑𝟓)

𝒒′𝒓→𝒄 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒃𝒆 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆⁄𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒒′𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚

So by our Calculations the assumed Value of 𝑻𝒄 is deviated from the correct value, to get the
correct Value we may use equilibrium equation between 𝒒′𝒓→𝒄 = 𝒒′𝒄→𝒔𝒌𝒚

By solving on WolframAlpha online Calculator:

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 X Represents the Value of 𝑻𝒄 (Glass Cover Temperature)

∴ 𝑻𝒄 = 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟑𝟏𝟔 𝑲 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟔𝒐 𝑪

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