Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 4
Estimation of Parameters

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Statistics & Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Estimation of Parameters
First Edition, 2020

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 Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 1
Estimation of Parameters

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i

Copyright Page ii

Title Page iii

Table of Contents iv

Module Overview 1

Lesson 1. Illustrating t-Distribution

What I Know 2

What’s In 2

What’s New 3

What Is It? 5

What’s More 6

What I Have Learned 6

What I can Do 6

Assessment 7

Lesson 2. Identifying Percentile Using t-distribution

What I Know 8

What’s In 8

What’s New 8

What Is It? 9

What’s More 10

What I Have Learned 10

What I can Do 10

Assessment 10

Lesson 3. Length of Confidence Interval

What I Know 11

What’s In 12
 What’s New 12

What Is It? 13

What’s More 15

What I Have Learned 15

What I can Do 15

Post Assessment 16

Lesson 4. Appropriate Sample Size Using Length of the Interval

What I Know 17

What’s In 17

What’s New 17

What Is It? 19

What’s More 20

What I Have Learned 20

What I can Do 20

Post Assessment 21

Appendix 22

Key Answers 24

References 27

Module Writer’s Profile 28

MODULE OVERVIEW

Hello learners! I hope you are doing great every day. You are now about to
learn another interesting thing in Statistics. This module was created as simple as
possible. Topics are divided according to the competency required in the curriculum
guide. You might need a calculator or computer during calculations. I ask you to be
patient with the calculations and in learning new concepts.

This module is constructed following the Most Essential Learning

Competencies given by the Department of Education. Hence, the activities are
focused on developing your 21st Century Skills. It has three lessons:

Lesson 1: Illustrating t - Distribution;

Lesson 2: Identifying Percentiles Using t-Distribution;

Lesson 3: Length of Confidence Interval: and.

Lesson 4: Appropriate Sample Size Using Length of the Interval.

What I Need to know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Illustrate the characteristics of t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-2);
2. Identifying percentiles using t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-4);
3. Identify the length of a confidence interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-1); and
4. Computes for the appropriate sample size using the length of the confidence
interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-3);

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following:
✓ Read and follow instructions carefully;
✓ Take your time reading the lessons carefully;
✓ Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently; and
✓ Answer all the given test and exercises.

IMPORTANT REMINDER:
DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS MODULE. USE A SEPARATE
NOTEBOOK WHERE YOU CAN WRITE YOUR ANSWERS FOR THE ACTIVITEIES
OF THIS MODULE.

The Author

1
 Lesson 1 Illustrating t-Distribution
Quarter: Third Week: 9

No. of Days: 2 No. of Hours: 2

What I Know
Pretest

Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.

1. t - distribution is a probability distribution used to estimate parameters EXCEPT

when :
a. the population standard deviation is known
b. the sample size is small
c. the population variance is unknown
d. the sample size is small and population variance is unknown

2. t - distribution is also known as :

a. Teacher’s t - distribution c. Student’s t - distribution
b. z - distribution d. Teacher’s z - distribution

3. Given a set of data, which of the following refers to the independent observations?
a. Variance c. Standard error
b. Degrees of freedom d. Standard deviation

For numbers 4 and 5, refer to the table found in the appendix.

4. Which of the following is the value of t0.05 with a sample size of 10?
a. 1.812 b. 1.900 c. 1.860 d. 1.833

5. Which of the following is the value of t0.01 with 11 degrees of freedom?

a. 2.764 b. 2.681 c. 2.821 d. 2.718

What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned that when we study the sampling
distribution of the sample mean using Central Limit Theorem, this involves taking
sample sizes from a certain population with replacement. With this, sampling
distribution will closely resemble to that of a normal distribution.

2
 What’s New
t- distribution which is also known as Student’s t-distribution, is a probability
distribution which is utilized in estimating parameters of a certain population in case
the sample size is small and/or the population variance or standard deviation is
unknown. It is like with the z-distribution that is bell-shaped and symmetric about the
x- axis but flatter and more spread.

https://www.google.com/search?q=t+distribution+and+z+distribution+curve&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE
wjT8M6s0bPuAhXFUt4KHduHDNEQ_AUoAXoECBgQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=JJE35Wl3Zc0ezM

Take note that z-test is only used when the population standard deviation or
variance is known and/or the sample size is large enough. But for sample sizes which
are small, sometimes the population standard deviation or variance is unknown, rely
on the t-distribution whose value can be known using:
(x̅ − μ)
t= s
√n
where x̅ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean, s is the sample standard
deviation and n is the sample size. This statistic has a student t-distribution as
summarized by the theorem below.

Theorem
If x̅ and s 2 are the mean and variance, respectively of a random sample of size
n taken from a population that is normally distributed with mean μ and variance σ2 ,
(x̅−μ)
then t = s , is a value of a random variable having the distribution t - distribution
√n
with degrees of freedom df = n − 1.

