June 2018 QP - Component 1 WJEC Geography (B) GCSE

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GCSE – NEW
C112U10-1 S18-C112U10-1
GEOGRAPHY B – Component 1
Investigating Geographical Issues
TUESDAY, 22 MAY 2018 – AFTERNOON

1 hour 45 minutes
For Examiner’s use only
Maximum Mark
Question
Mark Awarded
1 32
C 112 U 1 0 1
SPaG 4
01
2 32
3 32
Total 100
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
In addition to this paper you may use a calculator and a ruler if required.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Answer all of the questions in this examination paper.
Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Do not use gel pen. Do not use correction fluid.
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
If additional space is required you should use the lined page(s) at the end of this booklet. The
question number(s) should be clearly shown.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part-question.
You are reminded that assessment will take into account your ability to spell, punctuate and use
grammar and specialist terminology accurately in your answer to question 1(e).
MAY18C112U10101 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. JD*(S18-C112U10-1)

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Theme 1: Changing Places – Changing Economies
Answer all questions.
1. (a) Study Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 – Population pyramids (2016)
India (2016) UK (2016)

100+ 100+
95-99 95-99
90-94 90-94
85-89 85-89
80-84 80-84
75-79 75-79
70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64
55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Male Population Female Population Male Population Female Population
(in millions) (in millions) (in millions) (in millions)
(i) India is an example of a NIC. What does NIC stand for?

Tick (√) one of the definitions below. [1]
Tick (√)
Newly industrialised company
Newly industrialised country
Non-industrialised country
02 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

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(ii) The table below contains six statements about Figure 1.1. Only three are correct.
Tick (√) the three correct statements. [3]
Tick (√) three
Children aged 0-14 form the largest age groups in both India and the UK.
India has more females than males in the 10-14 age group.
The UK has more females than males aged 75 and over.
The UK has a greater proportion of its population aged over 70 than India.
There are 63 million people aged 0-4 in India.
There are approximately 4 million people aged 0-4 in the UK.
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03 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

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(b) Study Figure 1.2 below.
Adult literacy is the percentage of adults who can read and write.
Figure 1.2 – Changes in Adult Literacy Rates in India, 1981-2016
1981 2016
Adult male literacy (%) 55 81
Adult female literacy (%) 26 63
Difference 18
(i) Calculate the difference between male and female literacy in 1981. [1]

..................................
(ii) What has happened to the difference between male and female literacy? [1]
(iii) Give one reason why improving adult literacy rates would benefit countries like
India. [2]
(iv) Give one economic indicator that is used to measure a country’s level of
development. [1]

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(c) (i) Describe the pattern of imports and exports of one NIC you have studied. [4]
(ii) Explain why the UK needs to import and export goods. [6]
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(d) Study Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.3 – Countries that export and import Fairtrade goods
ASIA
EUROPE
NORTH
AMERICA
Tropic of Cancer
Equator AFRICA
SOUTH
Tropic of
AMERICA
Capricorn AUSTRALASIA
Fairtrade export
countries
Fairtrade import
countries
(i) Describe the pattern of Fairtrade export countries and Fairtrade import countries.
Use evidence from Figure 1.3 only. [3]
(ii) Give two features of Fairtrade. [2]
1.
2.

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(e) Study Figures 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6. They show examples of different types of aid.
Figure 1.4 – Emergency aid sent by the UK after Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines in 2013
What emergency aid did the UK send?

• Emergency shelter for 245,000 people
• Safe drinking water for 650,000 people
• Food for over 325,000 people
• Blankets and cooking provisions for 78,000 people
• 20,912 shelter kits
• 100,000 kg rice
• 3,374 tents
• 23,164 buckets.
Figure 1.5 – Development aid, a water project in Malawi, Africa

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Figure 1.6 – Development aid, an education project in Uruguay, South America
‘Long-term development aid is more effective than short-term emergency aid.’
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Use the information in Figures 1.4 to 1.6 to help you decide how far you agree with this statement.
09
Justify your decision. [8]
Your ability to spell, punctuate and use grammar and specialist terminology accurately will be
assessed in your answer to this question. [4]

