E X A M P L E 13.

1
A 7.2-m-long A-36 steel tube having the cross section shown in Fig. 13–9 Pcr
is to be used as a pin-ended column. Determine the maximum allowable
axial load the column can support so that it does not buckle.
Solution
Using Eq. 13–5 to obtain the critical load with Est
200 GPa,
70 mm
p2EI
Pcr =
L2
] A 14– B in4
7.2 m 75 mm
22
[29110362) kip>in
p [200(10 kN/m2](– p132 (70)4)(1
(75)44 - 14–1–4p12.7524 m/1000 mm)4
= ———————————————————————— 2 2
[24 ft12 in.>ft2]
(7.2 m)

228.2 kN Ans.
This force creates an average compressive stress in the column of
Pcr 64.5(1000
228.2 kN kip N/kN)
scr = = ———–——————— =
14.3 ksi N/mm2
100 MPa
100.2
A [(75) -p12.752
[p132 2 2
(70)22]] mm
in2 2 Pcr
Since cr  Y
250 MPa, application of Euler’s equation is appropriate.
Fig. 13–9
E X A M P L E 13.2
The A-36 steel W200  46 member shown in Fig. 13–10 is to be used as
a pin-connected column. Determine the largest axial load it can support
before it either begins to buckle or the steel yields. x

Solution
y y
From the table in Appendix B, the column’s cross-sectional area and
moments of inertia are A
5890 mm2, Ix
45.5  106 mm4, and 4m
x
Iy
15.3  106 mm4. By inspection, buckling will occur about the y–y axis.
Why? Applying Eq. 13–5, we have
[291106)32kN/m
p2EI p2[200(10
2 2 2
kip>in ]137.14)in
](15.3(10 2 )(1 m/1000 mm)4
4 4
mm
Pcr = = ——————————–———————————— = 512 kip
1887.6 kN
L2 (4 2m)2
[12 ft12 in.>ft2]
When fully loaded, the average compressive stress in the column is
Pcr 512 kip kN (1000 N/kN)
1887.6 Fig. 13–10
scr = = ———–———————= 56.1 ksi
320.5 N/mm2
A 9.13 in2 5890mm2
Since this stress exceeds the yield stress (250 N/mm2), the load P is
determined from simple compression:
P P
36 ksi
250 = 2
————
N/mm 2
; ; P
1472.5 kN Ans.
9.13 in5890mm2
In actual practice, a factor of safety would be placed on this loading.
E X A M P L E 13.3
P
x
A W150  24 steel column is 8 m long and is fixed at its ends as shown in
y Fig. 13–13a. Its load-carrying capacity is increased by bracing it about the
y–y (weak) axis using struts that are assumed to be pin-connected to its
y midheight. Determine the load it can support so that the column does not
x buckle nor the material exceed the yield stress. Take Est
200 GPa and
4m Y
410 MPa.

Solution
The buckling behavior of the column will be different about the x and y axes
due to the bracing. The buckled shape for each of these cases is shown in
4m Figs. 13–13b and 13–13c. From Fig. 13–13b, the effective length for buckling
about the x–x axis is (KL)x
0.5(8 m)
4 m, and from Fig. 13–13c, for
buckling about the y–y axis, (KL)y
0.7(8 m/2)
2.8 m. The moments of
(a)
inertia for a W150  24 are determined from the table in Appendix B. We
have Ix
13.4  106 mm4, Iy
1.83  106 mm4.
Fig. 13–13a
Applying Eq. 13–11, we have
p2EIx p [200(1026)ksi]29.1 6
2 3 4
2[29110 kN/m2]13.4(10 ) m4
1Pcr2x =
in
= = kip
1653.2 kN (1)
1KL22x 1144 in.2
———–——————————— 401.7
(42 m)2

p2EIy  [29110326)ksi]9.32
p2[200(10 in4
kN/m2]1.83(10 6
) m4
1Pcr2y =
4m
= ———–——————————— = kip
460.8 kN (2)
1KL22y 1100.8 in.2
262.5
(2.82 m)2
By comparison, buckling will occur about the y–y axis.
The area of the cross section is 3060 mm2, so the average compressive
stress in the column will be
x – x axis buckling
Pcr 262.5 kip 3) N
460.8(10
(b) scr = = ——————
ksi
= 59.3 150.6 N/mm2
A 3060
4.43 in2mm2
Fig. 13–13b Since this stress is less than the yield stress, buckling will occur before
the material yields. Thus,
Pcr
461 kN Ans.
2.8 m Note: From Eq. 13–11 it can be seen that buckling will always occur
about the column axis having the largest slenderness ratio, since a large
slenderness ratio will give a small critical load. Thus, using the data for
the radius of gyration from the table in Appendix B, we have