In addition, there are a lot of families of t-distributions. Their particular forms are
determined by their degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom refers to the number of
independent observations in a given set of data. The number of independent
observations is computed by subtracting one from the sample size or in symbols df =
n − 1 where df is the degrees of freedom and n is the sample size. Hence, given a
sample size of 9 will have 8 degrees of freedom and if given 14 degrees of freedom
will lead to a sample size of 15. However, for some or other applications, degrees of
freedom can be calculated in a different way.

Moreover, some properties of t-distribution are the following: the mean

distribution is equal to 0 and its variance is greater than 1 although close to 1. The t-

3
distribution is the same as the standard normal distribution given with infinite degrees
of freedom.
With any statistic that has a bell - shaped distribution which is approximately
normal, the t-distribution can be used. This means that the population distribution must
be normal, symmetric, unimodal and no outliers. Also, the t-distribution can still be
utilized for moderately skewed population distribution given that it is unimodal, without
outliers and size is at least 40. Lastly, the t-distribution can be applied for a size greater
than 40 and without outliers.

The t- distribution Table

https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/451675.image0.jpg

In order to get the t - value, a t-distribution table is shown above, which consists
of degrees of freedom (df) which are the numbers at the leftmost column, “α” at

4
the topmost row and the t-values which are located at the right of the degrees of
freedom and below “α”.

Identifying the t-value

To denote the t-value, it is conveniently written as t(α ,df) . So, if you are asked
on the t-value denoted by t(0.05 ,8) this means the t-value corresponding to α = 0.05
and df = 8. To look for this value in the t-table, first locate the α = 0.05 on the top row
and df on the leftmost column. The intersection of α = 0.05 and df= 8 is 1.860. which
is your t - value (see illustration below).

df α 0.1 0.05
6.314
1 3.078

2 1.886 2.920

⋮ ⋮ ⋮

8 1.397 1.860

What is it

Consider the following examples. Using the given data, we will determine what is
asked.
1. n= 14 α = 0.1 t (α ,df)=
2. df= 10 α = 0.025 t (α ,df)=
3. t (α ,df)= 2.052 α=0.025 n=
4. Find the t-value when μ = 42, x̅ = 44, s = 5 and n = 25.
Solution
1. n = 14 α = 0.1 t (α ,df) = 1.350
If n = 14, so df = n − 1 = 14 − 1 = 13

df α 0.1

1 3.078

2 1.886

⋮ ⋮
13 1.350

5
 2. df= 10 α = 0.025 t (α ,df) = 2.228

df α 0.1 0.05 0.025

1 3.078 6.314

2 1.886 2.920

⋮ ⋮ ⋮

10 1.372 1.812 2.228

3. t (α ,df) = 2.052 α = 0.025 n = 28

df α 0.1 0.05 0.025

1 3.078 6.314

2 1.886 2.920

⋮ ⋮ ⋮

27 1.372 1.812 2.025

Since: df = 27
df = n – 1
27 = n – 1
27 + 1 = n (Addition Property of Equality)
n = 28

4. Find the t-value when μ = 42, x̅ = 44, s = 5 and n = 25.

(x
̅ −μ) (44−42) 2 2(5)
t= s = 5 = 5 = = 2
5
√n √25 5

What’s More
Determine what is asked based on the given data below.

1. n = 20 α = 0.005 t (α ,df) = ?
2. df = 28 α = 0.01 t (α ,df) = ?
3. Find the t-value when μ = 18.5, x̅ = 19, s = 2.5 and n = 16.

6
 What I Have Learned

SUMMARY

> t- distribution which is also known as Student’s t-distribution, is a probability

distribution which is utilized in estimating parameters of a certain population in
case the sample size is small and/or the population variance or standard deviation
is unknown. It is like with the z-distribution that is bell-shaped and symmetric
about the x- axis but flatter and more spread.

> If x̅ and s 2 are the mean and variance, respectively of a random sample of size
n taken from a population that is normally distributed with mean μ and variance σ2 ,
(x̅−μ)
then t = s , is a value of a random variable having the distribution t -
√n
distribution with degrees of freedom df = n − 1. (Theorem)

> Degrees of freedom refers to the number of independent observations in a given

set of data. The number of independent observations is computed by subtracting
one from the sample size or in symbols df = n − 1 where df is the degrees of
freedom and n is the sample size

> Some properties of t-distribution are the following: the mean distribution is equal
to 0 and its variance is greater than 1 although close to 1. The t-distribution is the
same as the standard normal distribution given with infinite degrees of freedom.

What I Can Do
Determine what is asked based on the given data below.

