Answers

Section A
2 a i A diet that consists of meals with food from all the food
groups (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals,
fibre or roughage, water) in correct proportions. [2]
ii 160/360 = 0.44, 0.44 × 100 = 44% [2]
iii Carbohydrate [1]
iv Carbohydrate provides the body with energy. [1]
b Autotrophic nutrition is the type of nutrition where an
organism makes its own nutrients in the form of organic
compounds using inorganic materials. Heterotrophic
nutrition is the type of nutrition where the organism obtains
its nutrients from digesting organic compounds produced by
other living organisms which are either plants or animals. [4]
c i Fats and oils are digested in the small intestine starting
in the duodenum. [1]
ii Type 1: Bile is secreted into the small intestine, and
breaks down fats into small fat droplets. This is called
emulsification, and is a type of mechanical/physical
digestion.
Type 2: This occurs after emulsification. The small
droplets of fats provide a large surface area for the
enzyme lipase to aid in the chemical breakdown of fats
into glycerol and fatty acid. [4]
3 a i Sausage provides the most energy. [1]
ii Cabbage helps prevent scurvy. It contains the highest
amount of vitamin C which is 23 mg/100 g. [2]
b i Proteins build and repair muscles and are used in the
synthesis of enzymes, hormones and antibodies in the
human body. [2]
ii Pepsin digests proteins. It is found in the stomach. [2]
c BMI = body mass (kg)/height2 (m)2 180 cm = 1.8 m,
1.82 = 3.24; BMI = 80 kg/3.24 m2 = 24.7 [2]
d Iron helps to make haemoglobin, the red pigment in red
blood cells. Iron helps with the building of red blood cells.
The deficiency disease of iron is called anaemia. [3]
e Excess fat from the diet may be stored in the body under
the skin and around vital organs. This could lead to obesity.
Persons who are obese are susceptible to hypertension,
diabetes and heart disease. Excess fat can also increase
cholesterol levels in the blood. [3]
4 a i Plaque build-up or fatty deposits in the coronary arteries
may slow down or block oxygenated blood from
reaching the heart muscle. The heart muscle is then not
supplied with enough oxygen and nutrients and thus
stops beating. [3]

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ii Heart disease may be prevented by: (1) changing the

diet from one high in fatty and high cholesterol foods
to include more fresh fruits and vegetables; (2) reducing
alcohol intake; (3) exercising regularly. [3]
b i Diabetes occurs when there is too much glucose in
the blood for a prolonged time. This may occur if the
pancreas is not producing enough insulin to regulate
glucose in the blood, or if the insulin produced is not
effective.
Any THREE of the following symptoms of diabetes:
urinating frequently; excessive thirst; increased hunger;
weight loss; tiredness; a tingling sensation or numbness
in the hands or feet (pins and needles feeling); blurred
vision; slow-healing wounds. [5]
ii Any TWO of the following: educating the population on
proper diets; including fewer simple carbohydrates in the
diet; encouraging the population to increase exercise or
physical activities. [2]
iii A balanced diet consists of foods from the seven
food groups in the correct proportions for the proper
functioning of the body. These food groups are:
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibre or
roughage, water. [2]
5 a i The highest range is 25–34. The percentage represented
by this age group is 35%.
The lowest range is 5–14. The percentage represented by
this age group is 1%. [4]
ii Transmission is most likely from mother to foetus, either
through breast milk or the birth canal during birth. [2]
b i Any TWO of the following: through sexual contact
with an infected person; via sharing needles with an
infected person during intravenous drug use; via blood
transfusion with infected blood. [2]
ii Any TWO of the following: increase the number of
screening facilities for HIV across the country and make
them free; educate the public on safer sexual practices
including the proper use of a condom; ensure that all
pregnant mothers are screened for the virus. [2]
c Any THREE of the following: do not have more than one
sexual partner; ask your potential partner to be tested before
becoming sexually involved; engage in safe sexual practices
like using a male condom or female condom; do not be
injected with needles already used by other persons. [3]
d Any TWO of the following: syphilis, gonorrhoea, Herpes
simplex II, Human papillomavirus (HPV) which can lead to
cancers such as cervical cancer. [2]

