Statistics and Probability: Quarter 3 - Module 2: Normal Distribution

Senior High School
Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Normal Distribution
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Statistics & Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Normal Distribution
First Edition, 2020
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ii
Senior High School
Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Normal Distribution
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iii
Table of Contents
Cover Page ……………………………………………………….. i
Copyright Page ……………………………………………………….. ii
Title Page ……………………………………………………….. iii
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………….. iv
Introductory Message ……………………………………………………….. vi
What I Need to Know ……………………………………………………….. 1
What I Know ……………………………………………………….. 1
Lesson 1 Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution

What’s In ……..………………………………………………… 3
What’s New ……..………………………………………………… 3
What Is It ……..………………………………………………… 4
What’s More ……..………………………………………………… 9
What I Have Learned …..………………………………………………..… 10
What I Can Do …..……………………………………………..…… 10
Additional Activities …….…………………………………………………11
Lesson 2 Identifying the Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve

What’s In ……..……………………………………………….. 12
What’s New ……..……………………………………………….. 12
What Is It ……..……………………………………………….. 13
What’s More ……..……………………………………………….. 18
What I Have Learned ……..……………………………………………….. 19
What I Can Do ……..……………………………………………….. 19
Additional Activities ……..……………………………………………….. 19
Lesson 3 Standard Scores

What’s In ……..……………………………………………….. 20
What’s New ……..……………………………………………….. 20
What Is It ……..……………………………………………….. 21
What’s More ……..……………………………………………….. 23
What I Can Do ……..……………………………………………….. 24
iv
Lesson 4 Determining Probabilities

What’s In ……..……………………………………………….. 25
What’s New ……..……………………………………………….. 25
What Is It ……..……………………………………………….. 25
What’s More ……..……………………………………………….. 27
What I Can Do ……..……………………………………………….. 29
Lesson 5 Computing Percentiles Under the Normal Curve

What’s In ……..……………………………………………….. 30
What’s New ……..……………………………………………….. 30
What Is It ……..……………………………………………….. 30
What’s More ……..……………………………………………….. 32
What I Can Do ……..……………………………………………….. 33
Assessment ……..……………………………………………….. 34
Answer Key ……..……………………………………………….. 36

Reference ……..……………………………………….………..38
Module Writer’s Profile ……..……………………………………….………..39
v
Introductory Message
This self-learning module in Statistics and Probability is designed for you Grade
11 learners. It is aligned to the K to 12 Curriculum of the Department of Education
which focuses on the most essential learning competencies (MELCs). This module
aims to address the need to provided quality instruction and continue learning in the
new normal. The lessons, activities and assessments in this module are organized,
developed, and made simple to allow and exercise independent learning.
This module begins with What I Need to Know which contains the learning
competencies need to be achieved in the entire learning experience. The sections in
this module are organized to provide learners with a smooth but challenging learning
experience. The learners will begin their journey in learning this module by
answering the section, What I Know to pre-assess what the learner knows about the
lesson to take. The section, What’s In, provides a connection of the current lesson
with the previous lesson by going over points that were taught or learned previously.
What’s New introduces learners to the new lesson through a story, an activity, a
poem, song, situation, or activity. What is It guides and helps learners discover and
understand the concept through asking questions in a logical manner that lead to
formative assessment; a brief discussion of the lesson is also included in this
section. What’s More provides an opportunity to practice what they have learned
through guided/controlled practice, guided/controlled assessment, independent
practice, or independent assessment. What I Have Learned provides an avenue for
learners to process what they learned from the lesson. What I Can Do contains an
activity that challenges learners to transfer the skills/knowledge gained or learned
into real-life concerns/situations. The section Additional Activities contains an
activity or activities in any form that can increase the strength of the response and
tends to induce repetitions of actions/learning. Assessment contains exercises and
problems to evaluate the learner’s level of mastery in achieving the learning
objectives.
To achieve the objectives of this module, here are a few reminders:
1. Take your time in reading the lessons.
2. Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
3. Perform all activities. The activities are designed to enhance your
understanding of the ideas and concepts being discussed.
4. DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON ANY PART OF THIS MODULE. Write your
answers to activities in a separate notebook.
It is hoped that the module has achieved its purpose in producing a concise
learning material useful to you in enriching your knowledge by applying the concepts
and skills in Statistics and Probability.
The Authors
vi
Module 2: Normal Distribution
In this module, we will consider a distribution of a continuous type of data. This
distribution is commonly known as the normal distribution or simply the normal curve.
The normal curve is frequently used as a mathematical model in inferential statistics.
Through the normal curve, the inferences that we make regarding a population can
be visualized.
This module deals with the concepts and processes regarding the normal curve
distribution and it consist the following lessons:
• Lesson 1 – Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution
• Lesson 2 – Identifying the Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve
• Lesson 3 – Standard Scores
• Lesson 4 – Determining Probabilities
• Lesson 5 – Computing Percentiles Under the Normal Curve
What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. illustrate normal random variable and its characteristics;
2. identify regions under normal curve corresponding to different standard
normal values;
3. convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice-
versa; and
4. compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal table.
What I Know
Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. A negative z-score indicates that the score/observed value is above the mean.
B. A positive z-score indicates that the score/observed value is below the mean.
C. The area under the normal curve is 1.
D. The curve touches the base line.
2. The normal probability distribution has the following properties, EXCEPT

A. The width of the curve is determined by the mean of the distribution.
B. The mean, median, and the mode coincide at the center.
C. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
D. The distribution is bell-shaped.
3. Given 𝑥̅ = 62 and s = 8. What is the z-score value that corresponds to the raw
score of 70?
A. −1 B. 1 C. −2 D. 2
1
4. Let X be a normally distributed random variable with mean 120 and standard
deviation 8. If x=100, what is the corresponding z-score?
A. −2.5 B. 0.25 C. −0.25 D. 2.5
5. What percent of the area under the normal curve is less than z = −1.78?
A. 96.25% B. 46.25% C. 13.75% D. 3.75%
For number 6-10, find the area under the normal curve of the following cases.
6. To the left of z = 2.86
A. 0.0021 B. 0.4979 C. 0.5021 D. 0.9979
7. Between z = 1.15 and z = 2.89

A. 0.1232 B. 0.3749 C. 0.4981 D. 0.8730
8. Between z = 0 and z = 1.75

A. 0.9959 B. 0.8459 C. 0.4599 D. 0.0401
9. To the left of z = −1.24

A. 0.1075 B. 0.3925 C. 0.6075 D. 0.8925
10. Between z = −1.46 and z = 2.15

A. 0.0563 B. 0.4279 C. 0.4842 D. 0.9121
11. The division – wide aptitude test in Mathematics was conducted to students. The
mean of the test is 58 and the standard deviation is 12. The scores also
approximate the normal distribution. What percent of the scores is between 55
and 65?
A. 18.23% B. 31.77% C. 21.90% D. 9.87%
For numbers 12-14, refer to the problem below.