1. n = 25 α = 0.01 t (α ,df) =
2. df = 4 α = 0.025 t (α ,df) =
3. t (α ,df) = 2.763 α = 0.005 df =
4. t (α ,df) = 2.5 α = 0.01 n=
5. Find the t-value when μ = 127, x̅ = 120, s = 14 and n = 18.

7
 Assessment
Direction: Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter
of your answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. t - distribution is a probability distribution used to estimate parameters EXCEPT

when :
b. the population standard deviation is known
c. the sample size is small
d. the population variance is unknown
e. the sample size is small and population variance is unknown

2. t - distribution is also known as :

a. Teacher’s t - distribution c. Student’s t - distribution
b. z - distribution d. Teacher’s z - distribution

3. Given a set of data, which of the following refers to the independent observations?
c. Variance c. Standard error
d. Degrees of freedom d. Standard deviation

For numbers 4 and 5, refer to the table found in the appendix.

4. Which of the following is the value of t0.05 with a sample size of 10?
a. 1.812 b. 1.900 c. 1.860 d. 1.833

5. Which of the following is the value of t0.01 with 11 degrees of freedom?

a. 2.764 b. 2.681 c. 2.821 d. 2.718

8
 Identifying Percentiles Using
Lesson 2
t-Distribution
Quarter: Third Week: 9

No. of Days: 2 No. of Hours: 2

What I Know

Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.

1. What is the 90th percentile in a t-distribution with 12 degrees of freedom?

a. 1.363 b. 1.796 c. 1.782 d. 1.356

2. What is the 97.5th percentile in a t-distribution with a sample size of 15?

a. 2.160 b. 2.145 c. 2.131 d. 2.120

3. What is the 99.5th percentile in a t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom?

a. 3.250 b. 3.169 c. 2.821 d. 2.764

4. What is the 5th percentile in a t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom?

a. -1.372 b. -1.363 c. -1.812 d. -1.796

5. What is the 2.5th percentile in a t-distribution with a sample size of 7?

a. -2.776 b. b. 2.447 c. -2.447 d. -2.776

What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned about t - distribution and its properties that
guided you when it can be used. Also, you learned that as the sample size increases,
the t-distribution tends to approach normality or z - distribution.

What’s New
Percentile is one of the measurements in Statistics which tells the value below
in which an observations’ percentage in a set of observations falls. For example, you
score 70 in an exam and it was mentioned that you belong in the 85th percentile, it
means that 85% of the scores are below you and 15% of the scores are above you.

In addition, in finding the percentile for a t - distribution, the t - table can be

utilized as it is a number on a statistical distribution whose less than the probability is

9
the given percentage. So, if you are asked on the 80th percentile of the t-distribution
with respect to its degrees of freedom, that refers to the value whose left tail is less
than probability is 80% or 0.8 and whose right tail or greater than probability is 20% or
0.2.

What is it
Consider the following examples. Using the given data, determine what is asked.

1. n = 14 Percentile = 95th t (α,df) =

2. df = 10 Percentile = 90th t (α,df) =
Solution
1. n = 14 Percentile = 95th t (α,df) = 1.771
th
To find the value of 95 percentile, identify first the degrees of freedom.
df = n − 1 = 14 − 1 = 13
th
To solve for 95 percentile, we need to understand first its implication which is
to get the t-value that is less than the probability 0.95 and the right tail probability that
is 0.05. Based on the table below, the 95th percentile is 1.771.

df α 0.05

1 6.314

2 2.920

⋮ ⋮
13 1.771

2. df = 10 Percentile = 90th t (α,df) = 1.372

Since the degrees of freedom is given already, we can now identify the 90th percentile
which is 1.372.

df α 0.1
3.078
1

2 1.886

⋮ ⋮
10 1.372

10
 What’s more
Determine what is asked based on the given data below.

1. n = 15 Percentile = 99.5th t (α,df) =

2. df = 25 Percentile = 97.5th t (α,df) =
3. n = 20 Percentile = 99.5th t (α,df) =
4. df = 31 Percentile = 97.5th t (α,df) =
5. n = 5 Percentile = 90th t (α,df) =
6. df = 12 Percentile = 90th t (α,df) =
7. n = 18 Percentile = 99th t (α,df) =
8. df = 7 Percentile = 99.5th t (α,df) =
9. n = 9 Percentile = 99th t (α,df) =
10. df = 35 Percentile = 97.5th t (α,df) =

What I Have Learned

SUMMARY

> Percentile is one of the measurements in Statistics which tells the value below in
which an observations’ percentage in a set of observations falls.

> In finding the percentile for a t - distribution, the t - table can be utilized as it is a
number on a statistical distribution whose less than the probability is the given
percentage

What I Can Do

Determine what is asked based on the given data below.

