Damage Fragility Functions

for the I-880 Bridge (EDP/DM)

Marc O. Eberhard
Michael P. Berry
University of Washington
 Damage Measures
Superstructures Joints

Spalling
Cracking

Restrainer yielding or
Spalling
pullout
Buckling

Unseating
Anchorage loss

Abutments Columns

Approach settlement
Flexural damage

Spalling
Shear damage

Backwall failure
Splice deterioration

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

 Column Flexural Damage States
Reinforcement Onset of Bar Buckling
Yielding Reduction in Flexural
Residual Crack Width Strength
Onset of Spalling Hoop/Spiral Fracture
Reduction in Axial-
Load Capacity

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

 Model Development
Critical strain increases linearly with effective
confinement ratio ⇒ εd = C1 + C2 ρt_eff
Moment-curv. analysis ⇒ φd
Plastic-hinge length ⇒ θd
Plastic-hinge analysis ⇒ ∆d_calc
Calibrate with observations of column damage
(PEER Structural Performance Database)
Model accuracy similar for:

Plastic rotation

Displacement ductility

Drift ratio
For simplicity, go with drift ratio

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

 Key Parameters

High-Strength
Threaded Rod Cross-Head

P/(Agf’c)
Hammerhead
D
Reference Column

db

Test

ρt_eff =ρt fy/f’c

Column
Hydraulic
Actuator

North-South
L
Strong Wall

Strong Floor

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

 Column EDP/DM Relationships
(%) .6( )( ) 0(%)3. 5( )( )( ) 0: 50 o Sp a
____ e
 Trends in Spiral-Reinforced Columns
15 15
∆bb/L (%)

∆bb/L (%)
10 10

5 5

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

L/D ρt_eff
15 15

∆bb/L (%)
∆bb/L (%)

10 10

5 5

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 10 20 30 40

P/Agf’c dbfy/f’c
Trends in Rectangular Columns
15 15
∆bb/L (%)

∆bb/L (%)
10 10
/ L (%)

/ L (%)
bb
bb

∆
∆

5 5

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

L/D L/D
ρt_eff
ρ
eff

15 15
∆bb/L (%)

10
∆bb/L (%) 10
∆ / L (%)

/ L (%)
bb
bb

5 5

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 10 20 30 40

P/Agf’c
P/f ,c A g
dbfy/f’c
db fy / D
 Model Accuracy

∆Spall/ ∆Spall_calc ∆bb / ∆bb_calc

Column
Type Mean Mean
# Tests # Tests
± COV ± COV

Spiral- 1.07 1.01

40 42
Reinforced ± 35% ± 26%

Rectangular- 0.97 1.02

102 62
Reinforced ± 43% ± 25%
Applications
 Fragility Curves for Spiral Columns

0.9 Normal CDF

Lognormal CDF
Probability of Bar Buckling

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
∆
bb
/ ∆ bb calc ⇒ ∆
demand
/ ∆ bb calc

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

 Application to I-880
ke = 150
ρt_eff = ρs_fy/f’c = 0.11
db/D = 0.016
P/Agf’c = 0.044
L/D = 2.84

⇒ ∆calc_BB/L = 5.1 %
∆calc_SP/L = 2.0 %

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

 Application to I-880
1
Probability of Column Damage

0.8

0.6

0.4

Cover Spalling
Bar Buckling
0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
∆ / L (%)
demand

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

 Applications: Column Evaluation
100%
r eff = 0.00
Probability of Bar Buckling

80%
r eff = 0.03
60%
r eff = 0.06
40%
r eff = 0.09
0.12
20%
0.18

0%
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Drift Ratio, %

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

 Applications: Column Design

• ∆calc/L(%) ≅ 3.25 (1 + ke ρt_eff db/D)(1 – P/Agf’c)(1+0.1*L/D)

• ∆demand from Analysis of Full Structure

• Specified Prob. of Bar Buckling ⇒ Target(∆demand /∆calc)

∆demand/L(%)

ρt_eff = D
db ke
{ Target(∆demand /∆calc)
-1
3.25 (1 – P/Agf’c)(1+0.1*L/D)
}
 Applications: Column Design
0.20

P/Agf'c = 60%
Effective Confinement Ratio

0.16
50% 40%
ACI 318-02 Eq. 21-2
0.12
30%
20%

0.08 10%

P/Agf'c = 0%
0.04

0.00
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Drift Ratio, %

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting (spiral-reinforced, 5% prob., L/D = 3.5, D/db = 1/14)
 Current Work

Develop fragility curves using local

measures of deformation (OpenSees)
Couple IM/EDP and EDP/DM
Calibration of column elements in
OpenSees (modeling recommendations)
Effects of cumulative deformation

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

 Conclusions
The PEER Structural Performance Database
provided the information needed to calibrate
and evaluate the accuracy of damage models
for reinforced columns.
The proposed procedure provides a practical
means of estimating the onset of spalling and
bar buckling in a reinforced concrete column.
The proposed procedure can be used both for
column assessment and column design

PEER 2004 Annual Meeting

Thank you
DAMAGEMEASURESAFETY REPAIR