It is known that the weights of mangoes harvested in a farm are normally
distributed with a mean of 220 grams and a standard deviation of 25 grams.
12. What is the z-score that corresponds to 180 grams?

A. −1.60 B. −1.70 C. 1.60 D. 1.70

A. −1.20 B. −3.20 C. 1.20 D. 3.20
14. If a mango is selected at random, what is the probability that its weight lies
between 180 and 250 grams?
A. 0. 8849 B. 0. 8301 C.0. 4452 D. 0. 3849
15. The average monthly salary for a newly hired employee at a bank is ₱20,000. If
the hiring salary at this bank is normally distributed with a standard deviation of
₱2,800, what is the probability that a newly hired employee randomly selected
from a list of receives a monthly salary which is less than ₱16,000?
A. 0.9236 B. 0.8489 C. 0.0764 D. 0.1151
2
Lesson Understanding the
1 Normal Curve Distribution
What’s In
The previous module explained the concept of random variables. It is focused

on discrete probability distribution. The properties of a probability distribution were
also taught. This includes: a) the probability of each value if the random variable
must be between 0 and 1 or equal to 0 or 1; b) The sum of the probabilities of all
values of the random variable is equal to 1.
Moreover, the mean, variance and standard deviation of a probability

distribution were computed through formulas and the suggested steps. The
probabilities of a distribution enable to make predictions and decisions concerning
the population. However, there are data that are continuous. The distribution of this
type is known as the normal probability distribution or the normal curve. The
properties, concepts and processes involving this distribution will be presented and
tackled in this module.
What’s New
Given the following score distributions of the students in a mathematics quiz,

sketch the graph of the frequency polygon of each distribution. Then, answer the
questions that follow.
1. Graph the frequency polygon of the following scores of students in a quiz. Here,
there are 35 students who took the quiz.
X(Score) Frequency
9 1
8 3
7 4
6 5
5 9
4 5
3 4
2 3
1 1
N 35
3
2. What is the shape of the graph?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Compute the three measures of averages of the distribution: mean, median, and
mode. What do you notice?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. Where did you find these measures of the graph? At the center? To the left side
of the graph? Or to the right side of the graph?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. Based on the activity, what generalizations can you make?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
What is It
Data can be distributed in a variety of ways. It can spread more on the left or
more on the right or even jumbled up. But there are many cases where the data
tends to be around a central value with no bias left or right, and it gets close to a
"Normal Distribution" like what you found in the activity. You found out that your
graphed data is shaped like a bell curve and can be described as normally
distributed. What you have graphed is similar to the model shown below.
Fig. 2.1. The Normal Probability Distribution
The given distribution consists of a large number of cases and the three
measures of averages (mean, median, and mode) are equal and the distribution is
symmetrical and the skewness is 0. In Statistics, such distribution is called normal
distribution or simply normal curve. The normal distribution is the most important and
most widely used distribution in statistics.
4
From the sketch of the graph you did in the activity, the following properties of
the normal probability distribution emerge.
Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

The normal probability distribution has the following properties:
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center. The mean, the median, and the
mode are equal and coincide at the center.
3. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the
distribution.
4. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always
approaching the axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to
the base line.
5. The area under the curve is 1. Exactly half of the values are to the left of the
center and exactly half the values are to the right.
The Normal Distribution Curve

The equation that describes normal curve is:
−1 𝑥−µ 2
( )
𝑒 2 𝜎
Y= 𝜎 √2𝜋
where:
Y = height of the curve particular values of x
x = any score in the distribution
σ = standard deviation of the population
µ = mean of the population
𝜋 = 3.1416
e = 2.7183
5
Standard Normal Distribution
A normal distribution is determined by the mean 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜎. If

the mean µ = 0 and a standard deviation σ = 1, the normal distribution is called a
standard normal distribution. By substituting the mean, µ = 0 and the standard
deviation, σ = 1 in the formula mathematicians are able to find the areas under the
normal curve. The areas under the normal curve can be found using the Areas under
the Standard Normal Distribution Table. These areas have already been
predetermined for use.
Mean
Fig. 2.2. The Areas Under the Normal Curve
The middle regions under the normal curve are shown above. The total area
between z = −1 and z =1 is 2(0.3413)=0.6826 or 68.26%; between 𝑧 = −2 and 𝑧 =
2, the total area is 0.9544 or 95.44%; and the total area between between𝑧 = −3 and
𝑧 = 3 is 0.9974 or 99.74%. This means that we can determine the area in any
specified region under the normal curve and associate it with probability, proportion,
or percentage.
6
Using a Standard Normal Distribution Table
The table of areas under the normal curve is also known as the z-Table. The
z-score is a measure of relative standing. It is calculated by subtracting 𝑥̅ or 𝜇 from
the measurement of 𝑥 and then dividing the result by 𝑠 or σ. The final result, the z-
score, represents the distance between a given measurement 𝑥 and the mean,
expressed in standard deviations. Either z-score locates 𝑥 within a sample within a
population.
Study and examine the entries in the table.
Table 1. Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve
z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1628 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4818 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
3.1 0.4990 0.4991 0.4991 0.4991 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4993 0.4993
3.2 0.4993 0.4993 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995
3.3 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4997
3.4 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4998
3.5 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998
7
Read the following about the table.
• The given table provides the area between z = 0 and any value of z. Note that
the row entries are the z-values.
• The row headings: z, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and so on to 3.0 indicate the
whole number and the tenth place of a z-value. The column headings: z, 0.00,
0.01, 0.2, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09 indicate the hundredth
place of a z-value.
• The entries in the body of the table give the area (or probability) between 0 to z.
By the symmetry of the normal distribution, the area between z = 0 and any point
to the left is equal to the area between z = 0 and the point equidistant to the right.
• To find the area that corresponds to a z-value, simply find the area between z = 0
and the given z-value using the z-table in this book.
To find the area that corresponds to a z-value simply find the area between
z=0 and the given z-value using the z-table.
How to Find the Areas Under the Normal Curve Given a z-value
• Express the given z-value into a three-digit form.
• Using the z-table, find the first two digits of the given z-value on the left column.
• Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right.
• Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the row and the column. This
is the required area.
Examples:
1. Find the area that corresponds to 𝐳 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓.