1. n = 20 Percentile = 10th t (α,df) =

2. df = 25 Percentile = 2.5th t (α,df) =
3. n = 20 Percentile = 90th t (α,df) =
4. df = 31 Percentile = 5th t (α,df) =
5. n = 5 Percentile = 95th t (α,df) =

11
 Assessment

Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet
of paper for your answers.

1. What is the 90th percentile in a t-distribution with 12 degrees of freedom?

a. 1.356 b. 1.796 c. 1.782 d. 1.363

2. What is the 97.5th percentile in a t-distribution with a sample size of 15?

a. 2.131 b. 2.160 c. 2.145 d. 2.120

3. What is the 99.5th percentile in a t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom?

a. 2.764 b. 3.250 c. 3.169 d. 2.821

4. What is the 5th percentile in a t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom?

a. -1.363 b. -1.796 c. -1.372 d. -1.812

5. What is the 2.5th percentile in a t-distribution with a sample size of 7?

a. 2.447 b. -2.776 c. -2.776 d. -2.447

12
Lesson 3 Length of Confidence Interval
Quarter: Third Week: 10

No. of Days: 2 No. of Hours: 2

What I Know

Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table and z-table at the appendix as needed. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. What is the range used to estimate the population parameter with an

attached confidence coefficient?
a. Point Estimate c. Margin of Error
b. Confidence Interval d. Statistical Inference

2. Compute the 65% interval estimate of μ given σ = 6.4, n=40, and x̅ = 42.
a. 40.31 < µ < 42.89 c. 40.27 < µ < 43.93
b. 39.92 < µ < 43.98 d. 41.06 < µ < 42.94

3. Compute the 98% interval estimate of μ given s = 3, n=15 and x̅ =18

a. 15.57 < µ < 20.53 c. 15.97 < µ < 20.03
b. 14.97 < µ < 21.03 d. 14.97 < µ < 21.03

4. Compute the 95% interval estimate of μ given s = 9, n=10 and x̅ =115.

a. 108.56 < µ < 121.44 c. 108.54 < µ < 121.46
b. 109.56 < µ < 120.44 d. 109.54 < µ < 120.46

5. A sample of 50 Asian women showed a mean height of 60 inches. If it is

known that the standard deviation of heights of Asian women is 2.5
inches, construct 70% confidence interval estimate for the height of all
Asian women.
a. 59.64 < µ < 60.36 c. 59.52 < µ < 60.48
b. 58.64 < µ < 61.36 d. 58.52 < µ < 61.48

6. Based on question number 5, how long is the interval?

a. 1.72 c. 0.96
b. 0.72 d. 2.96

13
 What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned that t-distribution can be used in
determining percentile of a certain data. It tells you the value at which a certain
percentage your data is included. However, it has also disadvantages as it may
confuse individuals on how it is different from percentage of the real score and as it
indicates ranking among group of data.

What’s New
Inferential statistics may be divided into two major areas namely, estimation
and hypotheses testing. The concern of estimation is estimating the unknown
population characteristics like the mean or proportion. In estimation, no value of the
parameter is assumed before the sample. Estimating consists of either giving a certain
value or giving an interval.

There are two types of estimates: point estimate and interval estimate. A point
estimate is a numerical value computed from the data from a sample. While interval
estimate is an interval that we are willing to say with some degree of certainty, contains
the parameter being estimated. This degree of uncertainty is called level of confidence
or confidence coefficient, denoted by 1 − α. It can be both one-sided and two-sided
interval estimates.

A statement of confidence can be attached to each interval estimate. Thus, we

can refer to interval estimate as confidence interval and to their bounds as confidence
limits. A practical interpretation of a 95% confidence interval for a parameter, say
population, means that we are 95% confident that the interval computed from a
random sample of size n from a normal population contains the population mean μ.

When an interval estimate has an attached confidence coefficient, it will be

called confidence interval. Confidence interval is a range with lower limit and upper
limit used to estimate population parameter. The lower and the upper limit of the
interval is within the certain level of confidence.

To get the confidence interval, we use either of the following:

σ σ σ
• x̅ ± Zα⁄2 ( ) or x̅ − Zα⁄2 ( ) < μ < x̅ + Zα⁄2 ( ) for estimating population mean
√n √n √n
when variance is known or sample size is greater than 30; or
s s s
• x̅ ± (t(α,n−1) x ( n)) or x̅ − (t (α,n−1) x ( n)) < μ < x̅ + (t (α,n−1) x ( n)) for estimating
2 √ 2 √ 2 √
population mean when variance is unknown and sample size is less than 30 where;
x̅ = sample mean
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size
σ s
Zα⁄2 ( n) ort (α,n−1) x ( n) = margin of error - refers to the maximum allowable
√ 2 √
difference between the sample and true
value