a b = ———–————
KL 4 m(1000
144 in. mm/m)
= 56.2
60.4
r x 2.56 in.
66.2 mm

a b = ————–————
KL 2.8 m(1000
100.8 in. mm/m)
y – y axis buckling = 69.0
114.3
r y 1.46 in.
24.5 mm
(c)
Hence, y–y axis buckling will occur, which is the same conclusion reached
Fig. 13–13 by comparing Eqs. 1 and 2.
E X A M P L E 13.4
The aluminum column is fixed at its bottom and is braced at its top by cables
so as to prevent movement at the top along the x axis, Fig. 13–14a. If it is z
assumed to be fixed at its base, determine the largest allowable load P that
can be applied. Use a factor of safety for buckling of F.S. = 3.0. Take
Eal = 70 GPa, sY = 215 MPa, A = 7.5110-32 m2, Ix = 61.3110-62 m4,
P
y
Iy = 23.2110-62 m4.
y
Solution
Buckling about the x and y axes is shown in Fig. 13–14b and 13–14c,
respectively. Using Fig. 13–12a, for x–x axis buckling, K = 2, so
1KL2x =215 m2 = 10 m. Also, for y–y axis buckling, K = 0.7, so
x

1KL2y =0.715 m2 = 3.5 m. 5m

Applying Eq. 13–11, the critical loads for each case are
p2EIx p2[7011092 N>m2]161.3110-62 m42
1Pcr2x = =
1KL22x 110 m22
= 424 kN
p2[7011092 N>m2]123.2110-62 m42
(a)
p2EIy
1Pcr2y = =
1KL22y 13.5 m22 Fig. 13–14a
= 1.31 MN
By comparison, as P is increased the column will buckle about the x–x axis.
The allowable load is therefore
Pcr 424 kN
Pallow = = = 141 kN Ans.
F.S. 3.0
Since
Pcr 424 kN
scr = = = 56.5 MPa 6 215 MPa
A 7.5110-32 m2
Euler’s equation can be applied. Le = 10 m

Le = 3.5 m

x—x axis buckling

y –y axis buckling (b)

(c) Fig. 13–14

Fig. 13–14c
E X A M P L E 13.5
The steel column shown in Fig. 13–19 is assumed to be pin-connected at
its top and base. Determine the allowable eccentric load P that can be
applied. Also, what is the maximum deflection of the column due to this
loading? Due to bracing, assume buckling does not occur about the
y axis. Take Est
200(103) MPa, Y
250 MPa.
z

P
25 mm

50 mm

y 75 mm

75 mm
x

4.5 m

Fig. 13–19
Solution
Computing the necessary geometrical properties, we have

12
1
Ix = (50in.216 = 363 in.
in.23 mm)
mm)(150
414.06  106 mm4
12
A = 12
(50in.216 in.2 =mm)
mm)(150
27500 mm4
12 in.
36 in.4  106 mm4
14.06
rx = = 1.732
——–—–——–— in.
43.30 mm
B 2
D12 in.7500 mm2
e = 125in.
mm
KL = 1(4.5
1115 ft2112 in.>ft2
= 4500
mm)(1000) 180 in.
mm
KL 180 in.
4500 mm
= ———–—=
104
104
rx 43.30 in.
1.732 mm
 Since the curves in Fig. 13–18b have been established for Est
200(103) P (MPa)
—
A
MPa, and Y
250 MPa, we can use them to determine the value of
P>A and thus avoid a trial-and-error solution of the secant formula. Here 300
KL>rx = 104. Using the curve defined by the eccentricity ratio 250 ec = 0.1
—
ec/r2
(25 mm)(75 mm)/(43.30 mm)2
1, we get 200
r2
0.5 Euler’s formula
Eq. 13–6
P ec = 0

L 12
83 ksi
MPa 100
1.0 —
r2
A 1.5

P
(83 MPa)(7500 mm2)
622 500 N
622.5 kN Ans.