Finding the area that correspond to 𝑧 = 1.25 is the same as finding the area
between z = 0and z = 1.25.
Steps Solution
1. Express the given z-
value into a three-digit
𝑧 = 1.25
form.
2. Using the z-table, find

the first two digits of the z .00 .01 .2 .03 .04 .05 .06
given z-value on the left 0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239
column. … … … … … … … …
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554
3. Match the third digit 1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770
with the appropriate 1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962
column on the right. 1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131
4. Read the area at the

intersection of the row The required area is 0.3944.
and the column. This is
the required area.
8
2. Find the area that corresponds to 𝐳 = −𝟏. 𝟑𝟔
In the z-table, the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = −1.36 is the same as the area
that corresponds to 𝑧 = 1.36. In the graph of this region, it is located on the left of
the mean.
Steps Solution
1. Express the
given z-value
into a three-digit 𝑧 = −1.36
form.
2. Using the z-
table, find the
first two digits of z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07
the given z- 0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279
value on the left … … … … … … … …
column. 1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0. 770 0.3790
3. Match the third 1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980
digit with the 1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147
appropriate 1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292
column on the
right.
4. Read the area at
the intersection
of the row and The required area is 0.4131.
the column. This
is the required
area.
What’s More
Independent Practice
Using the z-table, find the corresponding area between 𝑧 = 0 and each of the
following:
1. z = 0.92
2. z = 1.29
3. z = 2.73
4. z = −0.50
5. z = −2.98
9
What I Have Learned
Let’s Summarize!
• The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution. It has the

following properties:
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center. Exactly half of the values are to the
left of the center and exactly half the values are to the right.
3. The mean, the median, and the mode are equal and coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the
distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always
approaching the axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to
the base line.
6. The area under the curve s 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion
or the percentage associated with the specific sets of measurement values.
• A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean µ =

0 and a standard deviation σ = 1.
• To find the area under the normal curve, the following steps are suggested:
1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit form.
2. Using the z-table, find the first two digits on the left column.
3. Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right.
4. Read the area at the intersection of the row and the column. This is the
required area.
What I Can Do
Find the corresponding area between 𝑧 = 0 and each of the following.

1. z = 0.85
2. z = 1.27
3. z = 2.86
4. z = −1.05
5. z = −2.96
10
Additional Activities
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or phrase to make a meaningful
statement.
1. The distribution curve is a ________________ probability distribution.
2. The area under the curve is ________________.
3. The width of the curve is determined by the ________________ of the
distribution.
4. The curve is ________________ to the base line.
5. The area to the left of z = 0 (or to the right of z = 0) is ________________.
6. The curve is ________________ about its center.
7. The mean, median, and mode of the normal curve are ________________.
8. The area between z = 0 and z = 1 is ________________.
9. The table of areas under the normal curve is also called ________________.
10. The standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean
of ________________ and standard deviation of _________________.
11
Lesson Identifying Areas Under the
2 Normal Curve
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned about the properties of the normal
distribution. The distribution curve is bell-shaped, symmetrical about its center. The
mean, the median, and the mode are equal and coincide at the center, the width of
the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution, the curve is
asymptotic to the base line, the area under the curve s 1 and it represents the
probability or proportion or the percentage associated with the specific sets of
measurement values.
You have also learned how to read entries in the z-table and how to use it in
determining the area under the normal curve. This time, you will enrich your learning
on identify regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard
normal values. When you say region under the curve, you are interested in the area
of the region.
What’s New
Study the curve and identify the shaded region in terms of z-values. Can you
think of another region with the same area?
z-score
Fig.2.3. A Normal Curve Region
The curve above shows a shaded region between 𝑧 = 0and 𝑧 = 1. Similarly, a

region between 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = −1 has the same area.
12
What is It
Regions under the curve can be described in terms of area. Area between two
specific z-values can be determined using the z-table and the suggested steps
below.
For easier way of identifying the region under a normal curve, the following steps are
suggested:
1. Draw the normal curve and locate the given z-value or values at the base line
of the curve. Then, draw a vertical line through the given z-value or values
and shade the required region.
2. Use the z-table to find the areas that correspond to the given z-value or
values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to get the required area, if needed.
4. Write the required area.
Study the following cases in identifying the area under the normal given
specified z-values.
Case 1. When the required area is between 𝒛 = 𝟎 and any z-value:
Fig. 2.4. Area Under the Normal Curve Between z = 0 and – 𝑧 Fig. 2.5. Area Under the Normal Curve Between z = 0 and z
Example 1: Find the area that corresponds to 𝒛 = −𝟏.

Finding the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = −1 is the same as finding the area
between 𝑧 = 0and 𝑧 = −1.
1. Draw the normal curve and locate the

given z-value or values at the base line
of the curve. Then, draw a vertical line
through the given z-value or values
and shade the required region.
2. Use the z-table to find the areas that
correspond to the given z-value or 𝑧 = −1 corresponds to an area of 0.3413
values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to get No operations needed because the
the required area, if needed. answer is already given in the z-table.
Thus, the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = −1
is 0.3413.
13
Example 2: Find the area that corresponds to 𝒛 = 𝟏.
1. Draw the normal curve and locate

the given z-value or values at the
base line of the curve. Then, draw a
vertical line through the given z-
value or values and shade the
required region.
correspond to the given z-value or 𝑧 = 1 corresponds to an area of 0.3413
values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to No operations needed because the
get the required area, if needed. answer is already given in the z-table.
Thus, the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = 1
is 0.3413.
When z is negative, simply ignore the sign. The negative informs us that the
region is found on the left side of the mean. Remember, areas are positive values.
Case 2. When the required area is greater than z
Fig. 2.6. Area Under the Normal Curve Greater than – 𝑧 Fig. 2.7. Area Under the Normal Curve Greater than 𝑧
Other than the terms “greater than”, you can use these words to convey the
same meaning: at least z, more than z, to the right of z, or above z.
Example 3: Find the area above𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟑𝟒.

required region.