14
Identifying and Computing Length of Confidence Interval

Example 1: Confidence level = 95% σ= 9 n = 20 x̅ = 56

Solution:
σ σ
= x̅ − Zα⁄2 ( n) < μ < x̅ + Zα⁄2 ( n)
√ √
9 9
= 56 – (Z0.05⁄ ( )) < μ < 56 + (Z0.05⁄ ( ))
20
2 √ 2 √20
9 9
= 56 – (1.96 ( )) < μ < 56 + (1.96 ( ))
√20 √20
= 56 – 3.94< μ <56 + 3.94
= 52.06< μ < 59.94 or [52.06,59.94]
Therefore, confidence interval is from 52.06 to 59.94 with a width of 7.88.

Interpretation: We are 95% confident that the interval from 52.06 to 59.94 from a
random sample of size 20 from a normal population contains the population mean μ.

Example 2: Confidence level = 95% s=3 n = 15 x̅ = 25

Solution:
s s
= x̅ − (t(α,n−1) x ( n)) < μ < x̅ + (t(α,n−1) x ( n))
2 √ 2 √

3 3
= 30 − (t (0.05,25−1)x ( 25
)) < μ < 30 + (t (0.05,25−1) x ( ))
2 √ 2 √25
3 3
= 30 − (t (0.025,24) x ( )) < μ < 30 + (t (0.025,24) x ( ))
√25 √25
3 3
= 30 − (2.064 x ( )) < μ < 30 + (2.064 x ( ))
√25 √25
= 30 − (1.24) < μ < 30 + (1.24)
= 28.76 < μ < 31.24

Therefore, confidence interval is from 28.76 to 31.24 with a width of 2.48.

Interpretation: We are 95% confident that the interval from 28.76 to 31.24 from a
random sample of size 15 from a normal population contains the population mean μ.

What is it
Consider the following examples. We identify the confidence interval estimate
and compute its width based on the given data below.

1. Confidence level = 90% σ = 12.5 n = 64 x̅ = 42

2. Confidence level = 98% s = 15 n = 10 x̅ = 21
3. Confidence level = 95% σ = 10 n = 40 x̅ = 23.5
4. Confidence level = 99% s=3 n = 15 x̅ = 28

15
Solution
1. Confidence level = 90% σ = 12.5
n = 64 x̅ = 42
σ σ
= x̅ − Zα⁄2 ( n) < μ < x̅ + Zα⁄2 ( n)
√ √
12.5 12.5
= 42 − Z0.1⁄ ( ) < μ < 42 + Z0.1⁄ ( )
2 √64 2 √64
12.5 12.5
= 42 − Z0.1⁄ ( ) < μ < 42 + Z0.1⁄ ( )
2 √64 2 √64
12.5 12.5
= 42 − 1.645 ( ) < μ < 42 + 1.645 ( )
8 8
= 42 − 2.57 < μ < 42 + 2.57
= 39.43 < μ < 44.57
Therefore, confidence interval is from 39.43 to 44.57 with a width of 5.14.

2. Confidence level = 98% s = 15

n = 10 x̅ = 21
s s
= x̅ − (t (α,n−1) x ( n)) < μ < x̅ + (t (α,n−1) x ( n))
2 √ 2 √

15 15
= 21 − (t(0.02,10−1) x ( )) < μ < 21 + (t(0.02,10−1) x ( ))
2 √10 2 √10
15 15
= 21 − (t (0.01,9) x ( )) < μ < 21 + (t(0.01,9) x ( ))
√10 √10
15 15
= 21 − (2.821x ( )) < μ < 21 + (2.821x ( ))
√10 √10
= 21 − 13.38 < μ < 21 + 13.38
= 7.62 < μ < 34.38
Therefore, confidence interval is from 7.62 to 34.38 with a width of 26.76.

3. Confidence level = 95% σ = 10

N = 40 x̅ = 23.5
σ σ
= x̅ − Zα⁄2 ( n) < μ < x̅ + Zα⁄2 ( n)
√ √
10 10
= 23.5 − Z0.05⁄ ( ) < μ < 23.5 + Z0.05⁄ ( )
2 √40 2 √40
10 10
= 23.5 − 1.96 ( ) < μ < 23.5 + 1.96 ( )
√40 √40
10 10
= 23.5 − 1.96 ( ) < μ < 23.5 + 1.96 ( )
√ 40 √40
10 10
= 23.5 − 1.96 ( ) < μ < 23.5 + 1.96 ( )
√40 √40
= 23.5 − 3.1 < μ < 23.5 + 3.1
= 20.4 < μ < 26.6
Therefore, confidence interval is from 20.4 to 26.6 with a width of 6.2.