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 Section A

6 a i [4]
Drug use among smokers
and non-smokers
100 Key
Number of people

80 smokers
(per 100 000)

non-smokers
60

40

20

0
Alcohol Cocaine Marijuana

ii Based on the information provided, smokers are more

likely to use other drugs than people who do not smoke.
Although alcohol shows the highest use among both
groups, smokers are still more than 50% more likely to
use alcohol. Non-smokers also show significantly lower
usage of cocaine and marijuana compared to smokers. [3]
b i Any TWO of the following:
Bronchitis: cigarette smoke irritates the bronchial tubes
and causes increased amounts of mucus to be secreted
into them. The cilia lining the tubes usually help to
waft the mucus towards the oesophagus, but these are
paralysed by cigarette smoke. The resulting accumulation
of mucus in the lungs causes a chronic cough.
Emphysema: the ingredients in the cigarette smoke
cause the delicate walls of the alveoli to deteriorate. The
constant coughing also contributes to this. This condition
causes a decrease in the surface area of the alveoli, thus
lessening gaseous exchange. Thus the person will have
shortness of breath.
Lung cancer: cells in the bronchial tubes, because of
inflammation due to the cigarette smoke ingredients,
start to multiply rapidly and in an erratic way, replacing
the cilia. These cells usually increase with continued
smoking which can lead to the formation of a cancerous
tumour. [6]
ii At least TWO of the following (since there are two
marks for this part): enact anti-smoking laws; ban the
importation of cigarettes; increase public education on
the dangers of smoking; target children in terms of anti-
smoking education, since people are less likely to smoke
as adults if they did not start at a young age. [2]

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7 a i [4]
Percentage drug use in the USA
100

90

80

70

60
Usage (%)

50

40

30

20

10

0
Alcohol Cigarettes Marijuana Cocaine

ii The least-used drug is cocaine. [1]

iii Abuser: violent behaviour, unable to keep a job, impaired
judgement, alcohol-related health issues, e.g. high blood
pressure.
Abuser’s family: if the abuser is the main bread-winner
then the family budget would be affected if abuser is
unable to keep a job. The abuser could cause a car
accident and lose his/her life or be severely injured; this
will have a negative impact on the family. The abuser
may be violent with the family members (e.g. spouse or
children), causing physical and mental harm.
Society: society may be affected by drunk driving
causing injury and death. The healthcare budget must be
increased to take care of abusers and persons injured by
their actions, thus increasing taxes. Poor work ethics of
abusers, e.g. arriving late to work, being lethargic on the
job, negatively affects overall societal productivity. [6]
b Physiological effects include: impaired body movements,
difficulty thinking and problem solving, impaired memory,
changes in mood, increased heartrate, breathing problems.
Psychological effects include hallucinations, sense of
paranoia, depression. [4]

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 Section B

Section B
2 a i A substrate; B active site; C enzyme; D enzyme–substrate
complex; E products [3]
ii The lock is the enzyme and the key is the substrate. [2]
iii Specificity [1]
b i They could add drops of iodine solution to each of the
enzyme and starch mixtures. If any of the mixtures did
not go blue-black then the enzyme is working in those
test tubes. [3]
ii 1) It would take a longer time for the mixture to test
negative in the starch test. The enzyme will be
working slowly.
2) The starch test on the mixture would be negative
almost immediately. The enzyme will be working at
its fastest.
3) The starch test would be positive throughout the
duration of the experiment. The enzyme has become
denatured so it will not catalyse the breakdown of the
starch. [6]
3 a i Any FIVE of the following:
The pituitary gland produces several hormones. A few
of the more familiar ones are ADH, LH and FSH. It is
the ‘master gland’ producing hormones which regulate
the functions of other glands namely the adrenal gland,
thyroid gland, ovaries and testes.
The parathyroid gland produces parathyrin, or PTH,
which regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus
in the blood.
The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, which aids in
metabolism, growth and development.
The pancreas produces insulin, which regulates the
amount of glucose in the blood. Too little insulin
production can result in diabetes.
The adrenal gland produces adrenaline, which helps the
body react to stress.
The ovaries produce oestrogen, which helps develop
and maintain a healthy reproductive system in females.
The testes produce testosterone, which helps in the
development of the male reproduction system including
the production of sperms and secondary male physical
features. [5]
ii This hormone is the anti-diuretic hormone, also called
ADH. The presence of ADH in the kidney regulates water
movement in the kidney tubules so a smaller amount of
urine is produced during times of water shortage. [4]