𝑧 = −1.34 corresponds to an area of
correspond to the given z-value or
0.4099
values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to The graph suggests addition.
get the required area, if needed. 0.4099 + 0.5 = 0.9099
4. Write the required area. Thus, the area above 𝑧 = −1.34 is 0.9099.
14
Example 4: Find the area to the right of 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔.

required region.

correspond to the given z-value or 𝑧 = 1.56 corresponds to an area of 0.4406.
values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to The graph suggests subtraction.
get the required area, if needed. 0.5 − 0.4406 = 0.0594
Thus, the area to the right of 𝑧 = 1.56 is
0.4406.
Case 3. When the required area is less than z
Fig. 2.9. Area Under the Normal Curve Less than 𝑧

Fig. 2.8. Area Under the Normal Curve Less than −𝑧
Other than the terms “less than”, you can use these words to convey the
same meaning: at most z, no more than z, not greater than z, or to the left of z
Example 5: Find the area to the left of 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟐.

vertical line through the given z-value
or values and shade the required
region.
𝑧 = −1.52 corresponds to an area of
0.4357.
values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to The graph suggests subtraction.
get the required area, if needed. 0.5 − 0.4357 = 0.0643
Thus, the area to the left of 𝑧 = −1.52 is
0.0643.
15
Example 6: Find the area less than 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓

region.

𝑧 = 1.25 corresponds to an area of
0.3944.
values.
Thus, the area less than 𝑧 = 1.25 is
0.8944.
Case 4. When the required area is between two z-values of the same sign
Fig. 2.9. Area Under the Normal Curve Between −𝑧1 and −𝑧2 Fig. 2.10. Area Under the Normal Curve Between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2
Example 7: Find the area between 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟎 and 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐.

required region.

𝑧 = 1.70 corresponds to an area of 0.4554
values.
The graph suggests subtraction. Subtract
3. Perform appropriate operations to
the smaller area from the larger area.
get the required area, if needed.
0.4554 − 0.2939 = 0.1615
Thus, the area between 𝑧 = 0.82 and 𝑧 =
1.70 is 0.1615.
16
Example 8: Find the area between 𝒛 = −𝟐 and 𝒛 = −𝟏
1. Draw the normal curve and

locate the given z-value or
values at the base line of the
curve. Then, draw a vertical
line through the given z-value
or values and shade the
required region.
2. Use the z-table to find the
𝑧 = −2 corresponds to an area of 0.4772
areas that correspond to the
𝑧 = −1 corresponds to an area of 0.3413
given z-value or values.
3. Perform appropriate The graph suggests subtraction. Subtract the
operations to get the required smaller area from the larger area.
area, if needed. 0.4772 − 0.3413 = 0.1359
Thus, the area between 𝑧 = −2 and 𝑧 = −1 is
0.1359.
Case 5. When the required area is between −𝐳𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐳𝟐
Fig. 2.11. Area Under the Normal Curve Between −𝑧1 and 𝑧2
Example 9: Find the area between 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 and 𝐳 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓.

required region.
2. Use the z-table to find the areas that 𝑧 = −1.54 corresponds to an area of
correspond to the given z-value or 0.4382
values. 𝑧 = 1.75 corresponds to an area of 0.4599
Thus, the area between 𝑧 =
−1.54 and 𝑧 = 1.75 is 0.8981.
17
What’s More
You already know that the area under the normal curve represents probability,
proportion or the percentage associated with specific set of measurement values.
Now, let’s extend your learning on representing the region under the normal curve in
terms of percent. Sketch the normal curve and use the z-table to find the area that
corresponds to each of the following z-values. Then, multiply the area to 100 to get
its percent form. The final answers are given as your guide.
1. What percent of the area under the normal curve is between 𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 and
𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖?

given z-value or values at the base
line of the curve. Then, draw a
region.
values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to get
the required area, if needed. To
convert area to percent, multiply the
area to 100.
Thus, the area between 𝑧 = 2.25 and
4. Write the required area (in percent). 𝑧 = 0.58 is 26.88% of the area under the
normal curve.
2. What percent of the area is between 𝐳 = −𝟏. 𝟐 and 𝐳 = 𝟐?

line of the curve. Then, draw a
region.
values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to get
the required area, if needed. To
convert area to percent, multiply the
area to 100.
Thus, the area between z = −1.2 and
4. Write the required area (in percent). z = 2 is 85.21% of the area under the
normal curve.
18
What I Have Learned
Let’s summarize!
• When speaking about a region under the curve, we are interested in the area
of the region.
• The area in any specified region under the normal curve can be associated
with probability, proportion or percentage.
• When 𝑧 is negative, simply ignore the negative sign and proceed. The
negative sign indicates that the region is on the left side of the mean or below
the mean. Areas are always positive values.
What I Can Do
Find the area under the normal curve in each of the following cases.
1. to the right of𝑧 = 1.63
2. between 𝑧 = −1.36 and 𝑧 = 2.55
3. to the left of𝑧 = −1.78
4. between 𝑧 = −2.76 and 𝑧 = −1.25
5. between 𝑧 = 1.56 and 𝑧 = 2.51
Look for a partner and exchange problem on identifying regions under the
normal curve. Write the z-value or values your partner has given to you and find the
area under the normal curve of the given case.
19
Lesson
Standard Scores
3
What’s In
In the previous lessons, you have learned about the basic concept of normal
distribution. You further learned on how to identify the regions under the normal
curve using the z-table. In this lesson, you will learn how to relate the concept of the
normal curve to a random variable distribution using the z-score. You will be
transforming a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice-versa.
What’s New
Think of words or phrases you can associate with the word standard scores.
Write your answer in the graphic organizer below.
Standard Score
Why use standard score or z-score

