LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM FISIOLOGI

NAMA : RISMA ROKHAYATI

NIM : 20109011017
EXERCISE 6
ACTIVITY 1
Pre-Lab Quiz

1. The cardiac muscle is capable of which of the following?

c. autorhythmicity
2. Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and
potassium channels are closed, is called the
a. plateau phase.
3. Which of the following is true of the cardiac action potential?
b. The cardiac action potential is longer than the skeletal muscle action potential.
4. The main anatomical difference between the frog heart and the human heart is that the
frog heart has
c. a single, fused ventricle
Experiment
Predict Question

1. When you increase the frequency of the stimulation, what do you think will happen to the
amplitude (height) of the ventricular systole wave?
a. The amplitude will increase.
2. If you deliver multiple stimuli (20 stimuli per second) to the heart, what do you think will
happen?
a. wave summation
Stop & Think Questions:
- Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope. Enter the number
of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field below and
then click Submit Data to record your answer in the lab report.
60 beats/min
- Which of the following statements about the contractile activity is true?
a. The smaller waves represent the contraction of the atria.
- During which portion of the cardiac muscle contraction is it possible to induce an
extrasystole?
d. during relaxation
Experiment Data
Post-lab Quiz Result

1. The amplitude of the ventricular systole did not change with the more frequent
stimulation because
a. a new contraction could not begin until the relaxation phase
2. Which of the following do you think contribute to the inability of cardiac muscle to be
tetanized?
a. the long refractory period of the cardiac action potential
3. Given the function of the heart, why is it important that cardiac muscle cannot reach
tetanus?
b. The ventricles must contract and relax fully with each beat to pump blood.
4. An extrasystole corresponds to
c. an extra ventricular contraction.
Review Sheet Results
1. Explain why the larger waves seen on the oscilloscope represent the ventricular
contraction.
2. Explain why the amplitude of the wave did not change when you increased the frequency
of the stimulation. (Hint: relate your response to the refractory period of the cardiac
action potential.) How well did the results compare with your prediction?
3. Why is it only possible to induce an extrasystole during relaxation?
4. Explain why wave summation and tetanus are not possible in cardiac muscle tissue. How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Answer
ACTIVITY 2
Pre-Lab Quiz

1. The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart is to

a. decrease the heart rate.
2. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that dominates during exercise is
b. the sympathetic branch.
3. Parasympathetic stimulation reaches the heart through
d. vagus nerves, which are cranial nerves.
4. The usual pacemaker of the heart
c. is the sinoatrial node.
Experiment
Predict Question
What do you think will happen if you apply multiple stimuli to the heart by indirectly stimulating
the vagus nerve?
b. The heart rate will decrease.
Stop & Think Questions:
- Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope.
Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field
below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in the lab report.
60 beats/min
- The vagus nerve carries
a. signals that decrease the heart rate.
- Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field
below and then click Submit Data to record your answer in the lab report.
60 beats/min
- The response that resumed the heartbeat after the vagus nerve stimulation is called
b. vagal escape.
Experiment Data
Post-lab Quiz Result

1. Extreme vagus nerve stimulation affects the heart by

a. stopping the heart completely.
2. Vagal escape probably involves: c. sympathetic reflexes.
3. Research shows that, in the absence of neural and hormonal influences, the SA node
generates action potentials at a frequency of approximately 100 times per minute.
However, the resting heart rate is approximately 70 beats per minute, which suggests that
b. the parasympathetic nervous system has more control over heart rate.
4. The SA (sinoatrial) node in the human heart is located
c. in the right atrium
Review Sheet Results

1. Explain the effect that extreme vagus nerve stimulation had on the heart. How well did
the results compare with your prediction?
2. Explain two ways that the heart can overcome excessive vagal stimulation.
3. Describe how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to
regulate heart rate.
4. What do you think would happen to the heart rate if the vagus nerve was cut?

Answer
ACTIVITY 3
Pre-Lab Quiz

1. Organisms that usually maintain the same internal body temperature in spite of
environmental temperature changes are
c. homeothermic.
2. The general name for the process that maintains the internal body temperature in humans
is
a. homeostasis.
3. The electrolytes in a Ringer's solution are required to
b. provide for autorhythmicity.
4. An internal body temperature that is above the normal range is
b. hyperthermic.
Experiment
Predict Question

1. What effect will decreasing the temperature of the Ringer's solution have on the heart rate
of the frog?
b. decrease in heart rate
2. What effect will increasing the temperature of the Ringer's solution have on the heart rate
of the frog?
a. no change in heart rate
Stop & Think Questions:
- What effect do you think a fever of 104°F would have on heart rate?
c. increase in heart rate
Experiment Data
Post-lab Quiz Result

