Caffeine + Water

(https://www.wallpaperflare.com/search?wallpaper=caffeine)

“Pure caffeine (trimethyl xanthine) occurs as a white powder or as silky needles, which melt at 238 °C (460 °F); it
sublimes at 178 °C (352 °F) at atmospheric pressure. It is very soluble in hot water; upon cooling, the solution
deposits crystals of caffeine monohydrate. Caffeine is generally less soluble in organic solvents than in hot water.
It is odorless but has a bitter taste.” (https://www.britannica.com/science/caffeine)

Type of Solid
It is a molecular solid with low conductivity. Caffeine is soluble in water because water can hydrogen bond to
caffeine at six different places.

Intermolecular Forces
The intermolecular forces that are present in caffeine are London dispersion forces and Dipole-dipole forces.

Effect in Boiling Point

Adding a non-volatile substance such as caffeine to a liquid has the effect of raising the boiling point above that
of the pure liquid(water).

Effect in Freezing Point

The effect of adding a solute(caffeine) to a solvent(water) has the opposite effect on the freezing point of a
solution as it does on the boiling point. So the solution will have a lower freezing point than a pure solvent.

Equation to calculate the increase in the boiling point:

ΔTb=kb⋅m⋅i

Where:
ΔTb= the amount the boiling point increases.
kb= the boiling point elevation constant which depends on the solvent (water = 0.51°C/m)
m= the molality of the solution.
i= the number of particles formed when that compound dissolves
Given:
kb=
0.51°C/m
m= ?
i= 1

𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑚 = 2.33 𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶8𝐻10𝑁4𝑂2 1000 𝑔 𝐻2𝑂

𝐶8𝐻10𝑁4𝑂2 • • = 0.799 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 0.80𝑚
194.19 𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2𝑂11
𝐶8𝐻10𝑁4𝑂2
15.0 𝑔 𝐻2𝑂

𝛥𝑇𝑏 = 𝑘𝑏 • 𝑚 • 𝑖
°𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑏 = (0.51 𝑚) (0.80 𝑚)(1) = 0.41°𝐶

Therefore the increase in boiling point of water is 𝛥𝑇𝑏 = 0.41°𝐶

Equation to calculate the decrease in the freezing point:

ΔTf=kf⋅m⋅i

Where:
ΔTf= the amount the freezing temperature decreases.
kf= the freezing point depression constant which depends on the solvent (water = 1.86°C/m).
m= the molality of the solution.
i= the number of particles formed when that compound dissolves

Given:
ΔTf= ?
kf=
1.86°C/m
m= 0.80 m
i= 1

𝛥𝑇𝑓 = 𝑘𝑓 • 𝑚 • 𝑖
°𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑓 = (1.86 ) (0.80 𝑚)(1) = 1.49°𝐶
𝑚

Therefore the decrease in freezing point of water is 𝛥𝑇𝑓 = 1.49°𝐶