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iii Luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating

hormone (FSH), plus any ONE of the following: LH
triggers ovulation in females and the production of
testosterone in males; FSH stimulates the production of
sperm cells in males and the production of oestrogen
and progesterone that leads to the maturation and
release of an egg cell in females. [3]
b Any THREE of the following: The endocrine system
generally responds to chemical stimulus through the blood
while the nervous system responds to a specific stimulus
via nerve cells. The endocrine system produces hormones
that travel through the blood and target specific cells, while
the nervous system produces nervous impulses which travel
along nerves to a responding organ using electrical impulses
through neurones. Endocrinal response is relatively slow
and nervous response is fast. Glands in the endocrine
system are not all directly connected to each other while all
cells or neurones in the nervous system are connected. [3]
4 a i 1) G
2) H
3) B
4)  C [2]
ii While looking at near objects, the lens of the eye
becomes more convex/fatter/bulging to allow for the
focal point to be made on the retina. This occurs as the
suspensory ligaments push on the edge of the lens as
the ciliary muscles relax. When the person moves to
view a distant object, the ciliary muscles contract and
this causes the ligaments to pull on the lens so the lens
becomes thin and flatter. This gives a longer focal length
compared to when viewing a near object. [3]
b i At night when the light is dim the irises contract and
so the pupils are dilated and allow as much light as
possible to enter the eye so the cat can see at night. The
cat’s pupils therefore look very large and black.
In the daytime, when there is more light, the irises relax
and cause the pupils to become smaller. This allows just
enough light to enter the eye so that the cat can see.
(Too much light could damage the light-sensitive cells in
the retina.) The cat’s pupils therefore look like slits. [5]
ii Accommodation [1]
c The temporary short-sightedness in babies decreases
over time as the babies’ eyes grow and develop. Short-
sightedness, or myopia, is when the image of the object
being viewed is formed in front of the retina, and is caused
by a long eyeball length or over-curved cornea. The person
therefore cannot see things that are far away. This can be
corrected in an adult by the use of prescribed spectacles or
‘glasses’ after eye testing is done by an eye specialist. [4]

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 Section B

5 a Name of part 1: central nervous system, which controls the

nervous system and makes decisions on the action to be
taken to respond to a stimulus.
Components of part 1: brain and spinal cord
Name of part 2: peripheral nervous system, which connects
the CNS to the organs, glands and muscles so that their
functions can be carried out.
Components of part 2: nerves/neurones (motor and sensory)
and sense organs [4]
b i [4]
dendrite

myelin
sheath
cell body

X axon

ii Any TWO of the following:

Dendrite – receives messages from other neurones.
Cell body – receives messages from several dendrites,
integrates the messages and allows for action potential. It
is also the control centre of the neurone.
Axon – conducts electrical impulses away from the cell
body towards the terminals to other neurones or a gland
or muscle.
Myelin sheath – increases the speed of the nervous
transmission. [2]
iii X represents a node of Ranvier where action potentials
occur along the axon to speed up the transmission. [3]
c Involuntary actions are actions that are not consciously
controlled by an individual and are executed by glands and
other involuntary muscles. Examples include breathing,
peristalsis and the beating of the heart.
Voluntary actions are consciously controlled by an
individual and are carried out by skeletal muscles. Examples
are walking, running and sitting. [2]
6 a i A is photosynthesis, B is eating/consumption, C is
respiration. [3]
ii Respiration [1]
iii By combustion [1]