1. In the 5°C Ringer’s solution, the frog heart

c. beat slower than baseline.
2. In the 32°C Ringer’s solution, the frog heart
b. beat faster than baseline.
3. If the human heart were experiencing hypothermia, what do you think would be the effect
on heart rate?
c. a decrease in heart rate
4. Without the Ringer's solution
d. spontaneous cardiac action potentials would not occur
Review Sheet Results

1. Explain the effect that decreasing the temperature had on the frog heart. How do you
think the human heart would respond? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
2. Describe why Ringer's solution is required to maintain heart contractions.
3. Explain the effect that increasing the temperature had on the frog heart. How do you
think the human heart would respond? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Answer
ACTIVITY 4
Pre-Lab Quiz

1. The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ to affect heart rate

d. Acetylcholine
2. A cholinergic drug that worked the same as acetylcholine would
c. be an agonist and decrease heart rate.
3. Norepinephrine affects the heart rate by
a. increasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the frequency of action potentials.
4. The __________ receptor binds norepinephrine and epinephrine.
b. ß-1 adrenergic
Experiment
Predict Question

1. Pilocarpine is a cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine agonist. Predict the effect that

pilocarpine will havenon heart rate.
a. Pilocarpine will increase heart rate.
2. Atropine is another cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine antagonist. Predict the effect that
atropine will have on heart rate.
a. Atropine will increase heart rate.
Stop & Think Questions:
 - Which of the following is true of epinephrine?
c. It increases the heart rate and mimics the sympathetic nervous system.
-The final chemical modifier we will look at is digitalis (also known as digoxin and
digitoxin and derived from the foxglove plant). Individuals with weakened hearts need to
allow maximum time for venous return and increased stroke volume and would therefore
most likely benefit from
c. increased force of contraction and decreased heart rate
Experiment Data

Post-lab Quiz Result

1. Pilocarpine decreased the heart rate. Typical of cholinergic agonists, it

b. decreased the frequency of action potentials.
2. The effect of atropine was to
c. mimic the sympathetic nervous system.
3. The modifiers tested that decrease the heart rate were
c. digitalis and pilocarpine.
4. To increase the heart rate, the best choices would be
b. epinephrine and atropine.
Review Sheet Results

1. Describe the effect that pilocarpine had on the heart and why it had this effect. How well
did the results compare withyour prediction?
2. Atropine is an acetylcholine antagonist. Does atropine inhibit or enhance the effects of
acetylcholine? Describe your results and how they correlate with how the drug works.
How well did the results compare with your prediction?.
3. Describe the benefits of administering digitalis.
4. Distinguish between cholinergic and adrenergic chemical modifiers. Include examples of
each in your discussion.
Answer
ACTIVITY 5
Pre-Lab Quiz

1. Which organelle in the cardiac muscle cell stores calcium?

b. sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Verapamil is a calcium-channel blocker. Its effects could be described as
d. negative chronotropic and negative inotropic.
3. When the cardiac muscle cell is at rest, where is most of the potassium found?
c. in the cytosol
4. Resting cardiac muscle cells are most permeable to
b. potassium.
Experiment
Predict Question

1. Because calcium-channel blockers are negative chronotropic and negative inotropic, what
effect do you think increasing the concentration of calcium will have on heart rate?
a. positive chronotropic, positive inotropic
2. Excess potassium outside of the cardiac cell decreases the resting potential of the plasma
membrane, thus decreasing the force of contraction. What effect (if any) do you think it
will initially have on heart rate?
a. increase heart rate
Stop & Think Questions:
 - Where in the cardiac muscle cell is most of the sodium normally found?
You correctly answered: a. outside of the cell
Experiment Data

Post-lab Quiz Result

1. The addition of most of the ions resulted in

c. an erratic heart rate.
2. The effect of potassium on the heart is
b. negative chronotropic, negative inotropic.
3. The ion that had the most pronounced effect on heart rate was
c. potassium.
4. Ectopic pacemakers can be caused by excessive leakage of potassium into cardiac cells,
resulting in pacemakers appearing in abnormal locations in the heart muscle. This
 hyperkalemia (excess potassium) decreases the resting potential of the cardiac muscle
cell. What effect do you think this would have on the force of contraction?
d. decrease, negative inotropic

Review Sheet Results

1. Describe the effect that increasing the calcium ions had on the heart in this activity.
How well did the results compare with your prediction?
2. Describe the effect that increasing the potassium ions initially had on the heart in this
activity. Relate this to the resting membrane potential of the cardiac muscle cell. How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
3. Describe how calcium channel blockers are used to treat patients and why?

Answer