Raw scores may be composed of large values, but large values cannot be
accommodated at the base line of the normal curve. So, they have to be transformed
into scores for convenience without sacrificing meanings associated with the raw
scores.
If you wish to find the proportion of area, percentage or probability associated
with a raw score, you must find its matched z-value using the z-score formula. Then,
the z-value leads to the area under the normal curve found in the z-table, which is a
probability or the desired percentage.
20
What is It
Let’s explore the concept of z-scores. Read and study the notes about z-scores
and note the computing formula.
Z-score or standard score measures how many standard deviation a given value
(x) is above or below the mean. Z-scores are useful in comparing observed values. If
a z-score is equal to 0, it is on the mean. A positive z-score indicates that the score
or observed value is above the mean, whereas a negative z-score indicates that the
score or observed value is below the mean. For example, if a z-score is equal to 1, it
is 1 standard deviation above the mean. If a z-score is equal to −2, it is 2 standard
deviations below the mean.
The areas under the normal curve are given in terms of z-scores. Either it locates
x within a sample or within a population.
The formula for calculating z is:

̅
𝒙−𝒙
For Sample: 𝒛=
𝒔
𝒙−𝝁
For Population: 𝒛= 𝝈
where:
z = standard score
x = raw score
𝑥̅ = sample mean
s = sample standard deviation
𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
Study the following examples.
Example 1: Locate the z-value that corresponds to Mathematics test score of 55

given the mean, μ =50 and the standard deviation, σ =2.
1. Choose the formula to use.
(Use the z-score formula for 𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
population data as indicated in 𝜎
the problem.)
2. Write the given values. 𝑥 = 55; 𝜇 = 50; 𝜎 = 2
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
3. Substitute the given values in 𝜎
55 − 50
the computing formula. Then, 𝑧=
2
compute the z-value. 5
𝑧=
2
𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟓
Thus, the z-value that corresponds to the raw score 55 is 2.5 in a population
distribution. This means the score 55 is 2.5 standard deviations above the mean.
21
Example 2: On the midterm examination in Statistics, the sample mean was 80 and
the sample standard deviation was 7. Determine the standard score of a student who
got a score of 75 assuming that the scores are normally distributed.
1. Choose the formula to use.
(Use the z-score formula for 𝑥 − 𝑥̅
𝑧=
sample data as indicated in the 𝑠
problem.)
2. Write the given values. 𝑥 = 75; 𝑥̅ = 80; 𝑠 = 7
𝑥 − 𝑥̅
𝑧=
𝑠
3. Substitute the given values in 75 − 80
the computing formula. Then, 𝑧=
7
compute the z-value.
−5
𝑧=
7
𝑧 = −0.71
Thus, the z-value that corresponds to the raw score 75 is −0.71 in a sample
distribution. This means the score 75 is 0.71 standard deviations below the mean.
Example 3: Liza scored 90 in a Mathematics test and 70 in an English test. Scores

in the Mathematics test have a mean 𝜇 = 80 and a standard deviation 𝜎 =10. Scores
in the English test have a mean 𝜇 = 60 and a standard deviation 𝜎 = 8. In which
subject was her standing better, assuming that the scores in her Mathematics and
English class are normally distributed?
1. Choose the formula to use. 𝑥−𝜇

𝑧=
(For population data) 𝜎
Subject 𝒙 𝝁 𝝈
2. Write the given values. Mathematics 90 80 10
English 70 60 8
Mathematics English
𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 𝑥 − 𝑥̅
𝑧= 𝑧=
3. Substitute the given values in 𝜎 𝜎
the computing formula. Then, 90 − 80 70 − 60
𝑧= 𝑧=
compute the z-value. 10 8
10 10
𝑧= 𝑧=
10 8
𝒛=𝟏 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
The z-value that corresponds to Liza’s Mathematics raw score of 90 is 1 in a

population distribution. This means the score 90 is 1 standard deviation above the
mean. Meanwhile, the z-value that corresponds to her English score of 70 is 1.25.
This means that 70 is 1.25 standard deviations above the mean. Thus, Liza has a
better standing in English compared to Mathematics.
22
What’s More
Let’s extend your learning!

You already know how to convert a random normal variable to a standard
normal score or z-score. This time, let’s do the reverse. Given the z-score, compute
for the raw scores. Problem number is done as an example to guide you. Problems 2
and 3 are given to you.
1) Given: 𝝁 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝝈 = 𝟓. What is the raw score when 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟎?
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
1. Use the computing formula for 𝜎
finding the z-score for 𝑥−𝜇
𝜎 (𝑧 = )𝜎
population data. You can derive 𝜎
the formula for easy 𝑧𝜎 = 𝑥 − 𝜇
computation.
𝒙 = 𝝁 + 𝒛𝝈
2. Write the given values. 𝜇 = 30; 𝜎 = 5, 𝑧 = 1.30

𝑥 = 𝜇 + 𝑧𝜎
𝑥 = 30 + 1.30(5)
3. Substitute the given values in
𝑥 = 30 + 6.5
the computing formula. Then,
𝑥 = 36.5
compute the raw score (𝑥).
Thus, the raw score when 𝑧 = 1.30 is
36.5.
̅ = 𝟕𝟓, 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎. What is the raw score when 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟔?

2) Given: 𝒙
1. Use the computing formula for
finding the z-score for sample
data. You can derive the formula
for easy computation.
2. Write the given values.
3. Substitute the given values in the
computing formula. Then,
3) Given: 𝝁 = 𝟒𝟖, 𝝈 = 𝟓. 𝟓. What is the raw score when 𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑?

1. Use the computing formula for
finding the z-score for sample
data. You can derive the formula
for easy computation.
2. Write the given values.
3. Substitute the given values in the

