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ES 158: Lecture 9

Laplace Transform & Frequency Response

Na Li

• Goals:
− Motivate the role of the Laplace Transform in Control Analysis
− Define the Laplace Transform and its Properties
− Use the Laplace Transform to analyze system response

• Reading:
− Åström and Murray, Feedback Systems, Chapter 8 (Sections 8.1, 8.2)

1
Frequency Domain Modeling
• The frequency response of a linear system is the relationship between the gain and 
phase of a sinusoidal input and the corresponding steady state (sinusoidal) output.
1 1

0 0

-1 -1
0 5 10 0 5 10

Frequency Response
20 Bode plot (1940; Henrik Bode)
Magnitude (dB)

10
0  Plot gain and phase vs input frequency
-10
-20  Gain is plotting using log‐log plot
-30
-40  Phase is plotting with log‐linear plot
-50
-60  Can read off the system response to a sinusoid –
0
in the lab or in simulations
 Linearity ) can construct response to any input 
Phase (deg)

-90

(deg) -180 (via Fourier decomposition)


-270  Key idea: do all computations in terms of gain 
 (rad/sec) and phase (frequency domain)
-360
0.1 1 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
 (rad/sec) 2
Transmission of Exponential Signals

• Exponential signal: 
– Exponential response can be computed via the convolution equation

3
Exponetial signal

Control inputs/outputs can be written as complex exponentials
Exponential signal: 

• E.g., construct constant inputs + sines/cosines by linear combinations


• Constant:
• Sinusoid:

4
Transfer Function and Frequency Response
• Exponential response of a linear state space system

transient steady state
• Transfer function Common transfer functions
– Steady state response is proportional to
exponential input => look at input/output 
ratio
– is the 
transfer function between 
input and output
• Frequency response

gain phase
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