Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EDN February 17, 2011
EDN February 17, 2011
17
FEB
Issue 4/2011
The Nexus One Pg 24
Stuxnet and
the Internet of
www.edn.com
Victims Pg 11
Photosensing
with ambient
background Pg 22
Design Ideas Pg 48
VOICE O F THE E N G I N E E R A wrench in the works Pg 58
ACCELEROMETERS
AND TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
FIGHT SIDS
Page 28
EDN’s 2010
INNOVATION
AWARD
FINALISTS
Page 46
Goodbye
status-quo.
Tektronix Tektronix
TDS2000C MSO/DPO2000
Series (DSO)† Series†
Fully upgradable No No
Function Generator No No
Oscilloscopes Rede
© 2011 Agilent Technologies, Inc.
*All prices are in USD and subject to change Starting at $1,230*
**Refer to Agilent Pub 5989-7885EN for update rate measurements
† Data for competitive oscilloscopes from Tektronix publications 3GW-25645-0 and 3GW-22048-1
Hello future.
Pulse Transformers
10 Nanoseconds to 100 Microseconds. ET
Rating to 150 Volt Microsecond, Manufactured
and tested to MIL-PRF-21038.
DC-DC Converter
Transformers
Input voltages of 5V, 12V, 24V And 48V.
Standard Output Voltages to 300V (Special
voltages can be supplied). Can be used as self
saturating or linear switching applications. All
units manufactured and tested to MIL-PRF-27.
400Hz/800Hz
PowerTransformers
0.4 Watts to 150 Watts. Secondary Voltages 5V
ek to 300V. Units manufactured to MIL-PRF-27
one we Grade 5, Class S (Class V, 1550C available).
ER Y-stock to ties
DELIV ample qua nti
for s
Electronics, Inc.
143 Sparks Ave. Pelham, NY 10803 • Call Toll Free 800-431-1064 • fax: 914-738-8225
Send for free 180 pg PICO Catalog
See PICO’s full Catalog Immediately on the internet
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E-mail: info@picoelectronics.com
Their sites have search engines.
Ours has a find engine.
On most inductor web sites, their search engine pricing. Even analyze the core and winding
results in more aggravation than answers. losses of up to four different power inductors!
But Coilcraft’s web site is different. You’ll find lots of other design tools to help
In seconds, our Inductor Finder will show you choose the perfect part. And then request
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2.17.11
contents
Accelerometers and
Designing offline temperature sensors
ac/dc switching power fight SIDS
supplies, brick by brick A simple microcontroller-
It’s a challenge to 28 based design may be a
36 convert high-voltage
ac to dc while keeping
efficiency high and cost low.
weapon in the fight against a
dreaded problem.
by Manish Shakya, Emmanuel
Tuazon, Mohammed Bhatti, and
EDN’s 2010 Innovation
Award finalists: Are
you inspired?
by Paul Rako, Technical Editor
Subra Ganesan, Oakland University You pick the winners in our
46 21st annual program honor-
ing engineering excellence.
pulse
14 Chip-scale atomic clock survives
Dilbert 16
DESIGNIDEAS 8V
10k
XR-2206
48 Reduce acoustic noise from capacitors
Ľ8V
16k
8V
10k
7 3 LINEAR
à
6 POTENTIOMETER
LM318
4
Ľ
2
à 52 Power supply accepts wide input-voltage range
10 μF
Ľ8V à
1 μF
4.7k
4.7k
0.1 μF
55 Circuit lets you test capacitors
Seize the power. Operates from an input voltage range of 4.5V to 28V
With the latest power products and technologies, we’re committed to answering
engineers’ design needs. Get your hands on what’s next at Mouser. Manage your power wisely.
Mouser and Mouser Electronics are registered trademarks of Mouser Electronics, Inc. Other products, logos, and company names mentioned herein, may be trademarks of their respective
tive owners.
contents 2.17.11
Benchmark
MOSFETs
40 V – 250 V MOSFETs
in High Current
56 58 PQFN Package
D E PA R T M E N T S & C O L U M N S
11 EDN.comment: Stuxnet and the Internet of Victims
IRFH5015TRPBF 150 V 56 A 31 mΩ 33 nC
O N L I N E O N LY IRFH5020TRPBF 200 V 41 A 59 mΩ 36 nC
EDN® (ISSN#0012-7515) is published semimonthly, 24 times per year, by UBM Electronics, 11444 W. Olympic Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90064-
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07-09 March 2011
POWER MANAGEMENT | ANALOG & RF | INTERFACE & CONNECTIVITY | CLOCKS & TIMING | MEMORY & LOGIC | TOUCH & USER INTERFACE | VIDEO & DISPLAY | AUDIO
I
sion-critical systems—such as the traf-
cade of this century the Internet connected the world’s people, so—the fic signal—may need a full hardware-
pundits tell us—in this decade, the Internet will connect the world’s based firewall, especially if these sys-
man-made objects. The toaster will talk to the television, and the light tems will do code updates.
switch will lie down with the lamp. Without debating the wisdom of And what about the code? We will
this scenario for global unification, we feel the need to offer it a hurled certainly need a secure kernel and
monkey wrench and then to observe the consequences.
Our spanner comes in the form of directions because someone wants to Every node on the
that recently famous computer virus, disrupt an election in Athens. Internet of Things
Stuxnet. As you may recall, no one Connectivity brings with it vulnera-
has admitted to being the source of bility. And when you make the things can be either
the virus. But it appears that some with which we live vulnerable, you the target of a
organization opposed to Iran’s nu- must defend them. This observation
clear program launched Stuxnet has implications for how we design, malicious attack
onto the Internet to attack the soft- test, and maintain embedded systems. or the collateral
ware that controls Iran’s uranium-en- Given the realities
richment centrifuges. Unfortunate- of human
damage from one.
ly, Stuxnet seems to have attacked nature,
many other instances of this wide- there probably full virtualization. From ex-
ly used software, as well, making m a y perience with PCs and smartphones,
it perhaps the first act of global be im- we already know that security means
cyberterrorism. not just secure design: It means a con-
It won’t be the tinuous battle of countermeasures
last. against an unseen foe. So, yes,
And that brings there will be code updates.
us to the point. And the need for updates
PHOTO-ILLUSTRATION BY TIM BURNS. TOASTER: BARIS SIMSEK/ISTOCKPHOTO.COM
TALKBACK
Chip-scale atomic clock survives “Everything has
500g shock on any axis capacitance, all
wires have resis-
ymmetricom’s new SA.45s chip-scale military handheld GPS (global-positioning-sys- tance, and most
S atomic oscillator outputs a 10-MHz, 3.3V
square wave and a 400-nsec, 1-pulse/
sec signal. You can use an RS-232 interface
tem) units, and geophysical sensors. It comes
in a 1.6×1.39×0.45-in., hermetically sealed
package. Option 001 operates from −10 to
people don’t get
engineering hu-
to the device’s internal DSP to provide status +70°C, and Option 002 operates from −40 mor. These rules
and modify the pulse output. The SA.45s has to +85°C. The SA.45s sells for $1500 (small always matter.”
a center-frequency accuracy of ±5×10−11 and quantities).—by Paul Rako —Engineer Ken Thornton-Smith,
can survive 500g shock on any axis. It occu- ▷Symmetricom, www.symmetricom.com. in EDN’s Talkback section, at
pies 16 cc of volume, weighs 35g, and requires http://bit.ly/gvX1ON. Add your
comments.
115 mW of power. Allan-deviation stability is PHOTODETECTOR
2×10−10 over a tau of 1 sec. The device features UPPER HEATER/
SUSPENSION
SSB (single-sideband) RF-output phase noise RESONANCE CELL
at 1 Hz of less than −53 dBc (decibels referred WAVE PLATE
to carrier)/Hz. With a 110-second warm-up, SPACER
the oscillator has MTBF (mean time between LOWER HEATER/
SUSPENSION
failures) of greater than 100,000 hours. VCSEL
This oscillator finds use in applications such
as dismounted IED (improvised-explosive- The physics package in the Symmetricom atomic clock has a microwave oscillator on
device) jammers, UAVs (unmanned aerial the PCB (printed-circuit board) that modulates a VCSEL (vertical-cavity surface-emit-
vehicles), next-generation man-pack radios, ting laser). The Q (quality factor) of the cesium resonance cell is greater than 10 million.
I from their white-light-producing phos- photons strike it; the phosphor emits white
phors and simplify the design
of LED lighting by selling solid
light in response.
Matching LEDs to phos-
white only after striking the internal phos-
phor coating, which in turn emits the white
fluorescent light.
forms of phosphors, or sec- phors can be tricky. LED man- The phosphors are available in the
ondary phosphors, which ufacturers make the decision ChromaLit development kit, which imple-
designers can assemble sep- during the design of the LEDs, ments precision optics manufacturing and
arately from the LED as part and the designers of end-light- Intematix’s phosphor technology to enable
of the light itself. In traditional ing systems can’t tweak these lighting manufacturers to create lighting sys-
white-LED design, using pri- designs for their applications. tems in any shape and color. You can cus-
With Intematix’s
mary phosphors is the most ChromaLit secondary- Intematix’s approach is not tomize ChromaLit products in geometry,
familiar approach. A white LED phosphor approach, new: You can think of fluo- color temperature, color-rendering index,
is essentially a blue LED with a the phosphor is sepa- rescent lights as having sec- and substrate material, thus offering cre-
dollop of phosphor directly on rate from the blue-light ondary phosphors because ative opportunities.—by Margery Conner
the die. This phosphor emits source. the initial wavelength in the ▷Intematix, www.intematix.com.
NI LabVIEW
>> Find out how LabVIEW can make you better at ni.com/labview/better 800 453 6202
©2010 National Instruments. All rights reserved. LabVIEW, National Instruments, NI, and ni.com are trademarks of National Instruments.
Other product and company names listed are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies. 2784
pulse
Two entry-level scope series offer The scopes
offer option-
mixed-signal capability, al MSO capabil-
built-in waveform generator ities and an in-
gilent Technologies The InfiniiVision X-series All models come with an tegrated Wave-
A has expanded its MSO
(mixed-signal-oscillo-
scope) and DSO (digital-storage
scopes include a custom
90-nm CMOS ASIC with 6
million gates and embedded
8.5-in.-diagonal, 800×480-pixel
WVGA (wide-video-graphics-
adapter) display, which offers
Gen function
generator.
oscilloscope) portfolios with two memory. This MegaZoom IV twice the viewing area of other
affordable entry-level InfiniiVision single-chip architecture enables popular scopes. X-series units ysis. Upgrade options provide
X series that together comprise the integrated logic-timing ana- weigh only 8.5 lbs and con- investment protection: The fully
26 models, including units that lyzer; function generator; and, in serve bench space with a foot- upgradable (including band-
have two and four analog chan- the 3000 X series, protocol ana- print approximately 15 in. wide width within the series) X-series
nels. The 2000 X series offers lyzer. The scopes also allow you by less than 6 in. deep. scopes allow you to purchase
bandwidths of 70 to 200 MHz to see more of the signal more The scopes offer optional inte- what you need today and add
and boasts 50,000-waveform/ of the time because the Mega- grated MSO capability for time- capability as your performance
sec update rates. Maximum Zoom IV technology delivers aligned digital- and analog-sig- needs evolve. Optional mea-
sampling rate is 1G sample/ 3000 X-series update rates to nal viewing and an optional inte- surement-software packages,
sec, which doubles when you 1 million waveforms/sec, mini- grated WaveGen function gen- which add functions either at
use only half of the channels. mizes blind time, and main- erator. The 3000 X-series units purchase or as needs arise,
Waveform-memory depth is tains responsiveness with deep also offer optional hardware- include segmented memory for
100,000 points/channel. memory enabled. accelerated serial-protocol anal- analysis of laser pulses, radar
The scopes include optional bursts and serial packets, and
eight-channel MSO capability hardware-accelerated mask
and optional built-in 20-MHz testing to quickly perform pass/
sine-, square-, ramp-, triangle-, fail analysis using known-good
pulse-, dc-, and noise-wave- waveforms.
form generation. The 3000 X The 3000 X series also offers
series offers 100- to 500-MHz hardware-accelerated serial
bandwidths and a waveform- decoding and trigger enabling
update rate of 1 million wave- to allow rapid analysis of I2C
forms/sec.The 2G-sample/sec (inter-integrated-circuit), SPI
maximum sampling rate and (serial-peripheral-interface),
the waveform-memory depth CAN (controller-area-network),
of 1 million (optionally, 2 million) LIN (local-interconnect-net-
points/channel double when work), I2S (I2C sound), RS-232,
you use only half of the ana- and other UART (universal asyn-
The 1M-waveform/sec update rate, optional built-in waveform
log channels. Options include generator, and moderate price are among the features that dis- chronous receiver/transmitter)-
a 16-channel MSO capability, tinguish the MSO-X 3054A 500-MHz-analog-bandwidth mixed- based networks.
the built-in waveform genera- signal scope. With the optional double-depth memory and two US suggested retail prices
tor, and hardware-accelerated analog channels in use, the scope acquires 4M-sample records range from $1234 for a two-
serial-protocol decoding. at 4G samples/sec/channel. channel, 70-MHz DSOX2002A
to $13,520 for a four-channel,
DILBERT By Scott Adams 500-MHz MSOX3054A with
16 logic-analysis channels;
optional double-depth wave-
form memory; a built-in wave-
form generator; and one hard-
ware serial-triggering option.
Discounts are available for edu-
cational users.
—by Dan Strassberg
▷Agilent Technologies,
www.agilent.com/find/
infiniivisionx-series.
“P ple anaemi.c
Su
ee r e t & er2
o te ge om/
eB 2 Y to P Co you
oo ou ow ntr
k ” e r ol
Power Manager II.
INTEGRATE POWER MANAGEMENT. LOWER COSTS.
Power Manager II features an innovative programmable core and precision analog sensors to reduce component
count and increase reliability. Lattice programmability enables your power management design to meet changing
requirements without major circuit redesign or a board re-spin.
Features Benefits
latticesemi.com/powermanager
And more...
And more...
©2010 Lattice Semiconductor Corporation. All rights reserved. Lattice Semiconductor Corporation, L (& design), Lattice (& design) and specific product designations are either registered trademarks or
trademarks of Lattice Semiconductor Corporation or its subsidiaries, in the United States and/or other countries. Other marks are used for identification purposes only, and may be trademarks of other parties.
pulse
02.17.11
1-GHz DSP core targets low-cost, COMPACTPCI
SINGLE-BOARD
high-definition audio applications COMPUTER USES
eva’s new TL3211 DSP range and efficient bit manipu- 5.1 encoder, DTS-HD LBR (low
C core is code-compati-
ble with the company’s
TeakLite-III architecture. The
lation. It supports as many as
three instructions running in
parallel and single- and dou-
bit rate), DTS-HD Master Audio,
and DTS Neo 6.
The TL3211 includes Ceva’s
INTEL CORE
PROCESSOR
The MIC-5603 AMC (ad-
core addresses the require- ble-precision FFT (fast-Fourier- PSU (power-scaling unit), vanced-mezzanine-card)
ments of 2 and 3G (second- transform) instructions for effi- which applies clock frequency CompactPCI (Peripheral
and third-generation) modems cient codec implementations. and voltage scaling to reduce Component Interface)
in low-cost smartphones and For mobile devices, the power consumption, allowing single-board computer
supports HD (high-definition) TL3211 enables integration for lower-cost IC packaging. It incorporates the second-
audio features for DTVs (digital of baseband processing with also includes two 16-bit MAC generation Intel (www.
televisions), set-top boxes, and application processing for (multiply/accumulate) units, a intel.com) Core i7 proces-
Blu-ray Disc players. HD audio, supporting voice 32-bit MAC unit, Viterbi func- sor and targets applica-
Ceva manufactured the core enhancements, such as noise tions, an ALU (arithmetic-logic tions requiring graphics
in a 40-nm CMOS process, cancellation, speech recogni- unit), a BMU (bit-manipulation or vector processing and
achieving a silicon footprint of tion, and beam forming. Ceva unit), two AGUs (address-gen- computationally intensive
0.2 mm2 and operation at a offers more than 90 audio and eration units), a PCU (power- tasks.
1-GHz clock rate. A complete voice codecs, including MP3, control unit), and full-duplex An optional front-panel
audio circuit in the 40-nm pro- AAC (advanced audio cod- APBs (advanced peripheral HDMI (high-definition
cess includes 24k words of ing), HE-AAC (high-efficiency buses). multimedia interface)
data memory, 8k words of code advanced audio coding), WMA The Ceva-Toolbox provides connects to the proces-
memory, memory controllers, (Windows media audio), WMA a software-development and sor’s on-chip control-
and the AXI (Advanced Exten- Pro, and RealAudio. Ceva also -debugging environment for the ler, offering integrated
sible Interface), with a chip area provides a suite of fully certi- TeakLite-III family. The develop- Intel HD (high-definition)
of 0.6 mm2. fied Dolby (www.dolby.com) ment environment fully simulates graphics DX10.1 and
The 32-bit TL3211 audio- codecs, including Digital, Digi- the TL3211’s cached memory OpenGL (graphics-library)
DSP core has a single-cycle tal 5.1 encoder, Digital Plus, subsystem. The TL3211 core capabilities. The system
32×32-bit multiplier, a 32-bit TrueHD, and ProLogic IIx, and and Ceva-HD-Audio are now includes as much as 8
register file, 64-bit-wide mem- DTS (Digital Theater System, available for licensing. Gbytes of 1333-MHz DDR
ory bandwidth, and 72-bit www.dts.com) codecs, includ- —by Mike Demler SDRAM with ECC (error-
accumulation for wide dynamic ing the DTS core decoder, DTS ▷Ceva, www.ceva-dsp.com. correcting-code) suit-
ing use in applications
AXI MASTER AXI SLAVE AXI MASTER requiring low-latency
memory access. The
PROGRAM- DATA-MEMORY SUBSYSTEM device achieves external
MEMORY WRITE AXI CACHE
SUBSYSTEM ARBITERS Ethernet connectivity
BUFFER INTERFACE CONTROLLER
CACHE through two dedicated
CONTROLLER GbE (gigabit-Ethernet)
ARBITERS PCU DATA-ADDRESSING UNIT
front-panel ports.
AXI SEQUENCER —by Fran Granville
INTERFACE SCALAR AGU 0 AGU 1 ▶Advantech,
EMULATION INTERRUPTS
www.advantech.com.
AND SYSTEM
DECODERS REGISTER FILE
ON-CHIP
EMULATION PSU
COMPUTATION AND BIT-MANIPULATION UNIT
REAL-TIME
TRACE REGISTER FILE
HARDWARE 32-BIT
FFT MAC ALU The MIC-5603 single-board
PROFILER
computer incorporates Intel’s
APB 3 16-BIT 16-BIT
VITERBI BMU second-generation Core i7
MAC MAC
processor family for perform-
APB 3 PORT ance enhancements and
scalability in graphics-pro-
Ceva’s TL3211 core includes program- and data-memory subsystems, a bit-manipulation unit, a cessing applications.
power-control unit, a power-scaling unit, and Viterbi and FFT functions.
R A Q ’ s
s
ot
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New family of high-density power components enables fast, adaptable designs
22.0 mm
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6.73 mm
(0.265 in)
Example Application
™ ™
0.7 V, 50 A
PRM
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(35 W, regulated)
Area 7.1 cm2 / 1.1 in2
IN RoHS
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USA C NRTL US
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U.S. PATS. LISTED ON PACKING MATERIALS & DATASHEETS U.S. PATS. LISTED ON PACKING MATERIALS & DATASHEETS
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Area <7.5 cm2 / 0.825 in2 • 200W PRM™ Regulator
U.S. PATS. LISTED ON PACKING MATERIALS & DATASHEETS
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• 50A VTM™ Current Multiplier
IN RoHS
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IN RoHS
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800-735-6200 vicorpower.com/rp/half-chip_edn
BAKER’S BEST
BY BONNIE BAKER
T
Further, when the measured light signal
trivial task. You would think that you could just cover your cir- increases to maximum intensity, the
cuit with your hands, but that is not a solution: Pulse oximeters amplifier’s output starts to saturate.
depend on the translucency of flesh. Covering the photosensor A dc-restoration circuit, A2, com-
with black electrical tape doesn’t work, either, because light is prises a noninverting integrator driv-
somehow able to get through even that material. ing the summing junction of the tran-
simpedance amplifier through R5 (Fig-
So it is fair to say that ambient light photo of A1, a dual-supply, transimped- ure 2). The current through R5 cancels
can be a problem in some light-sens- ance amplifier, shows a square-wave the current from the photodiode at fre-
ing applications. Figure 1’s oscilloscope light signal in the presence of back- quencies below the integrator’s signal-
R2 zero frequency. In Figure 2, the signal-
20 1M zero frequency from the dc-restoration
15
circuit is R2/[R5(2πR4C4)]. You adjust
C1 this zero by changing R5. This dc-resto-
10 40 pF
ration circuit requires that the portion
5
OUTPUT
R1 of the signal zero that R3 and C3 gen-
VOLTAGE 0 VOUT
(V) Ľ 75 erate matches that of R4 and C4. The
Ľ5 ID A1
AMPLIFIER SATURATION à transimpedance amplifier’s output sig-
Ľ10 STARTING TO OCCUR nals above the signal-zero frequency do
Ľ15 not feed directly back into the transim-
Ľ20 pedance amp’s summing junction.
0 100 200 300 400 500
The value of R5 depends on the re-
TIME (μSEC)
lationship between the signal-zero fre-
Figure 1 The output range of a transimpedance amplifier spans only one quadrant. quency and the signal-pole frequen-
cy. The signal-pole frequency in this
C4
0.1 μF circuit is 1/(2πR2C2). If the output of
R4
R5 1M the dc-restoration amplifier is 10V, a
100k Ľ higher-than-100-kΩ resistor value for
20 A2
à R5 decreases the signal-zero frequency
15 C3 and increases the dc-restoration range.
10 0.1 μF Combining the signal-pole and signal-
5 R2 R3 zero frequencies distorts the output sig-
OUTPUT 0 1M 1M
nal with R5 values below about 10 kΩ.
VOLTAGE C1
(V)
Ľ5
40 pF By using the dc-restoration circuit,
Ľ10 the transimpedance amplifier’s output
Ľ15 reaches approximately 0V. The dc-res-
Ľ R1 VOUT
Ľ20
0 100 200 300 400 500 ID A1 toration circuit also brings the transim-
TIME (μSEC)
à pedance amplifier’s output signal into
the linear region of A1’s operation.EDN
Figure 2 A dc-restoration circuit expands the output range of a transimpedance
amplifier across both quadrants. Bonnie Baker is a senior applications engi-
neer at Texas Instruments.
Like many of its HTC-developed contemporaries of the era, the Nexus One
leverages a Samsung-manufactured OLED (organic-light-emitting-diode) dis-
play. Crisper and touting richer colors than a conventional LED-backlit LCD
(liquid-crystal display), its comparative downsides include washed-out images in
high-ambient-light environments, greater power consumption than LCDs in some
situations, and limited availability. OLED-supply shortcomings prompted HTC
to subsequently redesign several handsets for LCDs (see “Display-technology
advancements: Change is the only constant,” EDN, Dec 15, 2010, pg 24, http://
bit.ly/gpZpSq).
Synaptics supplies the Nexus One with the same ClearPad 2000 touchscreen and
controller technology as that in the Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 mini and many other
touch-augmented mobile electronics devices (see “Sony Ericsson’s Xperia X10
mini: the teardown skinny,” EDN, Aug 26, 2010, pg 20, http://bit.ly/bBxoGd and
“A magic touch: The concept’s sound, but implementation options abound,” EDN,
Nov 4, 2010, pg 26, http://bit.ly/ia4bNM).
The Nexus One one-ups Apple’s iPhone series and many other modern
handsets by integrating Broadcom’s BCM4329 wireless transceiver,
which supports 802.11n-transfer-speed enhancements, albeit only
in the 2.4-GHz band. The iPad, iPhone 4, and third-generation iPod
touch also use the BCM4329, but Apple hasn’t yet unlocked the chip’s
beyond-802.11g capabilities. The BCM4329 also handles the Nexus
One’s Bluetooth 2.1 and EDR (enhanced-data-rate) support, but Google
hasn’t yet harnessed the chip’s FM-transmitting and -receiving features.
Instead, hackers have migrated code from the similarly equipped HTC
Desire to begin the unsanctioned and incomplete process of adding
FM-radio capabilities to the handset.
D
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Systems
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MECHATRONICS
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Digital Control Control
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Systems Electronics
M AT E R I ALS
ROG
RAPHY
Software mechatronics Electronic
IN DESIGN
Systems
DE
Mechanical
NG
CAD mechanics
FE
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS,
RI
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TU
ELECTRONICS, CONTROL SYSTEMS,
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Mechanical
C
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AND SOFTWARE IN DESIGN
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Systems
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n an April 2008 column for Design News, I focused on how a sampled signal back to its origi-
S
single cause for SIDS, factors linked to
crib death, is the sudden and unexplained the phenomenon include babies’ sleep-
death of infants from causes that forensic ing on their stomach; overheating from
and death-scene investigation cannot ex- excessive sleepwear and bedding; to-
plain (Reference 1). It is one of the leading bacco-smoke exposure following birth;
causes of death during infancy, with an esti- maternal smoking, drinking, or drug
use during pregnancy; poor prenatal
mated 2500 SIDS-related deaths annually in care; prematurity or low birth weight;
the United States and thousands more world- and maternal age of less than 20 years.
wide. Although these rates, in the United Some of the suggested causes behind
RENÉ JANSA/ISTOCKPHOTO.COM
States, are at an all-time low and have fallen by about 50% since SIDS are related to choices that par-
1983, the number of infants dying from SIDS remains a cause ents make—smoking, early pregnan-
cies, and poor obstetrical care—and
for concern. Globally, especially in developing nations, where ac-
can be addressed through better educa-
cess to quality medical care and accurate information is far low- tion about the impact of lifestyle choic-
er than in the United States, SIDS-related deaths remain high. es. Other suggested causes relate to the
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P__[XP]RTbb\Pac_[dVbP]S_^fTabd__[XTb
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aTVXbcTaU^aPUaTTbP\_[T
T
! 2Xaadb;^VXR8]R0[[aXVWcbaTbTaeTS2Xaadb;^VXR2XaadbP]ScWT2Xaadb;^VXR[^V^STbXV]bPaTcaPST\PaZb^U2Xaadb;^VXR8]R
0[[^cWTaQaP]SbP]S_a^SdRc]P\Tb\PhQTcaPST\PaZb^abTaeXRT\PaZb^UcWTXaaTb_TRcXeT^f]Tab 43=! &!
environment in which an infant sleeps; and activates various alarm and warn-
the parents can address these causes by AT A G L A N C E ing modes.
monitoring the infant and interven- ↘ A microprocessor-based monitor The baby-monitor unit comprises a
ing when necessary. Current research can give peace of mind to parents temperature sensor, an accelerometer,
suggests that a variety of preventive who want to prevent SIDS (sudden- and a wireless transmitter/receiver in a
measures, such as ensuring that infants infant-death syndrome). microcontroller. An LCD allows users
sleep on their backs rather than their ↘ The baby monitor collects data to monitor both the data the monitor
stomachs and removing from the crib from a variety of sensors and trans- receives from the sensors and the status
blankets, pillows, or other objects that mits it wirelessly or through a wired of the system. Status includes whether
might cause the infant to suffocate, are connection to the control module. communication with the control unit
the best means of reducing the poten- ↘
exists and whether an alarm is present.
The monitor comprises a tem-
tial of a SIDS-related death. perature sensor, an accelerometer,
Using this system, the parent attaches
With advances in computing tech- and a wireless transmitter/receiver the unit to the infant by bringing the
nology and the plummeting prices of in a microcontroller. sensors into contact with the baby.
components, other available products The position sensor connects to the
↘ Lightweight, stackless “proto-
can supplement physician-recommend- analog input on the microcontroller,
ed preventive practices. A micropro- threads” implement a sequential and the temperature sensor is the built-
flow of control without complex
cessor-based baby-monitoring system in sensor available on the microcon-
state machines or full multithreading
fulfills demand from parents looking for and provide conditional blocking
troller. A serial interface transfers this
peace of mind. Using this system allows within a C function. data to the wireless HRTF (head-re-
parents to better monitor their infants lated-transfer-function) module. The
and act more quickly to pre-empt some HRTF module then transmits or re-
of the suggested causes of SIDS. The tor comprises a control unit and a ba- ceives data using FSK (frequency-shift-
system can monitor both babies sleep- by-monitor unit (Figure 1). The baby keying) technology to an identical
ing on their stomachs and those who monitor collects data from a variety of HRTF module that attaches to the con-
are overheating. sensors and transmits it wirelessly or trol unit.
through a wired connection to the con- The control unit is responsible for
MONITOR DESIGN trol module. The control module re- menu functions, adjusting various set-
In its basic configuration, the moni- ceives, analyzes, and displays this data tings, and updating and alerting the par-
ent or guardian of the infant’s status (Fig-
ure 2). The control unit includes another
LCD microcontroller, an LCD, a hexadecimal
TEMPERATURE keypad, an accelerometer, and a multi-
SENSOR tone alarm. The wireless HRTF module
WIRELESS that attaches to the microcontroller re-
MICROCONTROLLER
TRANSMITTER ceives data from the infant-monitoring
unit and routes it to the microcontroller
POSITION
SENSOR through a serial interface.
ALARM Software displays various parameters
on a menu on the LCD that attaches
Figure 1 The baby monitor collects data from a variety of sensors and transmits it to the microcontroller. The parent us-
wirelessly or through a wired connection to the control module. es the keypad to browse through the
menu, access various options, and en-
ter input. The alarm activates when the
values of certain monitored parameters
LCD exit a predetermined safe zone. The ac-
celerometer resets the LCD to the de-
WIRELESS fault view when the user shakes the de-
TRANSMITTER
vice and so offers an easy way to exit
MICROCONTROLLER KEYPAD
the various menu options a user might
be adjusting or viewing.
ALARM IMPLEMENTATION
The system uses two Hope Microelec-
ACCELEROMETER tronic HCS12 Mini-Dragon-plus2 de-
velopment boards employing the Com-
pact MC9S12DG256 board with a sol-
Figure 2 The control unit is responsible for menu functions, adjusting various settings, derless breadboard, two RS-232 ports,
and updating and alerting the parent or guardian of the infant’s status. one CAN (controller-area-network)
port, two H bridges, and four servo
TABLE 1 WIRELESS-PIN
FUNCTION
Pin name Description
VDD Power supply
DTX Data transmission
DRX Data reception
CONFIG Configure mode
ENABLE Working function
VCC VDD tion sensor, which you attach to the
DTX infant to detect whether the infant
GND GND
DRX rolls over from his back to his stom-
6
1 CONFIG ach. In this application, the data from
2 ENABLE
7 the Y and Z axes are the most rele-
3
8 vant. You determine the orientation of
4
9
5 GND
the baby depending on the values from
the ADC.
RF
LCD AND KEYBOARD
The system uses two LCDs for dis-
playing system-status information, vari-
Figure 3 The HRTF module automatically switches to receiver mode, after transmis- ous infant parameters, and menu op-
sion, in approximately 5 msec. tions. One LCD connects to the baby-
monitor unit, and the other connects
to the control unit. An advantage of
waits for 30 msec to ensure that the data package is complete having integrated LCDs in both modules is that it provides
and then transmits the data. The HRTF module automatical- the ability to debug the system while you are programming
ly switches to receiver mode, after transmission, in approxi- it. Table 3 shows the pin assignments of the LCD and the
mately 5 msec (Figure 3). microcontroller.
The system uses two KXPS5 triaxis accelerometers with a The system uses one hexadecimal keypad for input and menu
full-scale output range of ±3g (Figure 4 and Reference 3). selection (Reference 4). The keypad is on the control unit
The accelerometer measures 5×3×0.9 mm; the operating-
voltage range is 1.8 to 5.25V dc, and the optimal operat- START
ing voltage is 3.2V dc. The connection to the controller is
straightforward (Table 2). Communication with the chip can
be through either an I2C (inter-integrated-circuit) interface GET TEMPERATURE
or an SPI and can trigger analog-to-digital conversions, set AND ACCELEROMETER
threshold delays, or manage power consumption. The ASIC
triggers acceleration thresholds when the device exceeds ac-
celeration limits. SEND DATA TO
CONTROL UNIT
With the accelerometer, the monitor unit acts as a posi-
DID CONTROL
UNIT
RESPOND?
14
SOUND
1 13 VDD ALARM
(a)
12 START
CS 2 MOT ENABLE
C1
SDA/SDO 4 10
ANALYZE
DATA
SCL/SCLK 5 9 Z
SOUND DISPLAY
ALARM DATA LCD
ENABLE 6 8 Y
7
IS THERE A
PANIC CONDITION?
(b)
X
Figure 4 The system uses two KXPS5 triaxis accelerometers Figure 5 The firmware uses C and assembly language, using
with a full-scale output range of ±3g. protothreads for the baby-monitor unit (a) and control unit (b).
TABLE 2 ACCELEROMETER
AND MICROCONTROLLER
CONNECTION
smarter, faster, smaller
At CUI, our approach is to develop smarter, faster, smaller power modules.
Accelerometer Whether it’s an embedded ac-dc power supply, a board level dc-dc converter,
Microcontroller module or a level V external adapter, we continuously strive to keep our power line, that
PAD8 (Pin 68) X-axis input ranges from 0.25 W to 2400 W, ahead of the curve.
PAD9 (Pin 70) Y-axis input
PAD10 (Pin 72) Z-axis input
Check out the latest addition to CUI’s power line:
TABLE 3 LCD- AND Novum digital dc-dc power POL modules
MICROCONTROLLER-PIN
CONNECTIONS Smarter
Microcontroller ¬ Auto compensation
LCD pin pin
¬ Dynamically adjustable
Pin 1 (ground) Ground
¬ System intelligence
Pin 2 (power 5V
supply)
Faster
Pin 3 (through a ¬ Greatly reduce your design cycle
220Ω resistor to
ground)
Smaller
Pin 4 (RS) PK0
¬ Reduced footprint:
Pin 5 (read/write) PK7 NDM1-250
12 A - 0.50" x 0.925"
Pin 6 (enable) PK1
25 A - 0.50" x 1.075"
Pin 7 to 9 (not NDM1-120
used)
Pin 11 (DB4) PK2
Pin 12 (DB5) PK3
Pin 13 (DB6) PK4 cui.com/power
Pin 14 (DB7) PK5
065
al blocking inside a C function. activities as well as for periodic data ac-
In memory-constrained systems, such quisition. Both the monitoring unit and
3&13*/54"3&*%&"-'03 as deeply embedded systems, traditional the control unit use three interrupts each:
multithreading may have too large of a interrupts 7, 13, and 20. Interrupt 7 is a
Q /FX1SPEVDU"OOPVODFNFOUT
memory overhead. In traditional multi- real-time interrupt to deal with the tim-
Q 4BMFT"JE'PS:PVS'JFME'PSDF threading, each thread requires its own ing issues of the system.
stack, and each is typically overprovi- Upon every real-time interrupt, the
Q 13.BUFSJBMT.FEJB,JUT sioned. These stacks may use large parts system increments a Tick variable, from
of the available memory. In contrast, the which all system-timing information
Q %JSFDU.BJM&ODMPTVSFT main advantage of protothreads over or- is derived. Interrupt 13 uses enhanced
dinary threads is that protothreads are capture timer Channel 5 for tone gen-
Q $VTUPNFS1SPTQFDU lightweight: A protothread does not eration, generating various frequencies
1SFTFOUBUJPOT require its own stack. Rather, all proto- by appropriate reloading values. Inter-
threads run on the same stack, and the rupt 20 is the SCI at Port 0 for wireless
Q 5SBEF4IPXT1SPNPUJPOBM&WFOUT system performs a context switch by communication.
stack rewinding. The wireless modules in the baby-
Q $POGFSFODFT4QFBLJOH
This feature is advantageous in mem- monitor system are relatively easy to
&OHBHFNFOUT
ory-constrained systems, in which a configure, and data transmission be-
Q 3FDSVJUNFOU stack per thread might use a large part tween the two units is efficient. The
of the available memory. A protothread two units can communicate with each
5SBJOJOH1BDLBHFT
requires only 2 bytes of memory per pro- other over approximately 100 feet,
tothread. Moreover, protothreads are through walls, and in the presence of
°)BSE$PQZ implemented in pure C and require no other electrical equipment. The pro-
3FQSJOUT"WBJMBCMF machine-specific assembler code. For a totype can monitor only one baby
7JTJUMBOEJOHGPTUFSQSJOUJOHDPN description of the format for transmit- (Figure 6).
DBOPODPNNVOJDBUJPOT ting accelerometer data from the mon- Adding a wireless sensor network al-
itor unit, see sidebar “Transmission of lows you to monitor any number of ba-
'PSBEEJUJPOBMJOGPSNBUJPO
QMFBTF data” in the Web version of this article bies. From a marketability standpoint,
DPOUBDU'PTUFS1SJOUJOH4FSWJDF
at www.edn.com/110217df. the prototype is too bulky (Figure 7).
UIFPGGJDJBMSFQSJOUQSPWJEFSGPS Interrupts can be external or internal. Size issues arise primarily from the size
External interrupts occur when the ex- of the microcontroller-prototype boards
&%/
ternal circuitry sends an interrupt signal (references 9, 10, and 11).EDN
to the CPU. Internal interrupts come
from the hardware circuitry inside the ACKNOWLEDGMENT
chip or from software errors. The system The authors would like to thank Professor
uses various interrupts to coordinate I/O Richard Haskell of Oakland University
$BMMPS
TBMFT!GPTUFSQSJOUJOHDPN
Figure 7 From a marketability standpoint, the prototype is too bulky.
for his support during this project. where he designed and implemented embed-
ded software. You can reach him at
REFERENCES mshakya@oakland.edu.
1 American SIDS Institute, www.sids.
I
neers are designing offline power supplies integrating high- Because these supplies radiate EMI
into space and into the power cord
efficiency switching-regulator-control circuits. This approach
feeding the supply, engineers often
uses less copper and is thus less expensive than that of conven- place differential and common-mode
tional linear supplies with large transformers and no control filters on the input circuit. The filter
IC. Designing these offline switching power supplies, however, requires a Class X capacitor across the
brings a difficult set of prob- ac input. The failure of this type of ca-
lems, including EMI (electro- pacitor cannot lead to electric shock
but can cause safety problems if you dis-
magnetic interference), in- connect the supply during high applied
rush current, input-capacitor line voltage. You can discharge the ca-
discharge, and universal-in- pacitor with a parallel resistor, but this
put requirements. There are approach wastes power when the sup-
various approaches to dealing ply is working. Instead, you can use
parts such as those in Power Integra-
with these issues.
tions’ two-terminal CapZero family of
automatic-X-capacitor-discharge ICs,
which eliminate power losses but still
allow power supplies to comply with
safety standards.
You may also need Y capacitors,
whose failure can lead to electric shock,
from the line to earth ground. These
capacitors reduce conducted EMI into
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RINRUSH
VDCBUS
VAC
RSTART
RX CX RBUS CBUS
t
digital-power parts, but the parts’ fea- er control than you can achieve with
Outpu
tures are more important than their competing primary-sensing schemes,”
0 VDC ers
control methods. says Zahid Rahim, iWatt’s vice presi-
Most ac/dc power supplies need out- dent and general manager.
put regulation because it compensates Alternatively, you can send the ana-
for changes in output load and input log voltage across the isolation bound-
10,00 nvert
line voltage. To regulate the output ary with a delta-sigma modulator, such
voltage, you must feed the signal back as those from Avago. As another alter-
to the control chip. Most ac/dc sup- native, you could represent the output
plies use an optocoupler such as those voltage as a digital value and send it
from Fairchild and Avago. The supplies across the boundary with a digital iso-
2V toDC-DC Co
VDCBUS VOUT
(a)
Figure 3 The flyback (a) and forward converter (b) are the workhorses of the industry.
PICO Electronics,Inc.
143 Sparks Ave. Pelham, N.Y. 10803
The two-switch forward converter (c) eliminates the reset winding.
E Mail: info@picoelectronics.com
www.picoelectronics.com
lator (Reference 4). These alternatives VDCBUS VOUT
are costly, however, and create phase
lags that reduce the control-loop band-
width. Another approach is to place the
control chip on the secondary side and
let it control the primary side across the
isolation boundary. In that case, you
must send isolated start-up power to
the chip. You can achieve tighter volt- Figure 4 An asymmetrical half-bridge operates at a fixed frequency.
age regulation if the control chip is on
the secondary side, according to Rich-
ard Garvey, an application manager at VDCBUS VOUT
Texas Instruments. You need not send
the output-voltage feedback across an
isolation boundary.
If your design has high power levels or
low output voltages, you might want to
replace the secondary-side diodes with
synchronous FETs. You can control the
power supply with the chip on the pri-
Figure 5 The series-resonant converter, which Vicor developed, shifts frequency as it
mary and send the secondary control
operates.
over the isolation boundary. Texas In-
struments’ UCC28250 power-supply
chip operates in this way. Alternatively, values despite varying loads. On the load changes. They also can employ a
a secondary rectification circuit, such other hand, flyback converters tend to smaller transformer for a given power
as International Rectifier’s IR11672AS emit more EMI and have worse tran- because they need not store an entire
secondary-side-driver IC, can sense the sient response than do other topologies. cycle’s energy in the core.
power delivery and run independently The architecture must build current in Flyback and forward converters have
of the primary control loop. the primary before it can respond to an served the industry for decades, but re-
output load change, so the switching cent eco-friendly initiatives have made
ARCHITECTURE ABUNDANCE frequency is a fundamental limit on the them less attractive because they rarely
When designing a switching pow- transient output response. Fairchild, provide more than 85% efficiency. As a
er supply, you’ll find an abundance of Texas Instruments, STMicro, Power result, control chips that support mul-
available architectures for your design. Integrations, and many other vendors tiple architectures, such as Power In-
The architectures include both fixed- make dozens of flyback control ICs. tegrations’ HyperPFS, have flourished.
frequency PWM and variable-frequen- When your design reaches power re- The chip incorporates PFC and a semi-
cy architectures. Among the fixed-fre- quirements of approximately 60W, you resonant, asymmetrical, two-switch for-
quency architectures is the flyback con- should consider using a forward con- ward topology.
verter, a classic ac/dc switching power verter, which transfers power to the You can achieve 93% efficiency at
supply (Figure 3). A flyback converter output and switches the energy into the 200 to 500W power levels using an
transfers energy when the primary tran- primary side. Forward converters, in- asymmetrical half-bridge topology (Fig-
sistor switch is off. Closing a transistor cluding push-pull devices, have lower ure 4). This architecture suits use in
switch allows current to build up in a secondary ripple current and better ef- designs having output voltages lower
transformer. When the current is flow- ficiency than flyback converters, and than 24V (Reference 7). The fixed-fre-
ing into the primary windings, the di- they respond more quickly to transient- quency PWM circuit eases input- and
odes on the secondary side block cur-
rent, and the secondary windings de- VDCBUS
liver no current to the output. Turning
off the input transistor causes the volt-
age at the drain node to fly to a value VOUT
START-UP
clude Fairchild’s FSFR2100 regulator
and FAN7621 controller and Interna- VENABLE Và
tional Rectifier’s IRS27951S. UC1526
NO MAGIC
The many challenges inherent in de- VDCBUS VOUT
signing offline switching power supplies
are daunting. If you are new to switch-
ing-power-supply design, you should
not start with offline switchers because ĽVOUT
they involve significant safety hazards.
On the other hand, there is no magic
FEEDBACK
to them. Look at other designs for in-
spiration (Figure 7). Prowl the elec-
tronics-salvage yards and find a supply SYNC
that outputs 300W; you could use that START-UP Và UC1526
supply’s transformer to make your own FEEDBACK ĽIN
300W device. Try changing the archi-
tecture or increasing the switching fre- Figure 7 This compound power supply finds use in military systems. It has a buck con-
quency to see what happens. Playful ex- verter that varies the voltage to a half-bridge converter that operates at a 50% duty cycle.
perimentation will bring the intuition
difficulties of understanding reactive 7 “Designing asymmetric PWM half- half-bridge converter,” Application
circuits that behave in a nonintuitive bridge converters,” Application Note Note AN2644, STMicroelectronics,
manner. They read, study, and keep up AN-4153, Fairchild Semiconductor, September 2008, http://bit.ly/hKGjya.
with developments, and they often en- 2008, http://bit.ly/dO0h6b. 13 Choi, Hang-Seok, “Design Consider-
joy making the world a better place by 8 Mappus, Steve, “Control Driven ation of Half-Bridge LLC Resonant
squeezing every last percentage point Synchronous Rectifiers In Phase Converter,” Journal of Power Electron-
of efficiency from a design. You are not Shifted Full Bridge Converters,” Appli- ics, Volume 7, No. 1, January 2007,
alone. The vendors’ application engi- cation Note SLUA287, Texas Instru- http://bit.ly/eBU7FX.
neers will help you conceive, build, and ments, March 2003, http://bit.ly/iangqz. 14 Yang, Bo, “Topology investigation of
test your ac/dc power supply.EDN 9 Aigner, Hubert; Kenneth Dierberger; front end DC/DC converter for distrib-
and Denis Grafham, “Improving the uted power system,” Electronic Theses
REFERENCES Full-bridge Phase-shift ZVT Converter and Dissertations, Virginia Polytechnic
1 Rako, Paul, “Circulating currents: for Failure-free Operation Under Institute, Sept 12, 2003, http://bit.ly/
The warnings are out,” EDN Europe, Extreme Conditions in Welding and fLnTYO.
November 2006, http://bit.ly/h3rofF. Similar Applications,” Application Note
2 Castro-Miguens, JB, and C Castro- APT9803, Advanced Power Technolo-
You can reach
Miguens, “Limit inrush current in low- gy, December 1998, http://bit.ly/
Technical Editor
to medium-power applications,” EDN, eyCma9.
10 Jang, Yungtaek, and Milan M
Paul Rako at
Nov 4, 2010, pg 44, http://bit.ly/
1-408-745-1994
eMbUNT. Jovanovic, “A New Family of Full- and paul.rako@
3 Rako, Paul, “Digital power—without Bridge ZVS Converters,” IEEE Transac- ubm.com.
the hype,” EDN, April 22, 2010, pg 25, tions on Power Electronics, Volume 19,
http://bit.ly/hCEHub. No. 3, May 2004, http://bit.ly/eeVz5u.
4 Rako, Paul, “Draw the line: Isolation
F O R M O R E I N F O R M AT I O N
Agilent On Semiconductor
www.agilent.com www.onsemi.com
Avago Pacific Power Source
www.avagotech.com www.pacificpower.
California com
Instruments/Elgar Power Integrations
www.elgar.com www.powerint.com
CamSemi Renesas
www.camsemi.com am.renesas.com
Elgar Ridley Engineering
www.elgar.com www.ridley
Energy Star engineering.com
www.energystar.gov STMicroelectronics
Fairchild www.st.com
Semiconductor Supertex
www.fairchildsemi. www.supertex.com
com Texas Instruments
International Rectifier www.ti.com
www.irf.com Underwriters
A full featured development solution for
iWatt
www.iwatt.com
Laboratories
www.ul.com
ARM-powered Linux and Android platforms.
Ixys Venable Instruments
www.ixys.com www.venable.biz
Kikusui Vicor 1-800-348-8051
www.kikusui.co.jp www.vicor.com
www.arm.com/ds5
Omicron Vishay
www.omicron.at www.vishay.com
AWARD FINALISTS:
ARE YOU INSPIRED?
DN’s annual Innovator and Innovation of the Year competition was designed Android, MontaVista Software
E more than two decades ago with one goal in mind: to find, recognize, and pro-
mote the people and products that truly inspire the engineering world. Each
year, we are amazed by the quality of the entries and the dedication of so many indi-
▶ Tower System, Freescale
Semiconductor
▶ Virtex-6 FPGA DSP-development
viduals and companies to achieving engineering excellence. And, with your help, we kit, Xilinx
are eager to recognize some of them. Check out the finalists across many categories
on these pages, and then go to www.edn.com/innovation21 to review complete write- DIGITAL ICs
ups of each finalist and cast your online ballot. We’ll roll out the red carpet and honor ▶ Flash controllers based on
all of the nominees and winners at a reception on May 2 in San Jose, CA. If you’d like MSP (Memory Signal Processing)
to join the festivities, you can also find event and ticket information at this link. technology, Anobit
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▶ SmartFusion intelligent mixed-
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▶ SoftPatch for RocketVision,
OBLACHKO/ISTOCKPHOTO.COM
Delivering extraordinary support and on-time delivery for more than Recipient of the VDC
Platinum Vendor Award
30 years, VersaLogic has perfected the fine art of service, one customer at for five years running!
designideas
AND FRAN GRANVILLE
Some surface-mount capacitors pacitor. Applying the voltage makes 52 Power supply accepts
↘ exhibit acoustic noise when op- the PCB operate as a speaker. Keeping wide input-voltage range
erated at frequencies in the audio range. that fact in mind, consider two meth- 55 Circuit lets you
A recent design uses 10-μF, 35V X5R ods for improving the situation. The test capacitors
1206 ceramic capacitors that produce first technique is relatively simple: If
noticeable acoustic noise. To quiet such your circuit uses one capacitor, replace ▶To see all of EDN’s Design
a board, you can use acoustically quiet it with two in parallel, each with half Ideas, visit www.edn.com/design
capacitors from manufacturers such as the capacitance of the noisy capacitor. ideas.
Murata (www.murata.com) and Kemet This approach lets you place a capaci-
(www.kemet.com). Unfortunately, they tor on top of the board and the other
tend to cost more than standard parts. on the bottom of the board; the capaci- for approximately 27 cents (1000). A
Another option is to use capacitors tors lie directly above each other, and quieter KPS-series part from Kemet
with a higher voltage rating, which their orientations are the same. As the costs approximately $1.50. The sec-
could reduce the noise. Those parts upper capacitor tries to flex the board ond method involves making a slot in
may also be more expensive than stan- down, the lower capacitor tries to flex the PCB near each end of the capaci-
dard capacitors. A third path is to make the board up. These two stresses tend to tor (Figure 2). When the capacitor
a physical change to the PCB (printed- cancel each other, and the PCB gener- expands and contracts, it flexes only a
circuit board). ates little sound. small portion of the PCB, which should
A ceramic capacitor expands when Adding a second capacitor increases reduce the noise.
you apply a voltage and contracts when cost but not as much as replacing the A test with five 10-μF, 25V ceramic
you reduce the voltage. The PCB flex- noisy capacitor with one that might capacitors connected in parallel showed
es as the capacitor changes size because not create noise. A ceramic capacitor that putting three capacitors on top of
the ends of the capacitor mechanical- from Digi-Key (www.digikey.com) sells the PCB and two on the bottom reduc-
ly couple to the PCB through solder es the noise by 14 dBA (acoustic deci-
(Reference 1). bels). Routing a slot on both sides of the
Figure 1a shows a capacitor with no SLOTS IN PCB five capacitors reduces the noise by 15
applied voltage, and Figure 1b shows dBA. Both are substantial noise reduc-
an exaggerated condition of PCB flex- tions. A Murata JG8-series capacitor re-
ing when you apply voltage to a ca- duces the noise by 9.5 dBA. Combining
these techniques should further reduce
the noise.EDN
(a)
REFERENCE
1 Laps, Mark; Roy Grace, Bill Sloka,
ILOAD RSENSE
VDD = 3.3V
VBATT = RS+ RS-
1.6V TO 28V
LOAD
μC
P
OUT
ADC
10kΩ
MAX9938
www.maxim-ic.com/MAX9938-info
DIRECT ™
www.maxim-ic.com/shop www.em.avnet.com/maxim
S2 270
SINUSOIDAL-
TRIANGULAR Ľ8V
SWITCH
8V
XR-2206
10k
Ľ8V
16k
8V
100 μF
100k
8V à 8V
10k 2 8
Ľ
73 LINEAR 1
47 6
à
POTENTIOMETER 3 LM358
LM318 à
2
SIGNAL Ľ
4 à 10k
OUTPUT
1k
10 μF
à 10k
Ľ8V
1 μF 6
10k 4.7k 7 Ľ
5 10k
4.7k à LINEAR
0.1 μF 10k
4.7k 4 POTENTIOMETER
0.01 μF 10k
1k Ľ8V
0.001 μF TWO-POLE,
TRIMMING 1N914
FIVE-THROW
POTENTIOMETERS
FREQUENCY-SCALE
FOR SCALE
SELECTOR
CALIBRATION
8V
S1
110V AC à
ON/OFF 1N4007 1N4007 1000 μF
à
1N4007 1N4007 1000 μF
Ľ8V
12V CENTER-TAPPED
500 mA
Figure 1 The waveform-generation circuit has a frequency of 1 Hz to 100 kHz in five scales.
competitor MAX9983
MAX9981
MAX2042A*
integrated up-/downconverters with MAX2039
SPDT LO r!
-3dBm SWITCH DRIVER
LO1 25
to BALUN
+3dBm LO2 20
LO
SPLITTER 15 Passive up-/downconverters
LO
SELECT with LO buffer and OIP3 > 22dBm
LO 10
RF BALUN
DRIVER Downconverters with LO buffer,
DIVERSITY IF+ 5
OIP3 > 30dBm, and NF < 11dB
IF- 0
MIXER IF AMP
1
5
IM
P
AX
M
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
M
www.maxim-ic.com/wi-infra
DIRECT ™
www.maxim-ic.com/shop www.em.avnet.com/maxim
Power supply accepts of life. The power supply can also run ef-
ficiently off higher input voltages, such
wide input-voltage range as 12V automotive power. The heart of
the circuit is a SEPIC (single-ended-pri-
Jim Windgassen, Northrop Grumman Undersea Systems, Annapolis, MD mary-inductance-converter)-based
switching power supply, which provides
The switching power supply in an input voltage as low as 1.5V once it an output voltage greater than or less
↘ Figure 1 produces 3.3V dc from starts from a minimum of 2.5V dc, al- than the input voltage (Reference 1).
an input voltage of 2.5 to 20V dc with lowing the switcher to fully discharge a This power supply includes bootstrap
high efficiency. The circuit operates at pair of alkaline cell batteries nearing end circuitry comprising IC1, an LT3008
D1
ZLLS350
IN OUT
IC1 R1
LT3008 1.87M à C2
SHDN ADJ 4.7 μF
GND
R2
590k
IN
C1
22 μF
L1
4.7 μH
à V1
VIN
Ź 2.5V
INTVCC RUN C4 D2
C3 à 10 μF DFLS230L-7
4.7 μF OUT
MODE SENSE
IC2
R3 Q1 L2 C7
LTC1871 R4
33.2k FDMA430NZ 4.7 μH 100 μF
ITH 1100k I1
GATE
0.5A
C5 C6 FREQ FB
6800 pF 50 pF GND
R6 R5
40k 634k
NOTES: INDUCTOR MODEL IS BASED ON 4.7-μH WÜRTH 744878004 DUAL INDUCTOR FOR 600 kHz.
L1 AND L2 ARE WOUND ON A COMMON CORE.
Figure 1 The power supply can provide a 3.3V output from 2.5 to 20V input voltages. It needs 2.5V to start.
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designideas
the total charge that must go into and
50-mA LOAD EFFICIENCY 500-mA LOAD EFFICIENCY out of the MOSFET gate, further im-
proving efficiency. SEPIC controller IC2
84
normally uses its internal low-dropout
82 capability to generate an operating volt-
age of 5V from the input. Running IC2
80
from the bootstrapped output reduces
EFFICIENCY
78 IC2’s operating voltage to approximate-
(%) ly 3V, which also limits the drive voltage
76
to Q1’s gate.
74 Table 1 lists the key components for
72
the power supply, including an appro-
priate commercially available coupled
70 inductor. The PCB (printed-circuit-
1.5 2 2.25 2.5 3 4 6 9 12 15 20
VOLTAGE (V) board) design and the choice of cou-
pled inductors for this power supply
Figure 2 The power supply’s efficiency is consistent over 50- and 500-mA loads. are critical for good performance. For
the power supply to achieve high effi-
voltage regulator; Schottky diode D1; drain-to-source voltage of 30V to allow ciency at low input voltages and high
and capacitor C2. It needs a minimum of for operation up to a 20V input. output current, the coupled inductor
2.5V to start. Voltage regulator IC1 pro- The bootstrap circuit allows the con- must have low-resistance windings,
vides 2.5V to start SEPIC controller IC2. verter to run from very low input volt- and the high current tracks should use
Once the output voltage of the SEPIC ages by maintaining the input voltage to wide copper pours to minimize resistance
power supply reaches its normal output IC2, and it increases efficiency at high
voltage of 3.3V, D1 lets the output power input voltages by eliminating the use
of the switcher flow back to power IC2. of IC2’s internal linear voltage regula-
Once this action occurs, IC1 drops out tor. Figure 2 shows the efficiency of the
of the circuit because the voltage at its prototype power supply at both 50- and
output is above its setpoint voltage. The 500-mA loads. The power supply’s effi-
converter’s own output now powers IC2, ciency is consistent over a range of oper-
and the regulator’s internal circuitry pre- ating voltages because of the bootstrap-
vents backflow of power through IC1. ping circuit.
MOSFET Q1 has low threshold voltage, Because the circuit uses a low-thresh-
appropriate on-resistance to provide old-voltage MOSFET, the switch, keep- Figure 3 The complete power supply
fits onto a 23×15×3.5-mm PCB.
current feedback to IC2, and a maximum ing the gate drive voltage low, reduces
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y $XWRPDWLF7HVW
(TXLSPHQW$7(
Raju R Baddi,
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Maharashtra, India y +LJKYROWDJHVZLWFKLQJ
y /RZWKHUPDO(0)
Electrolytic capacitors tend to pacitor under test, CX, discharges through
↘ leak with time. The circuit in its internal resistance. If the leakage in CX y 'LUHFWGULYHIURP&026
Figure 1 lets you test capacitors and de- is greater than that of CREF through RREF, y 5)VZLWFKLQJDQGRWKHU
cide whether they’re worth using. You then its voltage will fall faster. Thus, the VSHFLDOLVWDSSOLFDWLRQV
can set the constraint on the leakiness voltage at the op amp’s noninverting
through the values of CREF/RREF. The val- input will be lower than at its inverting 6RIW&HQWHU
ues in the figure are typical for general input, forcing the op amp’s output low
0X0HWDO0DJQHWLF6FUHHQLQJ
testing of all capacitors, from 1-nF ce- and lighting the red LED. This LED in-
ramic versions to 1000-μF electrolytic dicates that the test capacitor leaks. Test-
types. The value of CREF in the circuit is ing of the circuit reveals that even a 1-nF
near the value of the test capacitor, CX. ceramic capacitor holds against the ref- 2QO\3LFNHULQJKDV
You can also choose RREF, by a rotary- erence. Check the voltage rating on the
6RIW&HQWHU7HFKQRORJ\
switching arrangement, to be greater test capacitor to make sure that it is high-
than or less than 22 MΩ. er than the voltage to which it will be
(QFDSVXODWLRQ 6RIWLQQHU
When the pushbutton switch closes, charged—in this case, VSUPPLY is −1.8V. ,QWHUQDO 6KHOO
PXPHWDO HQFDSVXODWLRQ
capacitors CREF and CX charge through The LF357 has a minimum supply PDJQHWLF PDWHULDO
their respective PNP transistors. When voltage of 10V, but the testing took VFUHHQ WRSURWHFW
,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ
the switch opens, the capacitors begin place at only 6V to allow a low upper- *UDGH5HHG
6RIW&HQWHU
to discharge. CREF, assuming that it is in limit voltage for the test capacitor. Make 6ZLWFK
good condition, has an additional dis- sure the capacitor has a FET or a MOS-
charge external resistance, RREF. The ca- FET input stage.EDN 5HHG
6ZLWFK
'LRGH
6V 6HOI
2QOLQH&DWDORJRU'RZQORDG
VXSSRUWLQJ
FRLOWR +DUGRXWHU
1N4001 PD[LPL]H HQFDSVXODWLRQ
PDJQHWLF PDWHULDO
GULYH
1N4001
RED 3LFNHULQJ5HHG5HOD\VDUH
1N4001 HQFDSVXODWHGXVLQJDVRIW
BC177
1k LQQHUPDWHULDOWRSURWHFWWKH
2 UHHGVZLWFKFDSVXOH7KHYHU\
− 7
6 1k KDUGFRPSRXQGVXVHGE\PRVW
3
+ RWKHUPDQXIDFWXUHUVFDQFDXVH
4 LF357
VWUHVVHVWKDWFDQSRWHQWLDOO\
BC177 CREF + RREF OR EQUIVALENT
+ CX GDPDJHWKHUHHGVZLWFKDQG
100 μF 22M
GHJUDGHFRQWDFWUHVLVWDQFH
VWDELOLW\DQGOLIHH[SHFWDWLRQ*R
WRZZZSLFNHULQJUHOD\FRPWR
¿QGRXWPRUH
Figure 1 Electrolytic capacitors tend to leak over time, but this circuit lets you test
them and decide whether they’re worth using.
SLFNHULQJUHOD\FRP
FEBRUARY 17, 2011 | EDN 55
productroundup
SWITCHES AND RELAYS
Dual SPST analog
switch operates
from a 1.8 to 5.5V
power supply
The monolithic DG723 analog
↘ switch switches both analog and
digital signals. It contains two inde-
pendent SPST switches; Switch 1 is
normally open, and Switch 2 is nor-
mally closed. Working from a 1.8 to
5.5V power supply, the DG723 delivers
low switching noise for signal integrity
and system
accuracy. It
combines a
compact sur-
Transmit/receive switches face-mount
integrate clamping diodes package with
low power
The MAX4936/MAX4937 fully integrated octal high-voltage transmit/ consump-
↘ receive switches integrate clamping diodes to isolate the low-voltage tion and the ability to work with the
receiver path from the high-voltage transmitting path. This feature protects the low voltages in new-generation porta-
receiver input from voltage spikes due to leakage currents flowing through the ble designs. It features a typical on-
switches. The devices feature eight individually programmable switches controlled resistance of 2.5Ω, typical leakage cur-
through an SPI with a 12-bit shift register and transparent latch. The devices oper- rent of 1 pA, off-capacitance of 8 pF,
ate over the 0 to 70°C commercial-temperature range and come in 5×11-mm, on-capacitance of 19 pF, and charge
56-pin TQFN packages. Prices start at $12 (1000). injection of 1.8 pC. On-resistance flat-
Maxim Integrated Products, www.maxim-ic.com ness is 0.9Ω at 5V, and typical band-
width is 366 MHz at −3 dB. The switch
ADVERTISER INDEX sells for 70 cents (1000).
Vishay Siliconix, www.vishay.com
Company Page Company Page
Agilent Technologies C-2, 3, 12 Lattice Semiconductor 17
Analog Devices Inc 19 Linear Technology C-4 Miniature pushbutton
ARM 45 Maxim Integrated Products 49, 51 switches feature built-in
Avnet Electronics Marketing C-3 MicroPower Direct 43
Avtech Electrosystems Ltd 57 Mouser Electronics 8
RGB-LED illumination
The KP series of miniature
Centellax
Cirrus Logic Inc
27
29
National Instruments
Panasonic Industrial
15
57
↘ RGB-LED-illuminated pushbut-
Coilcraft 6 Pickering Interfaces 55
ton switches have square caps with a
CUI 33 Pico Electronics Inc 5, 40, 41
clear lens and a white diffuser. They
come in flat, sculptured, or home-key
Digi-Key Corp C-1, 4 Renesas Technology Corp 23
styles in 17.4-, 15-, and
Express PCB 13 RFM 31
12-mm sizes. They pro-
Integrated Device Technology 10 Trilogy Design 57
vide a choice of two-
Intel Corp 39 UBM Trade Events 53
stroke-travel or actua-
International Rectifier Corp 9 VersaLogic Corp 47
tion-force combinations
Lambda Americas 35 Vicor Corp 21
and measure 23 mm high
EDN provides this index as an additional service. The publisher assumes no liability for errors or omissions.
from the PCB to the top
Power-off-protection
switches prevent
productmart
damage to data This advertising is for new and current products.
and systems
The ADG4612 and ADG4613
↘ power-off-protection switches op-
erate either open or closed and guarantee
an off state in the absence of a power sup-
ply, preventing potentially damaging
current from flowing to PCBs. The Bluetooth® RF MODULES
devices suit use in applications in which
Bluetooth, which is based
analog signals may be present at the on IEEE 802.15.1, was
switch inputs before the power-supply developed for the purpose
voltage is on or in which a user has no of sending larger amounts
control over the power-supply sequence. of data quickly from com-
puters to portable handheldd
The switches also feature overvoltage devices. Key features include high data
protection, which can block signal levels rate, frequency hopping, very small form
as high as 16V in the off state. The factor and modest power consumption.
switches have a maximum on-resistance Panasonic offers a new Bluetooth RF
module product line that makes connectivity
of 6.1Ω and contain four independent between mobile devices easily implemented,
SPST switches. Each switch in the creating a seamless data chain from sensors
ADG4612 turns on with logic one on to the Web.
the appropriate control input, and two
switches in the ADG4613 turn on with
Visit us online at www.panasonic.com/rfmodules
logic zero. The switches sell for $1.87 email piccomponentsmarketing@us.panasonic.com
or call 1-800-344-2112
each (1000).
Analog Devices Inc,
www.analog.com
Gennum, www.gennum.com
TA L E S F R O M T H E C U B E WHITHAM D REEVE • REEVE ENGINEERS
I
ness as a radio technician. As a new hire, I got the jobs that were had to start four huge Pratt & Whitney
R2800 engines.
in line with my experience and that nobody else liked to do, I flinched but quickly again grabbed
such as sweeping the floors and cleaning the shop. One interest- the wrench. It had welded itself to the
ing assignment was to repair and overhaul the large backlog of aluminum structure. Worse, red-hot,
MG-149G and H-model rotary inverters. Our DC-3 and C-46 molten aluminum and steel had splat-
airplanes used the inverters, dc motors with ac generators that ran tered onto the carbon dust that coated
everything in the inverter compart-
off the airplanes’ main 28V-dc bus and supplied 115V ac and 400
ment and set it on fire. I was somehow
Hz for certain radio-navigation equipment and instruments. able to pull the wrench away without
Overhaul involved completely disas- It took me a week or two to work burning myself. Miraculously, the car-
sembling and cleaning the unit. Once I through the stack of inverters, but I bon fires fizzled out, and no significant
cleaned up the components, I thorough- finished them. Our spares rack was now damage occurred to anything except my
ly examined them to check for anything full of shiny, clean MG-149 inverters. By new wrench.
out of the ordinary. The inverter rotor now, though, everyone considered me I climbed out of the airplane and,
had a bearing in each of the end bells. the inverter expert. I received instruc- still shaking, told the mechanic fore-
The rotor had some sealed bearings and tions to remove the No. 2 inverter from man what had happened. He had a good
some open bearings. I had to thoroughly the DC-6 over in the hangar and take it laugh and said he’d have a mechanic
clean and regrease the open bearings. to a local shop for overhaul. disconnect the battery. I then vacuumed
All bearings required hand operation The DC-6 used a much larger invert- the inverter compartment and removed
to make sure they were smooth. Upon er than the MG-149 due to the larger ac the inverter without further trouble and
reassembly, the inverter end bells, bear- load. Our test bench was not set up for took it to the overhaul shop. I realized
ings, and rotor had to be in perfect the larger inverters. Off I went, but not how close I had come to burning up a
alignment, which I accomplished by before asking where the inverters in the perfectly good DC-6 and probably the
DANIEL VASCONCELLOS
starting up the inverter on the bench, DC-6 resided. It turns out that they were hangar with it.EDN
listening, and then lightly tapping the directly behind the radio rack in a closed
end bells with a nonmetallic hammer to compartment, with No. 1 at the top and Whitham D Reeve is an engineer at
align the bearings. No. 2 at the bottom. Reeve Engineers (Anchorage, AK).
0.25
• 1.2V to 40V Input Voltage
0
• Reverse Voltage & Current Protection – 0.25
LTspice ®
– 0.75 www.linear.com/LTspice
• 1% SET Pin Current Accuracy
TM –1.00
• 3mm x 3mm DFN-8, 8-Lead ThinSOT – 50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 , LTC, LT, LTM, μModule and LTspice are registered trademarks
and ThinSOT is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation.
and 3-Lead SOT-223 Packages Temperature (°C) All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.