computing formula. Then,
23
What I Have Learned
Let’s Summarize!
• The formula for calculating z is:
𝑥−𝑥̅ 𝑥−𝜇
For Sample: 𝑧= 𝑠 For Population: 𝑧= 𝜎
• Z-score or standard score measures how many standard deviation a given value
(x) is above or below the mean.
• If a z-score is equal to 0, it is on the mean. A positive z-score indicates that the
score or observed value is above the mean, whereas a negative z-score
indicates that the score or observed value is below the mean.
What I Can Do
Solve the following problems.
1. Given 𝑥̅ = 60; and 𝑠 = 6, find the z-score that corresponds to each of the
following scores up to two decimal places.
a. 𝑥 = 70 b. 𝑥 = 58
2. Given 𝜇 = 72; and 𝜎 = 8, find the z-score that corresponds to each of the
following scores up to two decimal places.
a. 𝑥 = 68 b. 𝑥 = 80
3. Alex scored 90 during the first periodic exam in Mathematics and 88 during the
second periodic exam. The scores in first periodic exam have a mean 𝜇 = 83 and
a standard deviation 𝜎 = 9. Scores in the second periodic exam have a mean 𝜇 =
80 and a standard deviation 𝜎 = 8. In which periodic exam was his standing
better, assuming that the scores in his periodic exams are normally distributed?
4. On a final examination in Biology, the mean was 75 and the standard deviation
was 12. Determine the standard score of a student who received a score of 60
assuming that the scores are normally distributed.
5. Given: 𝜇 = 64, 𝜎 = 7. What is the raw score when 𝑧 = −0.76?
Do the following.
1. Recall and gather all your classmates’ scores, including yours, in a recent test in
any subject (please indicate the subject in your output).
2. Compute the mean and standard deviation of your scores.
3. What can you conclude about your performance in the test with respect to the
average score? (Hint: Compute the z-score that corresponds to your score and
interpret)
24
Lesson
Determining Probabilities
4
What’s In
You have learned about finding the areas under the normal curve. Further,
you also learned how to compute the z-value corresponding to a raw score. You
have also seen that all areas under the normal curve can be shown as probabilities
associated with standard normal variables. In this lesson, you will practice more your
skills in determining areas under the normal curve since computing probabilities is
the same with finding the areas under the normal curve. Recall the suggested steps
in determining areas under the normal curve to compute for probabilities.
What’s New
Determine the area corresponding to the following z-scores.

1. greater than 𝑧 = 2.31
2. less than 𝑧 = 1.20
3. between 𝑧 = −1.96 and 𝑧 = 2
What is It
Finding the area of a region under the normal curve is the same as finding the
probability associated with that region. Thus, the area under the normal curve
denotes probability. Hence, we could the probability between two z-values by simply
calculating the required area.
Probability Notations
Study the following notations for a random variable used in various solutions
concerning the normal curve. These notations are used in representing probabilities.
Mathematical notations are convenient form of lengthy expressions.
Let a and b be z-score values:
• 𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑧 < 𝑏)denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b.
It is read as “the probability that the z-score falls between 𝑧 = 𝑎and 𝑧 = 𝑏.”
• 𝑃(𝑧 > 𝑎)denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a.
It is read as “the probability that the z-score is greater than a.”
• 𝑃 (𝑧 < 𝑎)denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a.
It is read as “the probability that the z-score is less than a.”
25
Recall the cases in identifying regions under the curve and the steps on
determining the area under the normal curve.
Example 1: Find the probability that the z-score is less than 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟕𝟖.

base line of the curve. Then, draw
a vertical line through the given z-
required region.
2. Use the z-table to find the areas

that correspond to the given z- 𝑧 = −1.78 corresponds to an area of 0.4625
value or values.
The graph suggests subtraction.
0.5 − 0.4625 = 0.0375
3. Perform appropriate operations to
That is, 𝑷(𝒛 < −1.78) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓.
4. Write the required area (or Thus, the probability that the z-score is less
probability). than𝑧 − 1.78 is 0.0375.
Example 2: Find the probability that the z-score is at most 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏

required region.

correspond to the given z-value or 𝑧 = 0.91 corresponds to an area of 0.3186
values.
3. Perform appropriate operations to 0.3186 + 0.5 = 0.8186
That is, 𝑷(𝒛 < 0.91) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟔.
4. Write the required area (or Thus, the probability that the z-score is at
probability). most𝑧 − 1.78 is 0.8186.
26
Example 3: Find the probability that the z-score lies between z=1 and z=2.
1. Draw the normal curve and

locate the given z-value or
values at the base line of the
curve. Then, draw a vertical line
through the given z-value or
values and shade the required
region.
2. Use the z-table to find the areas

𝑧 = 2 corresponds to an area of 0.4772
that correspond to the given z-
𝑧 = 1 corresponds to an area of 0.3413
value or values.
3. Perform appropriate operations
0.4772 − 0.3413 = 0.1359
to get the required area, if
needed.
That is, 𝑷(𝟏 < 𝑧 < 2) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟗.
4. Write the required area (or The probability that the z-scores lie between
probability). z=1 and z=2 is 0.1359.
What’s More
Let’s extend your learning by applying the concept to a word problem. Letter a is
already done for you. Solve letters b and c.
In a Science test, the mean score is 42 and the standard deviation is 5. Assuming
the scores are normally distributed, what is the probability that the score is:
1. greater than 48?
Given: 𝑥 = 48, 𝑥̅ = 42, 𝑠 = 5
𝑥 − 𝑥̅
𝑧=
1. Convert the raw score of 48 to a z- 𝑠
48 − 42
score. 𝑧=
5
6
𝑧=
5
𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟐

line of the curve. Then, draw a vertical
line through the given z-value or
values and shade the required region.
27
3. Use the table and find the area that
corresponds to the computed z-score.
4. Examine the shaded region and make
0.5 − 0.3849 = 0.1151
an appropriate operation to apply, if
needed.
That is, 𝑷(𝒛 > 1.2) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟏.
The probability that the scores is greater
5. Make a concluding statement.
than 48 is 0.1151.
2. less than 50?

1. Convert the raw score of 50 to a z-
score.



needed.
3. between 30 and 48?
1. Convert the raw score of 30 and 48 to

a z-score.


needed.
28
What I Have Learned
Let’s summarize!
• Finding the area of a region is the same as finding the probability associated with
that region.
• The following are probability notations used to denote probabilities under the
normal curve.
1. 𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑧 < 𝑏)denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b.
2. 𝑃(𝑧 > 𝑎)denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a.
3. 𝑃 (𝑧 < 𝑎)denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a.
What I Can Do
Find the probabilities of the following.

1. 𝑃 (𝑧 > 1.36)
2. 𝑃(𝑧 < 2.45)
3. 𝑃(1.2 < 𝑧 < 1.4)
4. 𝑃(−2.75 < 𝑧 < −0.56)
5. 𝑃(𝑧 > −1.05)
Solve the given problem.