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b Any THREE of the following: Leaves are thin and this makes
it easier for the sunlight to pass into the mesophyll layer of
the leaf. Leaves are thin and this increases the efficiency of
diffusion of carbon dioxide. Most leaves are green and this
indicates that they contain chlorophyll, which is needed to
trap sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. There are
usually many leaves on a plant, which collectively provide a
large surface area for the process of photosynthesis to occur.
The stomata, formed by pairs of differentiated plant cells,
can regulate the CO2 entering the leaf. The network of veins
ensures water is carried to the leaf and they support the
leaf so it can spread out to capture the maximum amount
of sunlight. The cuticle made of wax allows sunlight to pass
through while still protecting the leaf from the elements. [6]
c Carbon is a part of carbohydrates, which provide energy
for the body. Carbon is also a part of fats and lipids, which
are the energy storage nutrients. It is also a part of protein,
which is responsible for building muscle tissue. [4]
7 a i A nitrites, B nitrates, C denitrification, D nitrification [4]
ii The three main types of bacteria and their functions are:
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria – convert nitrogen to nitrates
Denitrifying bacteria – convert nitrates to nitrogen
Nitrifying bacteria – convert nitrogen to nitrites, or
nitrites to nitrates. [3]
iii Nitrogen is a part of protein and its main function is
building muscle tissue. [3]
b The symbiotic relationship is mutualism. This relationship is
between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the roots of legumes.
The nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen to a form
which can be absorbed by the roots of the legumes for use
in the synthesis of proteins while the bacteria themselves
are provided with a host (roots) within which they can live
and multiply. [4]
c Active transport [1]
8 a i Amino acid [1]
ii Monosaccharide (glucose is unacceptable) [1]
b Proteins build and repair muscles.
Carbohydrates provide energy for the body. [2]
c ONE from the following: cushioning of vital organs;
insulating the body in colder temperatures; cell membrane
formation. [1]

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 Section B

d [3]
Food Test outline Positive colour change

simple sugar 1 Add 1 ml of sample to a test tube blue to green, to yellow, to orange precipitate
2 Add 1 ml of Benedict’s solution to the sample
3 Heat in water bath
protein 1 Add 1 ml of sample to test tube solution goes from blue to lilac or purple
2 Add 1 ml of sodium hydroxide to tube and shake
3 Add 2 drops of copper sulfate and shake
starch Add 2 drops of iodine solution to 1 ml of sample from clear to blue-black

e The enzyme amylase is responsible for the digestion of

starch, and is found in saliva in the mouth, and in the small
intestine. [2]
f Amino acid [1]
g The protein-digesting enzyme is pepsin. It works in the
stomach. It is special because it works in a very acidic
environment; most enzymes do not. [4]
9 a [6]
Nutrient Rich dietary source Function Deficiency disease

vitamin A dark green leafy vegetables,
e.g. spinach; orange-coloured
vegetables, e.g, carrots and
pumpkin; fish oil, liver, milk,
cheese
vitamin C citrus fruits (oranges, tangerines,
etc.), most fresh fruits and
vegetables
vitamin D milk, cheese, sardines, tuna,
eggs, cod liver oil
calcium milk, cheese, sardines, yogurt,
tofu, leafy green vegetables
iron liver, red beans, lentils, green
bananas, beet, dark green leafy
vegetables, e.g. spinach
helps maintain healthy vision night blindness, xerophthalmia
especially night vision; helps
maintain healthy body tissues
and functions; helps keep a
healthy immune system
boosts the immune system; helps scurvy
in healing of wounds and building
of connective tissue, especially in
the skin; helps in the prevention
of certain types of cancer
strong bones and teeth rickets
strong bones and teeth rickets, osteoporosis
part of haemoglobin anaemia (not sickle-cell anaemia)

b Fat-soluble vitamins are: Vitamin B, Vitamin C.