—
—KL
0
50 100 150 200 r
We can check this value by showing that it satisfies the secant A-36 structural steel
formula, Eq. 13–19: Est = 200(103) MPa, σY = 250 MPa

Fig. 13–18
c1 + 2 sec a bd
P ec L P
smax =
A r 2r A EA

c1 +1112 a ——–—–— ———–————–——–—–— bd

144 kip3) N 180
4500in.mm 144622.5(10
kip 3) N
622.5(10
36 ⱨ ——–———
250
12 in.
7500 mm
2 2 [ secsec
(1) (
211.732 in.2 A 3
2
(2)43.3 mm D 200(10 ) N/mmin.
29110 ksi112
3 2 2
2
 7500 mm2
)]
250 12[1
36 ⱨ 83[1 sec 11.0570rad)]
+ sec(1.0586 rad2]

250 1211
36 ⱨ 83[1 + sec60.65°]
sec 60.56°2

36 L 36.4
250 252.3

The maximum deflection occurs at the column’s center, where

max
250 MPa.Applying Eq. 13–16, we have

vmax = ecsec a b - 1d
P L
A EI 2

= 25 mm sec
1 in.csec[ (
a
144 kip 622.5(10
———–————–——–—–——–—
A 29110 3
D 200(102 ksi136
3
3
180) Nin.
in 2 14.06
) N/mm 24
2  10 mm 2 ) ]
b -6 1 d 4  ——–——  1
4500 mm

25 mm[see 1.0586 rad  1]

25 mm[see 60.65°  1]

26.0 mm Ans.
E X A M P L E 13.6
z The W200  59 A-36 steel column shown in Fig. 13–20a is fixed at its
x P
base and braced at the top so that it is fixed from displacement, yet free
200 mm
to rotate about the y–y axis. Also, it can sway to the side in the y–z plane.
y
Determine the maximum eccentric load the column can support before
y it either begins to buckle or the steel yields.

Solution
x
From the support conditions it is seen that about the y–y axis the column
4m behaves as if it were pinned at its top and fixed at the bottom and
subjected to an axial load P, Fig. 13–20b. About the x–x axis the column
is free at the top and fixed at the bottom, and it is subjected to both an
axial load P and moment M
P(200 mm), Fig. 13–20c.
(a)
y-y Axis Buckling. From Fig.13–12d the effective length factor is Ky = 0.7,
Fig.P13–20a so (KL)y
0.7(4 m)
2.8 m
2800 mm. Using the table in Appendix B to
determine Iy for the W200  59 section and applying Eq. 13–11, we have

p2EIy p
22[29110 2 )ksi]
33
149.1
2 in42
](20.4)(106) mm4)
1Pcr2y =
[200(10 N/mm
= ———————————————— = 1383 kip
1KL22y 1100.8(2800
in.22 mm)2
2.8 m
4m
5136247 N
5136 kN

x-x Axis Yielding. From Fig. 13–12b, Kx = 2, so (KL)x
2(4 m)
8

m
8000 mm. Again using the table in Appendix B to determine
A
7580 mm2, c
210 mm/2
105 mm, and rx
89.9 mm, and applying
(b) y –y axis buckling
the secant formula, we have
Fig. 13–20b 1KL2x
c1 + 2 sec a bd
P Px ec Px
sY =
M= P(200 mm) A rx 2rx A EA
200  105
or
Px
250
—–—
7580 [
1 ———–—
89.92
8000
sec ——–— ( Px
——––——–—
2(89.9) D 200(103) · 7580 )]
1.895  106
Px[1= Px2.598
421.2 2.979 sec 10.0700
[1 + sec(1.143  103 2Px2]
4m

Solving for Px by trial and error, noting that the argument for sec is in
radians, we get

(c) Px
419368 N
419.4 kN Ans.

x – x axis buckling

Fig. 13–20 Since this value is less than (Pcr)
5136 kN, failure will occur about the
x–x axis. Also, 
419.4  103 N/7580 mm2
55.3 MPa  Y
250 MPa.
E X A M P L E 13.7
A solid rod has a diameter of 30 mm and is 600 mm long. It is made of a σ (MPa)
material that can be modeled by the stress–strain diagram shown in Fig. 13–22.
If it is used as a pin-supported column, determine the critical load.
270
Solution
The radius of gyration is σpl = 150
I 1p>421152 4
r = = = 7.5 mm
AA B p11522
and therefore the slenderness ratio is ∋
0.001 0.002
KL 11600 mm2
= = 80 Fig. 13–22
r 7.5 mm

Applying Eq. 13–20 yields

p2Et p2Et
scr = = = 1.542110 - 32Et
1KL>r22 18022
(1)

First we will assume that the critical stress is elastic. From Fig. 13–22,

150 MPa
E = = 150 GPa
0.001

Thus, Eq. 1 becomes

scr = 1.542110 - 32[15011032] MPa = 231.3 MPa

Since scr 7 spl = 150 MPa, inelastic buckling occurs.