16
 4. Confidence level = 99% s=3
n = 15 x̅ = 28
s s
= x̅ − (t (α,n−1) x ( n)) < μ < x̅ + (t (α,n−1) x ( n))
2 √ 2 √

3 3
= 28 − (t(0.01,15−1) x ( )) < μ < 28 + (t(0.01,15−1) x ( ))
2 √15 2 √15
3 3
= 28 − (t (0.005,14) x ( )) < μ < 28 + (t(0.005,14) x ( ))
√15 √15
3 3
= 28 − (2.977x ( )) < μ < 28 + (2.977x ( ))
√15 √15
= 28 − (2.31) < μ < 28 + (2.31)
= 25.69 < μ < 30.31
Therefore, confidence interval is from 25.69 to 30.31 with a width of 4.62.

What’s More
Identify the confidence interval estimate and compute its width based on the
given data below.

1. Confidence level = 97% σ = 16.2 n = 42 x̅ = 45

2. Confidence level = 90% s = 12.5 n = 13 x̅ = 88
3. Confidence level = 98% σ=8 n = 140 x̅ = 70.2
4. Confidence level = 95% s = 4.1 n = 22 x̅ = 23.5

What I Have Learned

SUMMARY

> Inferential statistics may be divided into two major areas namely, estimation and
hypotheses testing.

> Point estimate is a numerical value computed from the data from a sample.
> Interval estimate is an interval that we are willing to say with some degree of
certainty, contains the parameter being estimated.

> The degree of uncertainty is called level of confidence or confidence coefficient,

denoted by 1 − α.

> Confidence interval is a range with lower limit and upper limit used to estimate
population parameter.

> Margin of error refers to the maximum allowable difference between the sample
and true value.

17
 What I Can Do

Determine what is asked based on the given data below.

1. A study was conducted to determine the average salary of a teacher. With

this, 81 teachers were invited as samples. It was known that the mean salary
of these sample teachers is P24,000 with a standard deviation P1,000.
Construct a 90% confidence interval estimate for the average salary of all
teachers.
2. The average hour spent in using the computer by 20 senior high school
students during online class is 7 hours with a standard deviation of 2 hours.
Construct a 98% confidence interval of the average hour spent by all senior
high school students. Identify the width of the interval.
3. Interview 10 Grade 11 senior high school students in your community on their
weekly allowance. Use the information gathered to estimate the weekly
allowance of all Grade 11 senior high school students.

Assessment
Direction: Read the following questions carefully and choose the letter of your
answer. Use the t-table and z-table at the appendix as needed. Use a
separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. What is the range used to estimate the population parameter with an

attached confidence coefficient?
a. Point Estimate c. Margin of Error
b. Confidence Interval d. Statistical Inference
2. Compute the 65% interval estimate of μ given σ = 6.4, n=40, and x̅ = 42.
a. 41.06 < µ < 42.94 c. 39.92 < µ < 43.98
b. 40.31 < µ < 42.89 d. 40.27 < µ < 43.93
3. Compute the 98% interval estimate of μ given s = 3, n=15 and x̅ =18
a. 14.97 < µ < 21.03 c. 14.97 < µ < 21.03
b. 15.57 < µ < 20.53 d. 15.97 < µ < 20.03
4. Compute the 95% interval estimate of μ given s = 9, n=10 and x̅ =115.
a. 109.56 < µ < 120.44 c. 108.56 < µ < 121.44
b. 109.54 < µ < 120.46 d. 108.54 < µ < 121.46
5. A sample of 50 Asian women showed a mean height of 60 inches. If it is
known that the standard deviation of heights of Asian women is 2.5 inches,
construct 70% confidence interval estimate for the height of all Asian
women
a. 59.64 < µ < 60.36 c. 59.52 < µ < 60.48
b. 58.64 < µ < 61.36 d. 58.52 < µ < 61.48
6. Based on question number 5, how long is the interval?
a. 1.72 c. 0.96
b. 0.72 d. 2.96

18
 Lesson 4 Appropriate Sample Size Using
Length of the Interval
Quarter: Third Week: 10

No. of Days: 2 No. of Hours: 2

What I Know

Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Identify the appropriate sample
size of each problem and choose the letter of your answer. Use z-table
at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answers.

1. Which of the following is the appropriate sample size given a standard deviation of
6.4, confidence interval of µ 98% and a margin of error or maximum allowable
deviation of 2.35?
a. 39 b. 40 c. 41 d. 42

2. Given: Margin of error (d) = 2.19, Confidence interval (CI) of population mean =
90%, and population standard deviation (σ) = 5 solve for the appropriate sample size.
a. 15 b. 16 c. 17 d. 18

3. Given: d = 3.92 CI = 94% σ=7 n=?

a. 24 b. 25 c. 26 d. 27

4. Given: d = 2.4 CI = 98% σ = 6.4 n=?

a. 29 b. 30 c. 31 d. 32

5. To estimate the mean price of e-books of senior high schools, with a standard
deviation of P80, how many e-books are needed to be selected as samples if we
wanted to be 95% confident that the sample mean of e-books is within P20 of the true
population?
a. 59 b. 60 c. 61 d. 62

19
 What’s In
In the previous lessons, you learned to identify and compute the length of
confidence interval and on how it is different from the other estimations.