Water-soluble vitamins are: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E,
Vitamin K. [4]
c Water is the main biological solvent. It is needed for all
metabolic reactions, is important for the cooling of the body,
is needed for the transportation of substances around the
body and for excretion.
Fibre adds bulk to undigested foods in the bowels,
thus increasing the ease of passing faeces, preventing
constipation and helping to maintain colon health. [5]
10 a At least FOUR of the following (since there are four marks
for this part): Ensure that different cutting boards are used
for fruits/vegetables and for meats. All workers must wash
their hands with soap frequently, before and after handling
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 Answers

any food. Bathrooms must be kept clean. Countertops must

be wiped and sanitised at the start and end of the day.
Workers must use hairnets/coverings and use gloves when
handling food or when they are in the food preparation
area. Garbage must be disposed of properly. [4]
b Any THREE from: Government health inspectors may
close her business if healthy food-handling practices are
not maintained. Food may cause customers to be ill. Her
establishment may become infested with rats, roaches
and flies. She may lose business if customers see that the
place is not kept clean. [3]
c First the fat may be chewed up by the teeth. Bile
secreted into the duodenum by the gall bladder will
emulsify the fat, which causes the fats to form very tiny
droplets. This increases the surface area for the enzyme
lipase to work. Lipase will increase the speed of the fats
being broken down to fatty acid and glycerol. Lipase
digestion occurs in the small intestine. [4]
d [4]

enamel
crown
dentine

pulp
cavity

root

cement

11 a Any THREE of the following, which all relate to getting

rid of breeding sites: Since mosquitoes breed in water,
securely cover containers of water for domestic use.
Remove unwanted water-collecting objects, e.g. old
tyres, appliances and furniture, around the home and
community. Turn vessels that you are not currently using
upside down or poke holes in the bottom of them. Add
oil to the water in flower vases to prevent mosquito
larvae from breathing. Ensure that water storage tanks
are sealed so that mosquitoes cannot get in. [6]
b When a person who is infected by the virus is bitten by
a mosquito, the mosquito becomes a vector. When the
same mosquito bites an uninfected person, the virus is
likely to be passed on to this person. The virus does not
affect the mosquito so it is able to carry it from person to
person throughout its lifespan. [4]
c Widespread disease in any country can adversely affect
its social and economic wellbeing via loss of man-
hours since workplaces will have missing workers for a
prolonged period during an epidemic. This will adversely

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 Section B

affect how the company functions. If this occurs in many

companies then the entire country’s economy will be
affected.
Diseases that are contagious or are spread by a vector
such as mosquitoes will also affect the willingness of
people in society to mix and mingle. Schools, churches,
recreational facilities and clubs, etc. where lots of people
usually gather are likely to be avoided as people become
fearful about being around infected persons. [5]
12 a When Josh got chickenpox at age 7 his body’s immune
system developed antibodies against the virus causing
the disease. It also retained some memory cells so
each time after that first infection his body can quickly
respond to another attack by the same disease.
Therefore, at 16, he is able to take care of his little
brother and not get sick since Josh’s body already
contains cells that will fight the disease. [5]
b Antibodies are proteins that are produced by special cells
within the blood in response to invasion of the body by
a specific antigen or disease-causing organism. They fight
the antigens and so defend the body against the disease.
Antibiotics are special chemicals administered by your
health-care provider that kill bacteria that have invaded
the body. [3]
c i Chad’s family will have less money to spend on
necessities since he will be spending money on
buying alcohol. The family members may suffer
depression or physical injuries from the abusive
behaviour of Chad. The children in the family may
start to rebel and some may even start to drink,
following the example of their father. There may also
be medical expenses to deal with the physical effects
on Chad from the drinking, or he may get into an
accident. Also there may be legal fees if his drinking
continues and he drives drunk. [5]
ii A condition that causes the body or parts of the body
not to function properly. [2]
13 a i 
Sexual reproduction: any TWO of each of the
following advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages: It increases variation among offspring.
Each offspring is genetically unique. Offspring can
be produced that have genetic advantages over the
parents.
Disadvantages: It is time consuming and uses more
energy. It requires two organisms. It can produce
offspring that have an illness due to both parents
having recessive genes for this illness.