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End of Question 1

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Theme 2: Changing Environments
2. (a) Rivers erode by a number of different processes.
(i) Read the ‘heads and tails’ definitions below.
Heads – Terms Tails – Definitions
A Hydraulic action 1 Some rocks, such as limestone, dissolve.
B Attrition 2 Fast-flowing water is forced into cracks in the

bed and banks of the river.
C Abrasion Sand and pebbles are picked up and scrape
3
against the bed and banks of the river.
D Solution Rocks and stone hit against each other,
4
breaking them into smaller pieces.
Add the number of the correct tail to the boxes below. [4]
Head Tail

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(ii) Study Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 – A waterfall in the UK
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Label the key features of the waterfall. Choose the correct phrases from the box
below. [4]
plunge pool v-shaped valley fallen debris
gorge meander overhanging rock

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(b) Study Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2 – A Storm Hydrograph
15
Discharge in m3/second
B D
20 10
Rainfall in mm
15 A
10 5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours from start of storm
(i) Complete Figure 2.2 by adding the following information. [1]
Hours from start of storm Rainfall (mm)
3 11
(ii) Calculate the total rainfall that fell during the storm shown in the hydrograph.
[2]
Show your working in the space below.
Total rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mm

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(iii) Some key features of the storm hydrograph have been labelled on Figure 2.2.
Complete the table below by adding the correct letter from Figure 2.2. One has
been done for you. One feature in the table is incorrect. [3]
Feature Letter from diagram
Rising limb
Flood level
Falling limb
Peak discharge C
Baseflow
(iv) Calculate the lag time (difference in hours between peak rainfall and peak discharge).
[2]
Show your working in the space below.
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (hours)
(v) Explain one physical factor, other than rainfall, which causes lag times to vary. [2]

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(c) Explain why urbanisation can increase the risk of river flooding. [6]

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(d) Study Figures 2.3 and 2.4.
Figure 2.3 – News article
Storm Desmond causes chaos in the Lake District (December 2015)

• 5,200 homes flooded.
• 45,000 homes without electricity.
• £500 million estimated cost of damage.
• The Glenridding Hotel in the Lake District was flooded for the third time in less
than a month.
• Existing flood defences failed when rivers burst their banks.
• 16.4 million tourists visit the Lake District every year.
• Roads and bridges will take many months to repair.
Figure 2.4 – One opinion about flood management
People must learn to accept that their homes may be flooded every few years – it is just
another hazard of life in the 21st century. The Lake District is one of the wettest places
in the UK – they should expect floods. Money should not be wasted on flood defences.
Storm Desmond was a 1 in 100 year storm event and flood defences may never be
needed again.

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Evaluate the opinion shown in Figure 2.4. [8]
End of Question 2

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Theme 3: Environmental Challenges
3. (a) Study Figure 3.1. It shows some of the many pressures on global water resources.
Figure 3.1 – Pressures on global water resources.
Homes Industry
Farming
Energy
(i) Complete the sentences that follow, using four words or phrases from the text box
below. [4]
GNI more footprint

agriculture supply HIC
less factories cycle
Water is essential for life. We use it in the home, for irrigation in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
and for industry. Generally, the higher a country’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . water they use. The amount of water we use and its impact is
known as the water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Give one reason why water security is important to all countries. [2]
(iii) For a named place, describe how the problem of water supply has been managed.
Name of place .................................................. [4]

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(b) Study Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2 – How water is used in different countries
Country Population Water use % Water use

in millions (m3/year per
2016 person) Homes Industry Agriculture
Brazil 195 297 28 17 55
Canada 34 1,330 20 68 12
China 1,362 425 12 24 64
Egypt 84 809 8 6 86
India 1,215 627 7 3 90
UK 62 210 57 33 10
USA 317 1,518 13 46 41
(i) Name the only country that:

• uses over 700 m3 / year per person and
• less than 10% of water use is in homes. [1]

...............................................................