What’s New

In estimating, especially on confidence interval, sample mean, margin of error

or maximum allowable deviation, population variance and sample size are essential
to get a more scientific hypothesis (educated guess) of the true value of the population
mean.

In estimating, the sample size needs to be considered in order to make it more

valid and reliable. Especially on research, the number of respondents must be
considered. The number of members or element of a population must be taken into
consideration aside from it being manageable. The selected samples, either through
probability or non-probability sampling, must be reduced to its minimum, to go through
the study. With this, the researcher/s will be able to make a feasible conclusion about
the parameter of a certain population being studied.

In order to solve for the least number of sample size given a certain confidence
interval, this formula can be used:

σ 2
n = (Zα x )
2 d

where: σ = population standard deviation

d = maximum allowable deviation or margin of error

Computing the Appropriate Sample Size

Example 1: Given: d = 2 CI = 85% σ = 10 n=?

Solution:
2 2
σ 10 2
n = (Zα⁄2 x (d)) = (Z0.15⁄ x ( 2 )) = (1.44x(5)) = (7.2)2 = 51.84 ≈ 52 samples
2
Therefore, you need 52 samples in order to achieve an 85% confidence
level.

(Note: If the computed sample size has a decimal part, it must be rounded off to the
next higher integer as samples need to be whole number.

20
Example 2: (Solving problems involving sample size determination)

A bookstore confirms that the durability of their textbooks follows a normal

distribution with a standard deviation of 5 years. How many textbooks must be
selected as samples if you wanted to estimate with 99% confidence that the sample
mean is within 2 years of the true population mean?

Solution:
Given: σ = 5 CI = 99% d=2
2 2
σ 5 2
n = (Zα⁄2 x (d)) = (Z0.01⁄ x (2)) = (2.575x(2.5)) = (6.44)2 = 41.47 ≈ 42
2

Therefore, you need to select 42 textbooks as samples from the bookstore

to be 99% confident that the sample mean is within 2 years of the true population
mean.

What Is It

Consider the following examples. We will identify the number of samples

needed in each problem.

1. Given: d = 12 CI = 93% σ = 55 n=?

2. Given: d = 15 CI = 99.5% σ = 70 n=?
3. It was reported that students who do online business during this pandemic
crisis earn money with a standard deviation of P1,500. If you wanted to
estimate with 96% confidence the mean income of students within P450 of
the true population mean, how many students should you select?
Solution

1. Given: d = 12 CI = 93% σ = 55 n=?

2
σ
n = (Zα⁄2 x (d))
2
55
= (Z0.07⁄ x (12))
2
= (8.3)2
= 68.89 ≈ 69
Therefore, 69 samples are needed in order to achieve a 93%
confidence level.
2. Given: d = 15 CI = 99.5% σ = 70 n=?
2
σ
n = (Zα⁄2 x (d))
2
70
= (Z0.005⁄ x (15))
2
2
= (2.81x(4.67))
= (13.11)2 = 171.87 ≈ 172 samples

Therefore, 172 samples are needed in order to achieve a 99.5%

confidence level.

21
 3. It was reported that students who do online business during this pandemic
crisis earns money with a standard deviation of P2,000. If you wanted to
estimate with 96% confidence the mean income of students within P450
of the true population mean, how many students should you select?
Given: d = 450 CI = 96% σ = 2,000 n =?
2 2
σ 2000
n = (Zα⁄2 x ( )) = (Z0.04⁄ x ( ))
d 2 450
2
= (2.05x(4.44))
= (9.1)2
= 82.81
≈ 83 samples

Therefore, you need to select 83 students as respondents to be

96% confident that the sample mean of income is within P450 of the true
population mean.

What’s more
Identify the number of samples needed in each problem.

1. d = 115 CI = 98.5% σ = 1800 n=?

2. d = 85 CI = 98.6% σ = 1650 n=?
3. As claimed, the daily allowance of Grade 12 public school students in
Misamis Oriental is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 10
pesos. If you wanted to estimate with 99.7% confidence the mean daily
allowance of Grade 12 students within 3 pesos of the true mean, how many
students do you need to ask?

What I Have Learned

SUMMARY

> Confidence interval, sample mean, margin of error or maximum allowable

deviation, population variance and sample size are essential to get a more
scientific hypothesis (educated guess) of the true value of the population mean in
estimating.