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Asexual reproduction: any TWO of each of the

following advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages: It uses less time and energy. If the
parental stock is strong, all the offspring will be
as well. One organism can reproduce even if it is
isolated.
Disadvantages: It does not produce genetic variation,
so if the environment changes, offspring may not
survive. All negative traits are passed on to the next
generation. It is fast so it increases the chance of over
population. [8]
ii Any ONE of each of the following plant and animal
examples: Plant examples – ginger/banana/sugar
cane. Animal examples – hydra/amoeba/copperhead
snake. [2]
b i The pill stops the body from ovulating by maintaining
a high oestrogen level, which indicates to the body
that ovulation has already occurred. [2]
ii Progesterone levels remain high during the entire
pregnancy. This is to ensure that the lining of the
uterus – or endometrial lining – remains thickened for
the benefit of the growing foetus. [2]
iii A spike in oestrogen indicates the release of the egg
from the ovary. [1]
14 a i [6]
Name of structure Function
A Urethra Path for semen to be released from the body
B Fallopian tube Tube that the egg moves through as it leaves the
ovary / the usual site for fertilisation
C Uterus/womb Place where the foetus develops

ii Both the urethra and Fallopian tubes are the pathways

for the gametes to travel through. The urethra is for
semen in males and the Fallopian tubes are for ova
(eggs) in females. [2]
iii The urethra is also the pathway for urine to exit the
body. [1]
iv [2]

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 Section B

b i The fusing of male and female gametes. [1]

ii Zygote [1]
iii Humans – foetus/baby; plants – embryo in seed. [2]
15 a i A – tail, B – midpiece, C – neck, D – head [4]
ii B – mitochondria, D – nucleus [2]
iii A – tail – swimming; B – midpiece – provides the
energy for the movement; D – head – contains the
genetic material for fertilisation/can bore into the egg
membrane. [3]
b Any THREE from the following: The egg is spherical or
round but the sperm is elongated. The sperm has a tail
but the egg does not. The egg is many times larger than
the sperm. Egg cells have large amount of cytoplasm
surrounding the nucleus but sperm cells have very little
cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. [3]
c Any THREE from the following: Condoms are cheap and
easily obtainable. There is no need to visit a doctor to
obtain condoms. Using a condom is a physical barrier
method which is fairly straightforward as compared
to the pill, which, as a chemical method, may have
side-effects. The condom can help to prevent sexually
transmitted diseases. [3]
16 a While sitting on the wall, the children’s blood circulation
in their legs was impeded because they were inactive.
When they jumped off the wall, the blood circulation
quickly became unimpeded and the rush of blood to the
legs caused the tingling sensation. [3]
b Any THREE of the following:
Protein – this helps them build muscles, allowing them
to be strong and agile during the match.
Carbohydrate – this gives them energy so that they can
run up and down the field throughout the entire match.
Calcium – this gives the players strong bones so they can
withstand the pressure of the physical activity.
Fats – these give the players an energy reserve to be
drawn on if carbohydrates are depleted.
Iron – this gives the players healthy red blood cells to
ensure they have oxygen available to their muscle cells
for maximising activity. [6]
c To test for carbohydrates: First, pour 1 ml of the drink
into three test tubes. To the first test tube add 1 ml of
Benedict’s solution and shake mixture. Place tube in
hot water bath for 1 min. Observe the colour change.
The colour changes should be blue to green to yellow
to orange or brick red, depending on the quantity of
reducing sugar present.

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To test for protein: To the second test tube, add 1 ml of

sodium hydroxide. Shake the mixture. Add two drops
of copper sulfate solution to the mixture and shake
vigorously. Observe the colour change. The colour
should change from blue to violet or pink depending on
the proteins present.
To test for fats: To the last test tube, add 2 ml of ethanol
and shake vigorously. Add 1 ml of distilled water to the
mixture. A milky white layer indicates fats. [6]
17 a To investigate the release of carbon dioxide by pond
slugs and pond weed using bromothymol blue. [2]
b i Aerobic respiration [1]
ii oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide and water (ATP is
released) [2]
iii I Tube 2: Some of the carbon dioxide produced by
the pond weed is also used by it for photosynthesis
so the remaining amount results in a weak acid.
  II Tube 3: Both organisms are respiring. Although
the pond weed is using some carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis, lots is produced by both the pond
weed and the pond slug, so the remaining amount
results in a strong acid. [4]
c i Over the 20 minutes the colour will change from
green to yellow. [1]
ii The plant can no longer photosynthesise because of
the lack of light, so the carbon dioxide produced by
the plant during respiration is not being used up. [3]
d Tube 4 is the control of the experiment. This ensures that
the experimenter can compare the other tubes with it,
so that any changes seen in the other tubes can only be
attributed to the organisms. [2]
18 a [4]