In a Math test, the mean score is 45 and the standard deviation is 4.
Assuming normality, what is the probability that a score picked at random will lie
a. above score 50?
b. below score 38?
c. between 35 and 53?
29
Lesson Computing Percentiles Under the
5 Normal Curve
What’s In
You have learned about computing probabilities under the normal curve. You
further learned that a probability value corresponds to an area under the normal
curve. You have determined areas or probabilities given the z-scores or you have
computed the z-score given the raw score, mean and standard deviation and looked
for the area in the z-Table or However, in this lesson the area or probability is given
and you are going to find the corresponding z-score. This is what you do when you
want to determine percentiles and locate them under the normal curve.
What’s New
Often the units for raw test scores are not informative. You might know that
you scored 76 out of 100 on a test but it doesn’t give you much information of what
your score means. Scores are more meaningful if percentile rank is given. What do
you mean by a percentile? If your teacher told you that your score in test is in the
90th percentile. What does it mean?
What is It
What is a percentile?
Percentile is a measure of relative standing. It is the percent of cases that are
at or below a score. It tells you how a value compares to other values. If your teacher
tells you that you scored 90th percentile, it means that 90% of the grades were lower
than yours and 10% were higher.
In the previous lesson, you learned on how to find the area or probability
under the normal curve given a z-value. Suppose, you know the area or probability
this time, how would you find the corresponding z-score?
When you are given with the area or probability and you want to know the
corresponding z-score, locate the area at the body of the table. If the exact area is
not available, take the nearest area. Then, look up the corresponding z-value.
30
Study the examples below.
Solving the problems does not follow a uniform procedure. You have to
analyze the problem carefully and apply what you have learned about the concepts
involving normal curve.
Example 1: Find the 90th percentile of a normal curve.
Finding 90thpercentile means locating an area below the point. To begin, find
the z-value located at this point.
Solution:
Express the 90th percentile to decimal so that you can easily find it in the z-
table, that is, 0.9000. We know that 0.9000 occupies more than half of the curve.
This occupies all the area below the mean which is 0.5 or 0.5000. This left us with an
area of 0.4000 above the mean (0.9000-0.5000=0.4000). Then, locate the z-value
corresponding to the area 0.4000. The z-value corresponding to the area 0.4000 is
not available, so take the nearest area. The nearest area is 0.3997 which
corresponds to z = 1.28. So, the 90th percentile is z = 1.28.
To illustrate, draw the normal curve. Draw

a line through 𝑧 = 1.28 and shade the region
below it. The shaded region is 90% of the
distribution.
Example 2: Find the 95th percentile of a normal curve.

Finding 95thpercentile means locating an area below the point. To begin, find
the z-value located at this point.
Solution:
Express the 95th percentile to decimal so that you can easily find it in the z-
table, that is, 0.9500. We know that 0.9500 occupies more than half of the curve.
This occupies all the area below the mean which is 0.5 or 0.5000. This left us with an
area of 0.4500 above the mean (0.9500-0.5000=0.4500). Then, locate the z-value
corresponding to the area 0.4500. The z-value corresponding to the area 0.4500 is
not available, so take the nearest area. The nearest areas are 0.4495 and 0.4505.
Find the z-value corresponding to 0.4495 and 0.4505. These are z=1.64 and z=1.65.
1.64+1.65
We get the average of the two z-values: 𝑧 = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓.Thus, the 95th
2
percentile is z=1.645.
To illustrate, draw the normal curve. Draw

a line through 𝑧 = 1.645 and shade the region
below it. The shaded region is 95% of the
distribution.
31
Example 3: Find the upper 2% of the normal curve.
Finding the upper 2% of the normal curve means locating an area above the
point. To begin, find the z-value located at this point.
Solution:
Express the given percent to decimal so that you can easily find it in the z-
table, that is, 0.0200. The upper 5% or 0.0500 means to the right of a z-value above
the mean. Find the remaining area, using the upper side of the mean (0.5000-
0.0200=0.4800). Then, locate the z-value corresponding to the area 0.4800. The z-
value corresponding to the area 0.4800 is not available, so take the nearest area.
The nearest area is 0.4798 which corresponds to 𝑧 = 2.05. Thus, the upper 2% is
above 𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓.
To illustrate, draw the appropriate normal

curve. Draw a line through 𝑧 = 2.05 and shade the
region above it. The shaded region is 2% of the
distribution.
What’s More
\
Let’s extend your learning by applying the concept to a word problem. The
steps and the final answer are provided for you, supply the solutions.
Problem: The results of the final exam in General Mathematics of the 12 sections
of Grade 11 are normally distributed with 𝜇 = 82 and 𝜎 = 13. What is the percentile
rank of a score of 85?
A percentile rank of 85 means you have to find the percentage of scores

below 85. To find the required area in the z-table, transform 85 to a z-score.
Steps Solution
1. Convert the raw score of 85 to a z-score.
2. Draw the normal curve showing the z-score.
3. Draw a line through the z-score and shade
the required region. (Note: In the problem,
the required region is below the computed z-
score since you are looking for the percentile
rank)
5. Examine the shaded region and make an
appropriate operation to apply.
6. Compute the percentile rank of the score.
(Hint: Multiply the probability in decimal by
100 to get the desired percentage.)
The percentile rank of the score
85 in a test is 59.10.
32
What I Have Learned
Let’s summarize!
• Percentile is a measure of relative standing. It is the percent of cases that are at

or below a score. It tells you how a value compares to other values.
• When you are given with the area or probability and you want to know the
corresponding z-score, locate the area at the body of the table. If the exact area
is not available, take the nearest area. Then, look up the corresponding z-value.
What I Can Do
Find each of the following percentile points and draw the normal curve.
1. Find the 99th percentile of the normal curve.
2. Find the upper 5% of the normal curve.
3. The results of the entrance examination for freshmen are normally distributed
with 𝑥̅ = 85 and 𝑠 = 12.5. What is the percentile rank of a score of 92?
Consider the shaded region in the diagram below and answer the following
questions.
1. If the unshaded region is 0.10, what is the area to the left of 𝑧?