From the second line segment of the s - P diagram, Fig. 13–22, we
have
¢s 270 MPa - 150 MPa
Et = = = 120 GPa
¢P 0.002 - 0.001

Applying Eq. 1 yields

scr = 1.542110 - 32[12011032] MPa = 185.1 MPa

Since this value falls within the limits of 150 MPa and 270 MPa, it is
indeed the critical stress.
The critical load on the rod is therefore
Pcr = scrA = 185.1 MPa[p10.015 m22] = 131 kN Ans.
E X A M P L E 13.8
P An A-36 steel W250  149 member is used as a pin-supported column,
x y Fig. 13–27. Using the AISC column design formulas, determine the
largest load that it can safely support. Est
200(103) MPa, Y
250 MPa.
y x

Solution
The following data for a W250  149 is taken from the table in Appendix B.
5m
A
19000 mm2 rx
117 mm ry
67.4 mm

Since K = 1 for both x and y axis buckling, the slenderness ratio is largest
if ry is used. Thus,

KL 1116 ft2112 in.>ft2

1(5 m)(1000 mm/m)
= ————————— = 72.45

74.18
P
r 12.65
(67.4in.2
mm)
Fig. 13–27
From Eq. 13–22, we have

2p2E
a b =
KL
r c B sY

222[29110
2p 2 ksi]
3 3
(200)(10 ) MPa
= ——–—–———–—
D
B 36 ksiMPa
250
= 126.1

125.66

Here 0 6 KL>r 6 1KL>r2c, so Eq. 13–23 applies.

1KL>r22
c1 - dsY
21KL>r22c
sallow =
515>32 + [13>821KL>r2>1KL>r2c] - [1KL>r23>81KL>rc23]6

-
[1 [1 (74.18)2 2>21126.12
172.452 2
/2(125.66)2]250]36MPa
ksi
= ———————————–—–——–————————
515>32
{(5/3) + [(3/8)(74.18/125.66)]
[13>82172.45>126.12]-[(74.18)
[172.4523 3>81126.1233]6
/8(125.66) ]}

= 110.85 MPa
16.17 ksi
The allowable load P on the column is therefore

P PP
sallow = ; N/mm2 = —————
16.17 kip>in.
110.85 2 2
A 19000
29.4 in.mm

P
2106150 N
2106 kN Ans.

E X A M P L E 13.9
The steel rod in Fig. 13–28 is to be used to support an axial load of 80 kN.
If Est
210(103) MPa and Y
360 MPa, determine the smallest diameter
of the rod as allowed by the AISC specification. The rod is fixed at both
ends.

80 kN 80 kN

5000 mm

Fig. 13–28

Solution
For a circular cross section the radius of gyration becomes
I 11>42p1d>224 d
r = = =
AA B 11>42pd 2 4
Applying Eq. 13–22, we have
2p2E 222[29110 2 ksi]
3 3) MPa]
a b =
KL 2p [210(10
= ——–—–——–—–
107.3
= 107.0
r c B sY D
B 50
360ksi
MPa
Since the rod’s radius of gyration is unknown, KL>r is unknown, and
therefore a choice must be made as to whether Eq. 13–21 or Eq. 13–23
applies. We will consider Eq. 13–21. For a fixed-end column K = 0.5, so
12p2E
sallow =
231KL>r22
18 3kip
80(10 )N 1212p
2 2 3 3
[29110
[210(10 2 kip>in
) N/mm 2 2
] ]
———–— = ———–———————
11>42pd
(1/4) d 2 2
23[0.5115 ft2112
23[0.5(5000 2
in.>ft21d>42]
mm)/(d/4)] 2