gall bladder

pancreas

villi (small
where food intestine)
stays the
longest (colon)

b i To a small sample of food, add an equal amount of

Benedict’s solution. Warm in a hot water bath for
1 minute. Observe the colour change. [3]

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 Section B

ii The solution goes from blue to green to yellow to

brick red/orange. [1]
iii After drops of iodine solution were added to the
sample it became blue-black. [1]
iv The amylase in the mouth has started to work on
the starch in the mouth. Thus, some of the starch is
converted into a reducing sugar. [3]
c Faeces are the result of undigested food material being
removed from the body. They are not a product of
metabolic reactions. Excretory substances like carbon
dioxide and urine are a result of metabolic reactions that
occur in the body. [3]
19 a i The affected section of the heart muscle no longer
receives blood because of a blockage in the coronary
artery. This means that that section of the heart
muscle will not get oxygen and nutrients, and
therefore it stops contracting. [2]
ii If large enough sections of the heart muscle are not
contracting then blood will not be able to be pumped
to all parts of the body. Thus, the cells will not receive
oxygen or nutrients for survival. Also, waste materials
will not be removed. The blood may not reach the
lungs for oxygenation. Starved heart muscle cells can
die and these are not replaced like other body cells,
e.g. skin, hair. [2]
b Any THREE of the following: A sedentary lifestyle
with very little exercise. Poor eating habits – diet
rich in fat, cholesterol and simple carbohydrates with
very little fruits and vegetables. Smoking. Not having
yearly medical check-ups. Not changing lifestyle if
one is diagnosed with high blood pressure and high
cholesterol. [6]
c Coronary arteries carry oxygenated blood directly from
the heart to the heart muscle itself, in order to supply
the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. Pulmonary
arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the
lungs to become oxygenated. [5]
20 a [2]

ball and socket

joint [shoulder]

biceps [muscle on
front of arm]
triceps [muscle
on back of arm]

hinge joint [elbow]

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 Answers

b The biceps contracts, which pulls on the tendons

attached to the lower arm. These then pull on the bone
of the lower arm, thus lifting it towards the shoulder.
At the same time, the triceps relaxes. [3]
c Ligament is a tough membrane made of collagen fibres of a
type which is slightly elastic. At the joint, ligaments connect
bone to bone. Tendons are tough collagen fibres of a type
which is not elastic, and connect bone to muscle. [2]
d i Bones allow for locomotion, protection of vital
organs, making of blood cells, and support and
keeping the body upright.
ii Examples of bones for each function above are:
Locomotion/movement – femur, tibia, fibula
Protection – skull, rib cage, vertebrae
Blood cells – femur, ribs, humerus
Support – ribcage, pelvic girdle, clavicle, vertebral column [8]

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 Multiple Choice Answers

Section C
Multiple Choice Answers
Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer
1 D 16 A 31 D 46 B
2 B 17 C 32 A 47 C
3 B 18 D 33 A 48 C
4 D 19 C 34 C 49 D
5 A 20 A 35 B 50 C
6 B 21 A 36 D 51 C
7 B 22 D 37 B 52 D
8 C 23 A 38 A 53 B
9 D 24 B 39 A 54 C
10 A 25 D 40 D 55 A
11 D 26 C 41 A 56 B
12 C 27 B 42 A 57 B
13 B 28 A 43 B 58 B
14 D 29 A 44 D 59 D
15 D 30 B 45 B 60 C

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