2. What does 𝑧 represent?
3. What is the value of 𝑧?
33
Assessment
Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. A negative z-score indicates that the score/observed value is above the mean.
B. A positive z-score indicates that the score/observed value is below the mean.
C. The area under the normal curve is 1.
D. The curve touches the base line.
2. The normal probability distribution has the following properties, EXCEPT

A. The width of the curve is determined by the mean of the distribution.
B. The mean, median, and the mode coincide at the center.
C. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
D. The distribution is bell-shaped.
3. Given 𝑥̅ = 62 and s = 8. What is the z-score value that corresponds to the raw
score of 70?
A. −1 B. 1 C. −2 D. 2
4. Let X be a normally distributed random variable with mean 120 and standard
deviation 8. If x=100, what is the corresponding z-score?
A. −2.5 B. 0.25 C. −0.25 D. 2.5
5. What percent of the area under the normal curve is less than z = −1.78?
A. 96.25% B. 46.25% C. 13.75% D. 3.75%
For number 6-10, find the area under the normal curve of the following cases.
6. To the left of z = 2.86
A. 0.0021 B. 0.4979 C. 0.5021 D. 0.9979
7. Between z = 1.15 and z = 2.89

A. 0.1232 B. 0.3749 C. 0.4981 D. 0.8730
8. Between z = 0 and z = 1.75

A. 0.9959 B. 0.8459 C. 0.4599 D. 0.0401
9. To the left of z = −1.24

A. 0.1075 B. 0.3925 C. 0.6075 D. 0.8925
10. Between z = −1.46 and z = 2.15

A. 0.0563 B. 0.4279 C. 0.4842 D. 0.9121
11. The division – wide aptitude test in Mathematics was conducted to students. The
mean of the test is 58 and the standard deviation is 12. The scores also
approximate the normal distribution. What percent of the scores is between 55
and 65?
A. 18.23% B. 31.77% C. 21.90% D. 9.87%
34
For numbers 12-14, refer to the problem below.
It is known that the weights of mangoes harvested in a farm are normally
distributed with a mean of 220 grams and a standard deviation of 25 grams.

A. −1.60 B. −1.70 C. 1.60 D. 1.70

A. −1.20 B. −3.20 C. 1.20 D. 3.20
14. If a mango is selected at random, what is the probability that its weight lies
between 180 and 250 grams?
A. 0. 8849 B. 0. 8301 C.0. 4452 D. 0. 3849
15. The average monthly salary for a newly hired employee at a bank is ₱20,000. If
the hiring salary at this bank is normally distributed with a standard deviation of
₱2,800, what is the probability that a newly hired employee randomly selected
from a list of receives a monthly salary which is less than ₱16,000?
A. 0.9236 B. 0.8489 C. 0.0764 D. 0.1151
35
Answer Key
What I Know/Assessment
Lesson 1: Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution

What’s More What I Can Do Additional Activities
Lesson 2: Identifying Areas Under the Normal Curve

What’s More Assessment Additional Activities
Answers may vary.
36
Lesson 3: Standard z-scores
Answers may vary.
Lesson 4: Determining Probabilities

What’s New What’s More
What I Can Do Additional Activities
Lesson 5: Computing Percentiles

37
References
Belecina, Rene, E. Baccay, and E. Mateo. Statistics and Probability. Manila: Rex
Book Store, Inc., 2016.
Glen, Stephanie. "Normal Distributions (Bell Curve): Definition, Word Problems".
StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! Accessed May
22, 2020. https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/normal-
distributions/
Glen, Stephanie. "Z-Score: Definition, Formula and Calculation" From
StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! Accessed May
22, 2020. https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/z-score/
Laerd Statistics. “How to do Normal Distributions Calculations”. Accessed May 25,
2020. https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/normal-distribution-
calculations.php
MathIsFun.com. “Normal Distribution”. Accessed May 22, 2020.
https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution.html
McLeod, Saul. “Z-score: Definition, Calculation and Interpretation”. Simply
Psychology. Date last modified May 17, 2019.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/z-score.html
38
MODULE WRITER’S PROFILE
Name: CHERRY ANN B. MUÑEZ

Position: Teacher II
Educational Attainment:
Master of Arts in Education (MAEd) - Teaching Mathematics (CAR)
BSED Mathematics
Module Title: Module 2: Normal Distribution
Division: Misamis Oriental
School: Alubijid National Comprehensive High School
District: Alubijid
For inquires or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental

Office Address: Del Pilar corner Velez Street, Brgy. 29,
Cagayan de Oro City, 9000
Telephone Nos.: (088) 881-3094: Text: 0917-8992245
(Globe)
Email: misamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph
39

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Senior High School

Statistics and Probability

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Borrowed materials included in this module are owned by their respective

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental

Development Team of the Module

Chairperson: Jonathan S. Dela Peña, PhD, CESO V

Co-Chairpersons: Nimfa R. Lago, PhD, CESO VI

Printed in the Philippines by

Statistics and Probability

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Lesson 1 Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution

Lesson 2 Identifying the Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve

Lesson 3 Standard Scores

Lesson 4 Determining Probabilities

Lesson 5 Computing Percentiles Under the Normal Curve

Answer Key ……..……………………………………………….. 36

What I Need to Know

2. The normal probability distribution has the following properties, EXCEPT

7. Between z = 1.15 and z = 2.89

8. Between z = 0 and z = 1.75

9. To the left of z = −1.24

10. Between z = −1.46 and z = 2.15

For numbers 12-14, refer to the problem below.

12. What is the z-score that corresponds to 180 grams?

13. What is the z-score that corresponds to 250 grams?

The previous module explained the concept of random variables. It is focused

Moreover, the mean, variance and standard deviation of a probability

Given the following score distributions of the students in a mathematics quiz,

5. Based on the activity, what generalizations can you make?

Fig. 2.1. The Normal Probability Distribution

Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

The Normal Distribution Curve

A normal distribution is determined by the mean 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜎. If

Fig. 2.2. The Areas Under the Normal Curve

1. Find the area that corresponds to 𝐳 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓.

2. Using the z-table, find

4. Read the area at the

• The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution. It has the

• A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean µ =

Find the corresponding area between 𝑧 = 0 and each of the following.

The curve above shows a shaded region between 𝑧 = 0and 𝑧 = 1. Similarly, a

Example 1: Find the area that corresponds to 𝒛 = −𝟏.

1. Draw the normal curve and locate the

1. Draw the normal curve and locate

Example 3: Find the area above𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟑𝟒.

1. Draw the normal curve and locate

2. Use the z-table to find the areas that

1. Draw the normal curve and locate

2. Use the z-table to find the areas that

Case 3. When the required area is less than z

Fig. 2.9. Area Under the Normal Curve Less than 𝑧

Example 5: Find the area to the left of 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟐.

1. Draw the normal curve and locate

1. Draw the normal curve and locate

2. Use the z-table to find the areas that

Example 7: Find the area between 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟎 and 𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐.

1. Draw the normal curve and locate

2. Use the z-table to find the areas that

1. Draw the normal curve and

Case 5. When the required area is between −𝐳𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐳𝟐

Example 9: Find the area between 𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟒 and 𝐳 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓.