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Contents
Part A FORMULAS 1

Section I Elementary Constants, Products, Formulas 3

1. Greek Alphabet and Special Constants 3
2. Special Products and Factors 5
3. The Binomial Formula and Binomial Coefficients 7
4. Complex Numbers 10
5. Solutions of Algebraic Equations 13
6. Conversion Factors 15

Section II Geometry 16
7. Geometric Formulas 16
8. Formulas from Plane Analytic Geometry 22
9. Special Plane Curves 28
10. Formulas from Solid Analytic Geometry 34
11. Special Moments of Inertia 41

Section III Elementary Transcendental Functions 43

12. Trigonometric Functions 43
13. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 53
14. Hyperbolic Functions 56

Section IV Calculus 62
15. Derivatives 62
16. Indefinite Integrals 67
17. Tables of Special Indefinite Integrals 71
18. Definite Integrals 108

Section V Differential Equations and Vector Analysis 116

19. Basic Differential Equations and Solutions 116
20. Formulas from Vector Analysis 119

Section VI Series 134

21. Series of Constants 134
22. Taylor Series 138
23. Bernoulli and Euler Numbers 142
24. Fourier Series 144

vii
 viii CONTENTS

Section VII Special Functions and Polynomials 149

25. The Gamma Function 149
26. The Beta Function 152
27. Bessel Functions 153
28. Legendre and Associated Legendre Functions 164
29. Hermite Polynomials 169
30. Laguerre and Associated Laguerre Polynomials 171
31. Chebyshev Polynomials 175
32. Hypergeometric Functions 178

Section VIII Laplace and Fourier Transforms 180

33. Laplace Transforms 180
34. Fourier Transforms 193

Section IX Elliptic and Miscellaneous Special Functions 198

35. Elliptic Functions 198
36. Miscellaneous and Riemann Zeta Functions 203

Section X Inequalities and Infinite Products 205

37. Inequalities 205
38. Infinite Products 207

Section XI Probability and Statistics 208

39. Descriptive Statistics 208
40. Probability 217
41. Random Variables 223

Section XII Numerical Methods 227

42. Interpolation 227
43. Quadrature 231
44. Solution of Nonlinear Equations 233
45. Numerical Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations 235
46. Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 237
47. Iteration Methods for Linear Systems 240

Part B TABLES 243

Section I Logarithmic,Trigonometric, Exponential Functions 245

1. Four Place Common Logarithms log1 0 N o r log N 245
2. Sin x (x in degrees and minutes) 247
3. Cos x (x in degrees and minutes) 248
4. Tan x (x in degrees and minutes) 249
CONTENTS ix

5. Conversion of Radians to Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds

or Fractions of Degrees 250
6. Conversion of Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds to Radians 251
7. Natural or Napierian Logarithms loge x or ln x 252
8. Exponential Functions ex 254
9. Exponential Functions eⴚx 255
10. Exponential, Sine, and Cosine Integrals 256

Section II Factorial and Gamma Function, Binomial Coefficients 257

11. Factorial n 257
12. Gamma Function 258
13. Binomial coefficients 259

Section III Bessel Functions 261

14. Bessel Functions J0(x) 261
15. Bessel Functions J1(x) 261
16. Bessel Functions Y0(x) 262
17. Bessel Functions Y1(x) 262
18. Bessel Functions I0(x) 263
19. Bessel Functions I1(x) 263
20. Bessel Functions K0(x) 264
21. Bessel Functions K1(x) 264
22. Bessel Functions Ber(x) 265
23. Bessel Functions Bei(x) 265
24. Bessel Functions Ker(x) 266
25. Bessel Functions Kei(x) 266
26. Values for Approximate Zeros of Bessel Functions 267

Section IV Legendre Polynomials 268

27. Legendre Polynomials Pn(x) 268
28. Legendre Polynomials Pn(cos ␪) 269

Section V Elliptic Integrals 270

29. Complete Elliptic Integrals of First and Second Kinds 270
30. Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the First Kind 271
31. Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind 271

Section VI Financial Tables 272

32. Compound amount: (1 + r) n
272
33. Present Value of an Amount: (1 + r)n 273
(1+ r )n – 1
34. Amount of an Annuity: 274
r –n
1 – (1+ r )
35. Present Value of an Annuity: 275
r
18 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Definition of a Definite Integral

Let f(x) be defined in an interval a  x  b. Divide the interval into n equal parts of length x = (b − a)/n. Then
the definite integral of f(x) between x = a and x = b is defined as

b
18.1. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = lim{ f (a) Δx + f (a + Δx ) Δx + f (a + 2Δx ) Δx +  + f (a + (n − 1) Δx ) Δx}
n→∞

The limit will certainly exist if f(x) is piecewise continuous.

d
If f ( x ) = g( x ), then by the fundamental theorem of the integral calculus the above definite integral can
dx
be evaluated by using the result

b b d b
18.2. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = ∫
a dx
g( x ) dx = g( x ) = g(b) − g(a)
a

If the interval is infinite or if f(x) has a singularity at some point in the interval, the definite integral is called
an improper integral and can be defined by using appropriate limiting procedures. For example,

∞ b
18.3. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = lim ∫ f ( x ) dx
b→∞ a

∞ b
18.4. ∫ −∞
f ( x ) dx = lim ∫ f ( x ) dx
a→−∞ a
b→∞

b b −∈
18.5. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = lim ∫
∈→ 0 α
f ( x ) dx if b is a singular point..

b b
18.6. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = lim ∫
∈→ 0 a +∈
f ( x ) dx if a is a singulaar point.

General Formulas Involving Definite Integrals

b b b b
18.7. ∫ a
{ f ( x ) ± g( x ) ± h( x ) ± } dx = ∫ a
f ( x ) dx ± ∫ a
g( x ) dx ± ∫ h( x ) dx ± 
a

b b
18.8. ∫ a
cf ( x ) dx = c ∫ f ( x ) dx where c is any constant.
a

a
18.9. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = 0

b a
18.10. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( x ) dx
b

b c b
18.11. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
a c

108
DEFINITE INTEGRALS 109

b
18.12. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = (b − a) f (c) where c is between a and b.

This is called the mean value theorem for definite integrals and is valid if f(x) is continuous in
a  x  b.
b b
18.13. ∫ a
f ( x ) g( x ) dx = f (c) ∫ g( x ) dx
a
where c is between a and b

This is a generalization of 18.12 and is valid if f(x) and g(x) are continuous in a  x  b and g(x)  0.

Leibnitz’s Rules for Differentiation of Integrals

d φ 2 (α ) φ 2 (α ) ∂F dφ dφ
18.14.
dα ∫φ 1 (α )
F ( x , α ) dx = ∫
φ 1(α ) dα
dx + F (φ2 , α ) 2 − F (φ1 , α ) 1
dα dα

Approximate Formulas for Definite Integrals

In the following the interval from x = a to x = b is subdivided into n equal parts by the points
a = x0, x1, x2, …, xn–1, xn = b and we let y0 = f(x0), y1 = f(x1), y2 = f(x2), …, yn = f(xn), h = (b – a)/n.

Rectangular formula:
b
18.15. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx ≈ h( y0 + y1 + y2 +  + yn−1 )

Trapezoidal formula:
b h
18.16. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx ≈ ( y + 2 y1 + 2 y2 +  + 2 yn−1 + yn )
2 0

Simpson’s formula (or parabolic formula) for n even:

b h
18.17. ∫ a
f ( x ) dx ≈ ( y + 4 y1 + 2 y2 + 4 y3 +  + 2 yn− 2 + 4 yn−1 + yn )
3 0

Definite Integrals Involving Rational or Irrational Expressions

∞ dx π
18.18. ∫ 0
=
x 2 + a 2 2a
∞ x p−1dx π
18.19. ∫ 0 1+ x
=
sin pπ
, 0 < p<1

∞ x m dx π a m+1− n
18.20. ∫ 0
=
x n + a n n sin[(m + 1)π /n]
, 0 < m +1< n

∞ x m dx π sin mβ
18.21. ∫ 0 1 + 2 x cos β + x 2
=
sin mπ sin β
a dx π
18.22. ∫ 0 a −x22
=
2

a π a2
18.23. ∫ 0
a 2 − x 2 dx =
4
 110 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

a a m +1+ np Γ [(m + 1)/n] Γ ( p + 1)

18.24. ∫ 0
x m (a n − x n ) p dx =
nΓ [(m + 1)/n + p + 1]
∞ x m dx (−1)r −1 π a m +1− nr Γ [(m + 1)/n]
18.25. ∫ 0
=
( x n + a n )r n sin[(m + 1)π /n](r − 1)! Γ[(m + 1) /n − r + 1]
, 0 < m + 1 < nr

Definite Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions

All letters are considered positive unless otherwise indicated.

π ⎪⎧ 0 m, n integers and m ≠ n
18.26. ∫ 0
sin mx sin nx dx = ⎨
⎪⎩π /2 m, n integers and m = n

π ⎧⎪ 0 m, n integers and m ≠ n
18.27. ∫ cos mx cos nx dx = ⎨
⎩⎪π /2 m, n in
ntegers and m = n
0

π ⎧⎪ 0 m, n integers and m + n even

18.28. ∫ 0
sin mx cos nx dx = ⎨
⎪⎩2m/ (m 2 − n 2 ) m, n integers and m + n odd

π /2 π /2 π
18.29. ∫ 0
sin 2 x dx = ∫ 0
cos 2 x dx =
4
π /2 π /2 1 i 3 i 5 2 m − 1 π
18.30. ∫ 0
sin 2 m x dx = ∫ 0
cos 2 m x dx =
2 i 4 i 6  2m 2
, m = 1, 2,…

π /2 π /2 2 i 4 i 6  2m
18.31. ∫ 0
sin 2 m +1 x dx = ∫ 0
cos 2 m +1 x dx =
1 i 3 i 5 2 m + 1
, m = 1, 2,…

π /2 Γ ( p) Γ (q)
18.32. ∫ 0
sin 2p−1 x cos 2 q−1 x dx =
2Γ ( p + q)

⎧ π /2 p > 0
∞ sin px ⎪⎪
18.33. ∫ 0 x
dx = ⎨ 0 p = 0
⎪
⎪⎩−π /2 p < 0

⎧ 0 p>q>0
∞ sin px cos qx ⎪⎪
18.34. ∫ 0 x
dx = ⎨π /2 0< p<q
⎪
⎩⎪π /4 p=q>0

∞ sin px sin qx ⎧⎪π p/2 0 < pq

18.35. ∫ 0 x 2 dx = ⎨
⎪⎩π q/2 pq > 0

∞ sin 2 px πp
18.36. ∫ 0 x2
dx =
2

∞ 1 − cos px πp
18.37. ∫ 0 x2
dx =
2
DEFINITE INTEGRALS 111

∞ cos px − cos qx q
18.38. ∫ 0 x
dx = ln
p

∞ cos px − cos qx π (q − p)
18.39. ∫ 0 x 2 dx =
2
∞ cos mx π − ma
18.40. ∫ 0 x +a
2 2 dx =
2 a
e

∞ x sin mx π − ma
18.41. ∫ 0 x +a
2 2 dx =
2
e

∞ sin mx π
18.42. ∫ 0 x(x 2 + a2 )
dx = 2 (1 − e − ma )
2a
2π dx 2π
18.43. ∫ 0 a + b sin x
=
a2 − b2
2π dx 2π
18.44. ∫ 0 a + b cos x
=
a2 − b2
π /2 dx cos −1 (b / a)
18.45. ∫ 0 a + b cos x
=
a2 − b2
2π dx 2π dx 2π a
18.46. ∫ 0 (a + b sin x )2
= ∫ 0
=
(a + b cos x )2 (a 2 − b 2 )3/2
2π dx 2π
18.47. ∫ 0
=
1 − 2a cos x + a 2 1 − a 2
, 0 < a <1

π x sin x dx ⎧⎪(π /a) ln (1 + a), a <1

18.48. ∫ 0
=
1 − 2a cos x + a 2 ⎨π ln (1 + 1/a),
⎪⎩ a >1

π cos mx dx π am
18.49. ∫ 0 1 − 2a cos x + a 2 =
1 − a2
, a 2 < 1, m = 0, 1, 2,…

∞ ∞ 1 π
18.50. ∫ 0
sin ax 2 dx = ∫ 0
cos ax 2 dx =
2 2a
∞ 1 π
18.51. ∫ 0
sin ax n dx =
na1/n
Γ (1/n) sin ,
2n
n >1

∞ 1 π
18.52. ∫ 0
cos ax n dx =
na1/n
Γ (1/n) cos ,
2n
n >1

∞ sin x ∞ cos x π
18.53. ∫ 0 x
dx = ∫ 0 x
dx =
2
∞ sin x π
18.54. ∫ 0 xp
dx =
2Γ ( p) sin ( pπ /2)
, 0 < p<1

∞ cos x π
18.55. ∫ 0 xp
dx =
2Γ ( p) cos ( pπ /2)
, 0 < p<1

∞ 1 π ⎛ b2 b2 ⎞
18.56. ∫ 0
sin ax 2 cos 2bx dx =
2 2a ⎜⎝ cos
a
− sin
a ⎟⎠
 112 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

∞ 1 π ⎛ b2 b2 ⎞
18.57. ∫ 0
cos ax 2 cos 2bx dx =
2 2a ⎜⎝ cos
a
+ sin
a ⎟⎠

∞ sin 3 x 3π
18.58. ∫ 0 x3
dx =
8
∞ sin 4 x π
18.59. ∫ 0 x4
dx =
3
∞ tan x π
18.60. ∫ 0 x
dx =
2
π /2 dx π
18.61. ∫ 0
=
1 + tan m x 4

18.62. ∫
π /2

0
x
sin x
1 1
{ 1 1
dx = 2 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + 
1 3 5 7 }
1 tan −1 x 1 1 1 1
18.63. ∫ 0 x
dx = 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + 
1 3 5 7

1 sin −1 x π
18.64. ∫ 0 x
dx = ln 2
2
1 1 − cos x ∞ cos x
18.65. ∫ 0 x
dx − ∫
1 x
dx = γ

∞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ dx
18.66. ∫ 0 ⎜⎝ 1 + x 2 − cos x⎟⎠ x = γ

∞ tan −1 px − tan −1 qx π p
18.67. ∫ 0 x
dx = ln
2 q

Definite Integrals Involving Exponential Functions

Some integrals contain Euler’s constant g = 0.5772156 . . . (see 1.3, page 3).
∞ a
18.68. ∫ e − ax cos bx dx = 2
0 a + b2
∞ b
18.69. ∫ 0
e − ax sin bx dx =
a2 + b2

∞ − ax
e sin bx b
18.70. ∫ 0 x
dx = tan −1
a

∞ − ax
e − e − bx b
18.71. ∫ 0 x
dx = ln
a

∞ 1 π
∫ e − ax dx =
2
18.72.
0 2 a

∞ 1 π − b /4 a
∫ e − ax cos bx dx =
2 2
18.73. e
0 2 a
DEFINITE INTEGRALS 113

∞ 1 π ( b − 4 ac )/4 a b
∫ e − ( ax + bx +c ) dx =
2 2
18.74. e erfc
0 2 a 2 a
2 ∞
where erfc (p) = ∫ e − x dx
2

π p

∞ π ( b − 4 ac )/4 a
∫ e − ( ax + bx +c ) dx =
2 2
18.75. e
−∞ a
∞ Γ(n + 1)
18.76. ∫ 0
x n e − ax dx =
a n+1
∞ Γ[(m + 1)/2]
∫ x m e − ax dx =
2
18.77. 0 2a ( m +1)/2

∞ 1 π −2
∫ e − ( ax + b/x ) dx =
2 2
ab
18.78. e
0 2 a
∞ x dx 1 1 1 1 π2
18.79. ∫ 0
= + + +
e x − 1 12 22 32 4 2
+  =
6
∞ x n−1 ⎛1 1 1 ⎞
18.80. ∫ 0 ex − 1
dx = Γ(n) ⎜ n + n + n + ⎟
⎝1 2 3 ⎠

For even n this can be summed in terms of Bernoulli numbers (see pages 142–143).

∞ x dx 1 1 1 1 π2
18.81. ∫ 0 e +1 1
x = 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + =
2 3 4 12
∞ x n−1 ⎛1 1 1 ⎞
18.82. ∫ 0 e +1
x dx = Γ(n) ⎜ n − n + n − ⎟
⎝1 2 3 ⎠
For some positive integer values of n the series can be summed (see 23.10).

∞ sin mx 1 m 1
18.83. ∫ 0 e 2π x − 1
dx = coth −
4 2 2m

∞ ⎛ 1 − x ⎞ dx
18.84. ∫ 0
⎜⎝ 1 + x − e ⎟⎠ x = γ

∞ −x − e− x
2
e
18.85. ∫ 0 x
dx = 12 γ

⎛ 1
∞ e− x ⎞
18.86. ∫0 ⎜⎝ e x − 1 x ⎟⎠ dx = γ
−

∞ − ax
e − e − bx 1 ⎛ b 2 + p2 ⎞
18.87. ∫ 0 x sec px
dx = ln ⎜ 2
2 ⎝ a + p2 ⎟⎠

∞ − ax
e − e − bx b a
18.88. ∫ 0 x csc px
dx = tan −1 − tan −1
p p

∞ − ax
e (1 − cos x ) a
18.89. ∫ 0 x2
dx = cot −1 a − ln (a 2 + 1)
2
 114 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Definite Integrals Involving Logarithmic Functions

1 (−1)n n !
18.90. ∫ 0
x m (ln x )n dx =
(m + 1)n+1
m > −1, n = 0, 1, 2,…

If n ≠ 0, 1, 2, … replace n! by Γ(n + 1).

ln x
1 π2
18.91. ∫0 1 + x dx = −
12
ln x
1 π2
18.92. ∫0 1 − x dx = −
6
1 ln (1 + x ) π2
18.93. ∫ 0 x
dx =
12
1 ln (1 − x ) π2
18.94. ∫ 0 x
dx = −
6
1 π2
18.95. ∫ 0
ln x ln (1 + x ) dx = 2 − 2 ln 2 −
12
1 π2
18.96. ∫ 0
ln x ln (1 − x ) dx = 2 −
6
∞ x p−1 ln x
18.97. ∫ 0 1+ x
dx = −π 2 csc pπ cot pπ 0 < p<1

1 xm − xn m +1
18.98. ∫ 0 ln x
dx = ln
n +1
∞
18.99. ∫ 0
e − x ln x dx = −γ

∞ π
∫ e − x ln x dx = − (γ + 2 ln 2)
2
18.100.
0 4
∞⎛ e x + 1⎞ π2
18.101. ∫0 ⎜⎝ e x − 1⎟⎠
ln dx =
4

π /2 π /2 π
18.102. ∫ 0
ln sin x dx = ∫ 0
ln cos x dx = −
2
ln 2

π /2 π /2 π π3
18.103. ∫ 0
(ln sin x )2 dx = ∫ 0
(ln cos x )2 dx =
2
(ln 2)2 +
24
π π2
18.104. ∫ 0
x ln sin x dx = −
2
ln 2

π /2
18.105. ∫ 0
sin x ln sin x dx = ln 2 − 1

2π 2π
18.106. ∫ 0
ln (a + b sin x ) dx = ∫ 0
ln (a + b cos x ) dx = 2π ln (a + a 2 − b 2 )

π ⎛ a + a2 − b2 ⎞
18.107. ∫ 0
ln(a + b cos x ) dx = π ln ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟
⎠
DEFINITE INTEGRALS 115

π ⎧⎪2π ln a, a  b > 0
18.108. ∫ 0
ln (a 2 − 2ab cos x + b 2 ) dx = ⎨
⎪⎩2π ln b, b  a > 0

π /4 π
18.109. ∫ 0
ln (1 + tan x ) dx =
8
ln 2

π /2 ⎛ 1 + b cos x ⎞ 1
18.110. ∫ 0
sec x ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 + a cos x ⎠
dx = {(cos −1 a)2 − (cos −1 b)2}
2
a ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ sin a sin 2a sin 3a ⎞
18.111. ∫ 0
ln ⎜ 2 sin ⎟ dx = − ⎜ 2 +
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1 22
+ 2 + ⎟
3 ⎠
See also 18.102.

Definite Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions

∞ sin ax π aπ
18.112. ∫ 0 sinh bx
dx =
2b
tanh
2b
∞ cos ax π aπ
18.113. ∫ 0 cosh bx
dx =
2b
sech
2b
∞ x dx π2
18.114. ∫ 0
= 2
sinh ax 4 a

18.115. ∫
∞

0
x n dx 2n+1 − 1 1 1
{ 1
= n n+1 Γ (n + 1) n+1 + n+1 + n+1 + 
sinh ax 2 a 1 2 3 }
If n is an odd positive integer, the series can be summed.
∞ sinh ax π aπ 1
18.116. ∫ 0 e bx + 1
dx =
2b
csc −
b 2a
∞ sinh ax 1 π aπ
18.117. ∫ 0 e bx − 1
dx = −
2a 2b
cot
b

Miscellaneous Definite Integrals

∞ f (ax ) − f (bx ) b
18.118. ∫ 0 x
dx = { f (0) − f (∞)}ln
a
∞ f ( x ) − f (∞)
This is called Frullani’s integral. It holds if f ′(x) is continuous and ∫ 0 x
dx converges.