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(ii) Select an appropriate technique from the choice below to represent the data for
% water use in Figure 3.2.
Technique Tick (√)
Line graph
Bar graph
Pie charts
Triangular graph
Explain why your chosen technique is the most appropriate. [4]

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(c) Study the two satellite images in Figures 3.3 and 3.4. They show a lake (in blue) which is
shrinking due to evaporation and increasing demand for water.
Figure 3.3 – Lake Chad in 1972 Figure 3.4 – Lake Chad in 2007
Niger Niger
Chad Chad
N Nigeria N Nigeria
0 25 50 Cameroon 0 25 50 Cameroon
kilometres kilometres
(i) Describe how Lake Chad has changed. Use measurements in your answer. [3]

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(ii) Explain why over-abstraction of water causes problems for both people and the
environment. [6]

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(d) Many ecosystems are under threat from human activity. Study Figures 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7.
Figure 3.5 – The North Peruvian Oil Pipeline
• The North Peruvian Oil Pipeline takes oil from the Amazon rainforest to the Pacific
Coast. It is 11,000 km long.
• Peru produces over 58,000 barrels of oil a day (worth about $US3 million).
• The rainforest in Peru has an important biodiversity.
• Since 2011 there have been over 23 leaks from this pipeline causing pollution.
• Floods spread the pollution into the rainforest.
• Scientists say plant and animal life will take years to recover from the pollution.
• Indigenous people live in the forest. More than 8,000 people have reported sickness
and skin rashes from pollution.
• The nearby country of Ecuador wants the pipeline to be extended so they can use
it.
Figure 3.6 – The oil pipeline in the rainforest

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Figure 3.7 – Clearing up after an oil spill
In 2016 the government of Peru ordered that the pipeline should be temporarily closed.
Should the pipeline be re-opened? Consider the possible social, environmental and economic
impacts of your decision. [8]

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End of Question 3
END OF PAPER

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Question Additional page, if required. Examiner

number Write the question number(s) in the left-hand margin. only

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TUESDAY, 22 MAY 2018 – AFTERNOON

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

MAY18C112U10101 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. JD*(S18-C112U10-1)

Answer all questions.

1. (a) Study Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 – Population pyramids (2016)

India (2016) UK (2016)

(i) India is an example of a NIC. What does NIC stand for?

Newly industrialised company

Newly industrialised country

02 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

Tick (√) three

The UK has more females than males aged 75 and over.

There are 63 million people aged 0-4 in India.

There are approximately 4 million people aged 0-4 in the UK.

03 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

Figure 1.2 – Changes in Adult Literacy Rates in India, 1981-2016

04 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

05 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

Figure 1.3 – Countries that export and import Fairtrade goods

(ii) Give two features of Fairtrade. [2]

06 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

07 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

What emergency aid did the UK send?

Figure 1.5 – Development aid, a water project in Malawi, Africa

08 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

‘Long-term development aid is more effective than short-term emergency aid.’

09 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

10 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

11 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

Answer all questions.

2. (a) Rivers erode by a number of different processes.

(i) Read the ‘heads and tails’ definitions below.

Heads – Terms Tails – Definitions

A Hydraulic action 1 Some rocks, such as limestone, dissolve.

B Attrition 2 Fast-flowing water is forced into cracks in the

12 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

Figure 2.1 – A waterfall in the UK

plunge pool v-shaped valley fallen debris

gorge meander overhanging rock

13 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

Figure 2.2 – A Storm Hydrograph

(i) Complete Figure 2.2 by adding the following information. [1]

Hours from start of storm Rainfall (mm)

14 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

Feature Letter from diagram

15 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

16 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

PLEASE DO NOT WRITE

17 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

(d) Study Figures 2.3 and 2.4.

Figure 2.3 – News article

Storm Desmond causes chaos in the Lake District (December 2015)

Figure 2.4 – One opinion about flood management

18 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)

19 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1) Turn over.

Answer all questions.

Figure 3.1 – Pressures on global water resources.

GNI more footprint

Water is essential for life. We use it in the home, for irrigation in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

and for industry. Generally, the higher a country’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the

known as the water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (C112U10-1)