101.86  103
22.92
———–—— = 1.152d
0.0108d2 2 mm
d2 d2
d = 55.42 mm
2.11 in.
Use
d
56 mm Ans.
For this design, we must check the slenderness-ratio limits; i.e.,
0.511521122
KL 0.5(5)(1000)
= ————–— = 179
12.25>42
160
r (56/4)
Since 107.3  179  200, use of Eq. 13–21 is appropriate.
E X A M P L E 13.10
60 kN A bar having a length of 750 mm is used to support an axial compressive
load of 60 kN, Fig. 13–29. It is pin supported at its ends and made from
b 2b a 2014-T6 aluminum alloy. Determine the dimensions of its cross-
sectional area if its width is to be twice its thickness.
x y

Solution
Since KL
750 mm is the same for both x–x and y–y axis buckling, the
largest slenderness ratio is determined using the smallest radius of
gyration, i.e., using Imin = Iy:
750 mm
KL KL 1(750)
11302 103.9
2598.1
= = = ——— (1)
ry 2Iy>A 211>1222b1b23>[2b1b2]
3
(1/12)2b(b )/[2b(b)] bb

Here we must apply Eq. 13–24, 13–25, or 13–26. Since we do not as yet
know the slenderness ratio, we will begin by using Eq. 13–24.

P
= 195 N/mm2
28 ksi
60 kN A
123kip
60(10 )N 22
Fig. 13–29 ——––— = 195 N/mm
28 kip>in
2b1b2
2b(b)
b = 0.463
12.40 in.
mm

Checking the slenderness ratio, we have

KL 2598.1
103.9
= ———=
224.5
209.57
1212
r 0.463
12.40
Try Eq. 13–26, which is valid for KL>r Ú 55:
P 378125
54 MPa
000 ksi
= ———–——
A 1KL>r2
(KL/r)2 2
123)
60(10 378125
54 000
——— = —————
2b1b2
2b(b) 1103.9>b2
(2598.1/b)2 2
b = 27.05
1.05 in.
mm Ans.
From Eq. 1,
KL 2598.1
103.9
= ———=
99.3
96.07
5555 OK
OK
r 1.05
27.05
Note: It would be satisfactory to choose the cross section with
dimensions 27 mm by 54 mm.
E X A M P L E 13.11
A board having cross-sectional dimensions of 150 mm by 40 mm is used
to support an axial load of 20 kN, Fig. 13–30. If the board is assumed to
be pin supported at its top and bottom, determine its greatest allowable
length L as specified by the NFPA.

20 kN

40 mm 150 mm

y
x

20 kN

Fig. 13–30

Solution
By inspection, the board will buckle about the y axis. In the NFPA
equations, d = 1.5 in. Assuming that Eq. 13–29 applies, we have
P 3718 MPa
540 ksi
= –————
A 1KL>d2
(KL/d)22
3
5 kip
20(10 )N 3718 ksi 2
540N/mm
———–———–— = –————–—
15.5mm)(40
(150 in.211.5mm)
in.2 11 L/40
(1 in.222
L>1.5mm)
L = 1336
44.8 in.
mm Ans.
Here
KL 1144.8 in.2
(1)1336 mm
= –––——–—=
29.8
33.4
d 1.5 in.
40 mm
Since 26 6 KL>d … 50, the solution is valid.
E X A M P L E 13.12
The column in Fig. 13–32 is made of aluminum alloy 2014-T6 and is used
to support an eccentric load P. Determine the magnitude of P that can
be supported if the column is fixed at its base and free at its top. Use
Eq. 13–30. P

40 mm 20 mm

40 mm
40 mm

1600 mm

Fig. 13–32
Solution
From Fig. 13–12b, K = 2. The largest slenderness ratio for the column
is therefore
KL 2(1600
2180 in.2mm)
= = 277.1