> The sample size needs to be considered in order to make it more valid and reliable.

22
 What I Can do

Determine what is asked based on the given data below.

1. The school head observes an increase of internet expenditures of learners

for months already with a standard deviation of 15 pesos. How many learners
must be sampled in order to be 99% confident that the amount spent on
internet expenditures will be within P 2.00 of the true mean?

2. During the pandemic, the LGU gave cash assistance to those who individuals
who were badly affected. It was said that the cash assistance is normally
distributed with a standard deviation of P500. If a concerned citizen wanted
to know if it is true with 97% confidence level within P300 of the true
population mean, how many individuals does he need as samples?

Post -Assessment

Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Identify the appropriate sample
size of each problem and choose the letter of your answer. Use z-table
at the appendix as needed. Use a separate sheet of paper for your
answers.

1. Which of the following is the appropriate sample size given a standard deviation of
6.4, confidence interval of µ 98% and a margin of error or maximum allowable
deviation of 2.35?
a. 39 b. 40 c. 41 d. 42

2. Given: Margin of error (d) = 2.19, Confidence interval (CI) of population mean =
90%, and population standard deviation (σ) = 5 solve for the appropriate sample
size.
a. 15 b. 16 c. 17 d. 18

3. Given: d = 3.92 CI = 94% σ=7 n=?

a. 24 b. 25 c. 26 d. 27

4. Given: d = 2.4 CI = 98% σ = 6.4 n=?

a. 29 b. 30 c. 31 d. 32

5. To estimate the mean price of e-books of senior high schools, with a standard
deviation of P80, how many e-books are needed to be selected as samples if we
wanted to be 95% confident that the sample mean of e-books is within P20 of the
true population?
a. 59 b. 60 c. 61 d. 62

23
 Appendix

T- distribution Table

https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/451675.image0.jpg

24
 Standard Normal Curve Areas (Z- distribution Table)

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2Fbb

25
 26
1. A 1. -1.328
2. C 2. -2.060
3. B 3.1.328
4. D 4. -1.645
5. D
Lesson 3
5. 2.132
Post test Application
1. 2.977 6. 1.256 1. D
2. 2.060 7. 2.567 2. B
3. 2.861 8. 3.499 3. A
4. 1.96 9. 2.896 4. C
5. 1.533 10. 1.96 5. C
Enrichment Activity Pretest
Lesson 2
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. A
Post test Application
1. 1.729 1. A
2. C
2. 2.467
3. B
3. 0.8 4. D
5. D
Enrichment Activity Pretest
Lesson 1
Key Answers
 27
1. B
2. C
3. A 1. 373
4. D
5. C 2. 14
Post test Application
1. 1,447
1. C
2. 2,272 2. A
3. B
3. 141 4. C
5. D
Enrichment Activity Pretest
Lesson 4
Post test
1. P23,817.22 <µ < P24,182.78
Therefore, we are 90% confident that the true
salary of all teachers is between P23,817.22
and P24,182.78
1. B 2. 5.86hrs <µ <8.14hrs
2. A Therefore, we are 98% confident that the true
3. D average hour spent by senior high school
4. C students is between 5.86 hours to 8.14 hours
5. A
which gives a width of 2.28 hours.
3. (Answer depends on the data they will gather)
6. B
Post test Application
1. B
1. 1.729 2. D
2. 2.467 3. C
4. A
3. 0.8 5. A
6. B
Enrichment Activity Pretest
Lesson 3
References

Albacea, Zita VJ, et al. Statistics and Probability. Commission on Higher

Education, 2016

Banigon, Ricardo B., et al. Statistics and Probability for Senior High
School. Educational Resources Corporation, 2018

https://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/t-distribution.aspx

https://www.dummies.com/education/math/statistics/how-to-find-
percentiles-for-a-t-distribution/

https://www.google.com/search?q=t+distribution+and+z+distribution+cur
ve&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT8M6s0bP
uAhXFUt4KHduHDNEQ_AUoAXoECBgQAw&biw=1366&bih=
657#imgrc=JJE35Wl3Zc0ezM

https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/451675.image0.jpg

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.co
m%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2Fbb

28
 MODULE WRITER’S PROFILE

Name : IRL JOHN M. CERVANTES

Position : TEACHER II

Educational Attainment:

MAED in Teaching Mathematics (24 units)

Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Mathematics

Module Title : Q3 - Module 4 - Estimation of Parameters

Division : Misamis Oriental

District : Jasaan

School : Danao National High School

29
For inquires or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental

Office Address: Del Pilar corner Velez Street, Brgy. 29,
Cagayan de Oro City, 9000
Telephone Nos.: (088) 881-3094: Text: 0917-8992245
(Globe)
Email: misamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph

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