1 dx 1 1 1
18.119. ∫ 0 x x = 1 + 2 + 3 +
1 2 3
a Γ (m ) Γ (n)
18.120. ∫ −a
(a + x )m −1 (a − x )n−1 dx = (2a)m + n−1
Γ (m + n)
Section VII: Special Functions and Polynomials

25 THE GAMMA FUNCTION

Definition of the Gamma Function ⌫(n) for n > 0

∞
25.1. Γ(n) = ∫ t n−1e − t dt n>0
0

Recursion Formula

25.2. Γ (n + 1) = nΓ (n)
If n = 0, 1, 2, …, a nonnegative integer, we have the following (where 0! = 1):

25.3. Γ(n + 1) = n!

The Gamma Function for n < 0

For n < 0 the gamma function can be defined by using 25.2, that is,

Γ (n + 1)
25.4. Γ (n) =
n

Graph of the Gamma Function

Γ(n)
5

−5 −4
n
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

Fig. 25-1

149
Copyright © 2009, 1999, 1968 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
 150 THE GAMMA FUNCTION

Special Values for the Gamma Function

25.5. Γ( 12 ) = π

1i 3 i 5 ⋅⋅⋅ (2m − 1)
25.6. Γ(m + 12 ) = π m = 1, 2, 3, ...
2m

(−1)m 2m π
25.7. Γ(− m + 12 ) = m = 1, 2, 3, ...
1i 3 i 5 ⋅⋅⋅ (2m − 1)

Relationships Among Gamma Functions

π
25.8. Γ ( p)Γ (1− p) =
sin pπ

25.9. 22 x −1 Γ ( x )Γ ( x + 12 ) = π Γ (2 x )

This is called the duplication formula.

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ m − 1⎞
25.10. Γ ( x )Γ ⎜ x + ⎟ Γ ⎜ x + ⎟ ⋅⋅⋅ Γ ⎜ x + = m1/ 2 − mx (2π )( m −1)/ 2 Γ (mx )
⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ m ⎟⎠

For m = 2 this reduces to 25.9.

Other Definitions of the Gamma Function

1 i 2 i 3 ⋅⋅⋅ k
25.11. Γ( x + 1) = lim kx
k →∞ ( x + 1)( x + 2) ⋅⋅⋅ ( x + k )

∞ ⎧ ⎫⎪
1 ⎪⎛ x⎞
25.12. = xeγ x ∏ ⎨⎜1 + ⎟ e − x / m ⎬
Γ( x ) ⎩⎝ m ⎠
m =1 ⎪ ⎪⎭
This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where g is Euler’s constant defined
in 1.3, page 3.

Derivatives of the Gamma Function

∞
25.13. Γ ′(1) = ∫ e − x ln x dx = −γ
0

Γ ′( x ) ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛1 1 ⎞
25.14. = −γ + ⎜ − ⎟ +⎜ − + ⋅⋅⋅ + ⎜ − + ⋅⋅⋅
Γ(x) ⎝1 ⎟
x ⎠ ⎝ 2 x + 1⎠ ⎝ n x + n − 1⎟⎠

Here again is Euler’s constant g.

THE GAMMA FUNCTION 151

Asymptotic Expansions for the Gamma Function

⎧ 1 1 139 ⎫
25.15. Γ( x + 1) = 2π x x x e − x ⎨1 + + 2
− 3
+ ⋅⋅ ⋅⎬
⎩ 12 x 288 x 51, 840 x ⎭
This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series.
If we let x = n a positive integer in 25.15, then a useful approximation for n! where n is large (e.g.,
n > 10) is given by Stirling’s formula

25.16. n! ~ 2π n n ne − n

where ~ is used to indicate that the ratio of the terms on each side approaches 1 as n → ∞.

Miscellaneous Results
π
25.17. | Γ (ix ) |2 =
x sinh π x