277.1
r 12[11>12214 in.212 in.2
[(1/12)(80 mm)(40
3 3
mm)]>[12 in.24
]/[(40 in.] mm]
mm)80
By inspection, Eq. 13–26 must be used 1277.1 7 552. Thus,
54 000 ksi
378125 MPa 54 000 ksi MPa
378125
sallow = —––——–— =
—––——–— = 0.703
1KL>r2 1277.12
22 2
ksi
4.92 MPa
(KL/r) (277.1)2
The actual maximum compressive stress in the column is determined
from the combination of axial load and bending. We have
P 1Pe2c
smax = +
A I
PP P11 in.212 in.2
P(20 mm)(40 mm)
= —––——–—— + —––————–————
40 mm(80
2 in.14 11>12212
in.2 mm) (1/12)(40 3
in.214mm)(80
in.2 mm)3
= 0.3125P
0.00078125 P
Assuming that this stress is uniform over the cross section, instead of just
at the outer boundary, we require
sallow = smax; 4.92
0.00078125P
P
6297.6 N
6.30 kN Ans.
E X A M P L E 13.13
The A-36 steel W150  30 column in Fig. 13–33 is pin connected at its P
ends and is subjected to the eccentric load P. Determine the maximum 750 mm
allowable value of P using the interaction method if the allowable
bending stress is (b)allow
160 MPa. E
200 GPa, Y
250 MPa.
y
Solution x
Here K = 1. The necessary geometric properties for the W150  30 are
taken from the table in Appendix B.
A
3790 mm2 Ix
17.1  106 mm4 ry
38.2 mm d
157 mm
4m
We will consider ry because this will lead to the largest value of the
slenderness ratio. Also, Ix is needed since bending occurs about the x
axis (c
157 mm/2
78.5 mm). To determine the allowable compressive
stress, we have
KL 1(4 m)(1000
1115 mm/m)
ft112 in.>ft2
= —––—————–—
104.71
= 120 M = P(750 mm)
r 38.2in.mm
1.50
Since P
2 2 [29110
22
2 ksi]
3 3
a b =
KL 2p E 2p (200)(10 ) MPa
= ——–—–——–——
125.66
= 126.1 Fig. 13–33
r c B sY C
D 250ksiMPa
36

then KL>r 6 1KL>r2c and so Eq. 13–23 must be used.

[1 - 1KL>r22>21KL>r2c2]sY
sallow =
[15>32 + [13>821KL>r2>1KL>r2c] - [1KL>r23>81KL>r2c3]]
[1  11202
[1 - >21126.12
2 2
(104.71) 2
/2(125.66) ] ⴢ 250 MPa
]36 2ksi
= —––————––—–——————————––––————–—–
{(5/3)+ [13>8211202>1126.12]
[15>32 - [11202
[(3/8)(104.71)/(125.66)] 3
>81126.12
 [(104.71) /8(125.66)
3 3
]] 3
]}
= 85.59
10.28 ksi
MPa
Applying the interaction Eq. 13–31 yields
sa sb
+ … 1
1sa2allow 1sb2allow
P>5.87
P/3790 mmin.22 P130 in.213.10
P(750 mm)(157in.2>141.4 in42 6) mm4
mm/2)/17.1(10
—––——–—2 + —––——–———————————— = 1
1
10.28
85.59 N/mmksi ksi N/mm2
22160

= 8.43
P
40.65kip
kN Ans.
Checking the application of the interaction method for the steel
section, we require
sa 3
8.43 kip>15.87
40.65(10 in.2 mm2)
) N/(3790
= ——–—–——–——–—— = 0.140
60.125
1sa2allow 2 2
0.15  0.15
OK OK
10.28 kip>in
85.59 N/mm
E X A M P L E 13.14
The timber column in Fig. 13–34 is made from two boards nailed together
so that the cross section has the dimensions shown. If the column is fixed
at its base and free at its top, use Eq. 13–30 to determine the eccentric
load P that can be supported.
P
60 mm 60 mm
60 mm
20 mm

x
y

1200 mm

Fig. 13–34
Solution
From Fig. 13–12b, K = 2. Here we must calculate KL>d to determine
which equation from Eqs. 13–27 through 13–29 should be used. Since sallow
is determined using the largest slenderness ratio, we choose d
60 mm.
This is done to make this ratio as large as possible, and thereby yields the
lowest possible allowable axial stress. This is done even though bending
due to P is about the x axis. We have
KL 2160
2(1200in.2
mm)
= —––——–— = 40

40
d 360in.mm
The allowable axial stress is determined using Eq. 13–29 since
26 6 KL>d 6 50. Thus,
540 ksi
3718 MPa 540 ksiMPa
3718
sallow = —––——– =
—––—–— = 0.3375

2.324
1KL>d2 1402
ksi MPa
(KL/d)22 2 2
(40)
Applying Eq. 13–30 with sallow = smax, we have
P Mc
sallow = +
A I
P P P14 in.213
P(80in.2
mm)(60 mm)
2.324 N/mmksi2 = —–——–——— + —––——–———————
11>12213
0.3375
3 in.16
60 in.2 mm)
mm(120 (1/12)(600 3
mm)(120
in.216 in.2 mm)3
P
3.35 kN Ans.