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August 29,2013
Doc Jogé Los Baños Signs and Symptoms
“Future warns us through current symptoms in nature.” in Psychiatry
― Toba Beta

OUTLINE PSYCHOTIC
PAGE  ACCORDING TO AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC GLOSSARY:
I. Introduction 1 o grossly impaired reality testing, that the person
II. Consciousness 1 incorrectly evaluates the accuracy of his perceptions
III. Emotion 2 and thoughts and makes incorrect inferences about
IV. Motor Behavior 3 external reality, even in the face of contrary evidence
V. Thinking 4  BASED ON PSYCHOANALYTIC CONCEPT:
VI. Speech 5 o it specifies the degree of ego regression as the
VII. Perception 9 criterion
VIII. Memory 10  Became synonymous with severe impairment of social
IX. Intelligence 11 and personal functioning characterized by social
X. Insight 11 withdrawal and an inability to perform the usual
XI. Judgement 11 household and occupational roles
XII. Uncategorized Additional Terms 11
PSYCHOGENIC
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS IN PSYCHIATRY  Term is no longer used in DSM-IV-TR
 SIGNS  Refers to the fact that life events or difficulties play an
o observations & objective findings elicited by clinician important role in the genesis of many psychiatric
disorders
 SYMPTOMS
o subjective experiences described by patient DSM-IV-TR - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (4th Revision)
 SYNDROME  If the patient has 5 symptoms, look up each of these Sxs
o Constellation or group of signs and symptoms that and find which disease is so characterized under all 5
together make up the recognizable condition headings, then you’ll get the Dx

 PHENOMENOLOGY CONSCIOUSNESS
o A school of philosophy & psychiatry that focuses on s/sx  State of awareness
as an event that can be described & experienced A. DISTURBANCES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
o Developed by Edmund Husserl & Karl Jaspers  APPERCEPTION:
o Understand it through intuition & experience it through o perception modified by person’s own emotions &
empathy thought;
o awareness of the meaning and significance of a
 PERSONAL WORLD particular sensory stimulus as modified by one's own
o the way a person thinks or feels. experiences, knowledge, thoughts, and emotions
o It is abnormal when it:  SENSORIUM:
 Springs from a condition that is recognized o cognitive functioning of special senses
universally as abnormal o includes ability to perceive and to process ongoing
 Separates the person from others emotionally events in light of past experiences, future options, and
 Does not improve the person with sense of "spiritual current circumstances
& material" security o sometimes used as a synonym for consciousness
 Disturbances of consciousness is most often
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS associated with BRAIN PATHOLOGY.
NEUROSIS
 Chronic or recurrent non-psychotic disorder 1. DISORIENTATION: disturbance of orientation in time,
characterized mainly by ANXIETY place, or person (the position of the self in relation to
 It appears as a symptom such as obsession, compulsion, other persons). Characteristic of cognitive disorders
phobia, or sexual dysfunction
 According to DSM-III: 2. CONFUSION: disturbance of consciousness in which
a. Mental disorder in which the predominant reactions to environmental stimuli are inappropriate;
disturbance is a symptom or group of symptoms that manifested by disordered orientation in relation to time,
is distressing to the individual and is recognized by place, or person
him as “ego-dystonic” (unacceptable and alien)
b. reality testing is grossly intact 3. CLOUDING OF CONSCIOUSNESS: incomplete clear-
c. behavior → does not actively violate social norms, mindedness with disturbance in perception & attitudes;
but may be disabling the person is not fully awake, alert, and oriented. Occurs
d. disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent in delirium, dementia, and cognitive disorder.
without treatment
e. not limited to a transitory reaction to stressors 4. DELIRIUM: bewildered, restless, confused, disoriented
f. no demonstrable organic etiology or factor reaction associated with fear and hallucinations; acute
reversible mental disorder characterized by confusion and
PSYCHOSIS impairment of consciousness; associated with emotional
 Loss of reality testing & impairment of mental lability, hallucinations or illusions, and inappropriate,
functioning- manifested by delusions, hallucinations, behavior
confusion, & impaired memory

Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess  Page 1 of 12

 Signs and Symptoms

Continuation of Disturbances of consciousness… EMOTION

5. COMA: profound unconsciousness from which a person  Complex feeling state with psychic, somatic, & behavioral
cannot be roused, with minimal or no detectable components that is related to affect & mood
responsiveness to stimuli A. AFFECT
 Observed expression of emotion
6. COMA VIGIL: coma in which the patient appears to be
awake with eyes open but cannot be aroused (old trans 1. APPROPRIATE AFFECT: emotional tone is in harmony.
def’n); Coma in which a patient appears to be asleep, but Classified further as broad or full affect.
can be aroused (Kaplan); aka akinetic mutism 2. INAPPROPRIATE AFFECT: disharmony between
emotional feeling tone & idea, thought, or speech
7. STUPOR: lack of reaction to, & awareness of, accompanying it (Ex: May px na nagkwekwento nung
surroundings; state of decreased reactivity to stimuli and pinatay yung parents nya sa harap nya tapos tumatawa
less than full awareness of one's surroundings (Stuporous siya or nakangiti)
individuals are still responsive to painful stimuli) 3. BLUNTED AFFECT: severe reduction in intensity of
externalized feeling tone
8. SOMNOLENCE: Pathological/abnormal drowsiness or 4. FLAT AFFECT: absence or near absence of any signs of
sleepiness from which one can be aroused to a normal affective expression
state of consciousness. 5. RESTRICTED OR CONSTRICTED AFFECT: reduction in
intensity of feeling or tone
9. DROWSINESS: a state of impaired awareness assoc. 6. LABILE AFFECT: rapid and abrupt changes in emotional
with a desire to sleep feeling tone

10. TWILIGHT STATE: disturbed consciousness with B. MOOD

hallucinations  Pervasive & sustained emotion subjectively experienced
& reported by the patient & observed by others
11. DREAMY/DREAMLIKE STATE: complex partial
seizure/psychomotor epilepsy; altered state of
1. DYSPHORIC MOOD: unpleasant mood or discomfort;
consciousness, likened to a dream situation accompanied
dissatisfaction and restlessness
by visual, auditory, and olfactory hallucinations
2. EUTHYMIC MOOD: normal range of mood
3. EXPANSIVE MOOD: expression of feelings without
12. SUNDOWNING: syndrome in older persons that usually
restraint frequently with an overestimation of their
occurs at night & is characterized by drowsiness,
significance or importance (seen in mania and grandiose
confusion, ataxia and falling as aresult of being overly
delusions)
sedated with medications; aka sundowner’s syndrome
4. IRRITABLE MOOD: person is easily annoyed &
provoked to anger
B. DISORDERS OF ATTENTION 5. MOOD SWINGS: oscillations between euphoria &
 ATTENTION: amount of effort exerted in focusing on depression or anxiety
certain portions of an experience; ability to sustain a focus 6. ELEVATED MOOD: mood more cheerful than usual but
on one activity; ability to concentrate not necessarily pathological; air of confidence and
enjoyment
1. DISTRACTIBILITY: inability to concentrate attention 7. ELATION: feelings of joy, euphoria, triumph, intense
2. SELECTIVE INATTENTION: blocking out only those self-satisfaction, or optimism
things that generate anxiety 8. EUPHORIA: intense elation with feelings of grandeur
3. HYPERVIGILANCE: excessive attention & focus in all 9. ECSTASY: feeling of intense rapture
internal & external stimuli; usually seen in paranoid and 10. DEPRESSION: psychopathological feeling of sadness
delusional states characterized by loneliness, despair and low self-esteem
4. HYPERPRAGIA: excessive thinking & mental activity; 11. MELANCHOLIA: severe depressive state
associated with manic episodes of bipolar I disorder. 12. ANHEDONIA: loss of interest in pleasurable activities
5. TRANCE: focused attention & altered consciousness (old 13. GRIEF: sadness appropriate to a real loss; self-limiting
trans def’n); Sleep-like state of reduced consciousness (aka bereavement)
and activity (Kaplan) 14. MOURNING: syndrome which includes preoccupation
6. DISINHIBITION : removal of an inhibitory effect that with the lost loved-one, weeping, sadness and reliving
permits persons to lose control of impulses (ex. reduction 15. ALEXITHYMIA: inability in describing or being aware of
of the inhibitory function of the cerebral cortex by emotions or mood
alcohol); In psychiatry, defined as greater freedom to act 16. SUICIDAL IDEATION: thoughts or act of taking one’s
in accordance with inner drives or feelings and with less own life.
regard for restraints dictated by cultural norms or one's 17. MANIA: characterized by elation, agitation,
superego. hyperactivity, hypersexuality, and accelerated thinking
and speaking
DISORDERS OF SUGGESTIBILITY 18. HYPOMANIA: mood abnormality with the qualitative
 SUGGESTIBILITY – state of uncritical compliance with characteristics of mania but less intense
influence or of uncritical acceptance of an idea, belief, or 19. LA BELLE INDIFFERENCE: inappropriate attitude of
attitude calm or lack of concern about one’s disability
1. FOLIE A DEUX/ FOLIE A TROIS: communicated
mental/emotional illness between 2 or 3 persons; usually C. OTHER EMOTIONS
involving a common delusional system; aka shared 1. ANXIETY: Feeling Of Apprehension Which May Be
delusion Internal Or External
2. HYPNOSIS: artificially induced modifications of 2. FREE-FLOATING ANXIETY: Pervasive, Unfocused Fear
consciousness characterized by heightened suggestibility Not Attached To Any Idea

Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess  Page2 of 12


Continuation of “Other Emotions”(Mood)…
3. FEAR: Anxiety Caused By Consciously Recognized And
Realistic Danger
4. AGITATION: Severe Anxiety Associated With Motor
Restlessness; Similar To Excitability With Easily Triggered
Anger Or Annoyance
5. TENSION: Increased And Unpleasant Motor And
Psychological Activity Characterized By Arousal And
Uneasiness
6. PANIC: Acute, Episodic, Intense Attack Of Anxiety
Associated With Overwhelming Feelings Of Dread &
Autonomic Discharge; Apprehension Of Impending
Doom; With Personality Disorganization
7. APATHY: Dulled Emotional Tone; With Detachment Or
Indifference
8. AMBIVALENCE: Coexistence Of 2 Opposing Impulses
Toward The Same Thing In The Same Person At The
Same Time
9. ABREACTION: Emotional Release Or Discharge After
Recalling A Painful Experience; Repressed Material
Brought Back To Consciousness; Relives Repression
10. SHAME: Failure To Live Up To Self-Expectations; Often
Associated With Fantasy Of How Person Will Be Seen By
Others
11. GUILT: Emotion Secondary To Doing What Is Perceived
As Wrong; Emotional State Associated With Self-
Reproach And The Need For Punishment
*Psychiatrists Distinguish Shame As A Less Internalized Form
Of Guilt That Relates More To Others Than To The Self
12. IMPULSE CONTROL: Ability To Resist An Impulse,
Drive, Or Temptation To Perform An Action
13. INEFFABILITY: Ecstatic State In Which Persons Insist
That Their Experience Is Inexpressible And Indescribable
And That It Is Impossible To Convey What It Is Like To
One Who Has Never Experienced It.
14. ACATHEXIS: Lack Of Feeling Associated With An
Ordinarily Emotionally Charged Subject; In Cathexis,
The Feeling Is Connected
15. DECATHEXIS: detaching emotions from thoughts or
ideas.
D. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES
ASSOCIATED WITH MOOD
 Signs of somatic (usually autonomic) dysfunction most
often associated with depression. (aka vegetative signs)
1. ANOREXIA: loss or decreased appetite*
2. BULIMIA: insatiable hunger & voracious eating*
*ANOREXIA NERVOSA: appetite is preserved but the
patient refuses to eat
*BULIMIA NERVOSA: associated w/ binging and
purging
3. HYPERPHAGIA: increase intake of food
4. INSOMNIA: lack or diminished ability to sleep
a. Initial: difficulty falling asleep
b. Middle: difficulty sleeping through the night
without waking up and difficulty going back to sleep
c. Terminal: early morning awakening; at least 2
hours before expected time of awakening
5. HYPERSOMNIA: excessive sleeping
6. DIURNAL VARIATION: mood is regularly worst in the
morning, immediately after awakening and improves as
the day progresses
Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess 
Signs and Symptoms
Continuation of Physiological disturbances assoc. w/ Mood…
7. DIMINISHED LIBIDO: decrease sexual interest, drive,
and performance
8. CONSTIPATION: inability or difficulty to defecate
9. FATIGUE: feeling of weariness, sleepiness, or irritability
following a period of mental or bodily activity
10. PICA: craving/eating non-food substance (e.g. clay, paint)
11. PSEUDOCYESIS: patient has signs and symptoms of
pregnancy
12. ADYNAMIA: weakness and fatigability
MOTOR BEHAVIOR (CONATION)
 Includes impulses, motivations, wishes, drives, instincts, &
cravings, as expressed by a person’s behavior/ motor
activity
1. ECHOPRAXIA: pathological imitation of movement of 1
person by another.
2. CATATONIA & POSTURAL ABNORMALITIES: seen in
catatonic schizophrenia & some patients with brain
diseases, such as encephalitis
a. CATALEPSY: immobile position that is constantly
maintained
b. CATATONIC EXCITEMENT: agitated, purposeless
motor activity, uninfluenced by external stimuli; may
be violent
c. CATATONIC STUPOR: slowed motor activity, often
to the point of immobility & seeming unawareness of
surroundings
d. CATATONIC RIGIDITY: voluntary assumption of a
rigid posture, held against all efforts to be moved
e. CATATONIC POSTURING: voluntary assumption of
an inappropriate or bizarre posture, generally
maintained for long periods
f. CEREA FLEXIBILITAS (WAXY FLEXIBILITY):
person can be molded into a position that is then
maintained; when an examiner moves the person’s
limb, the limb feels as if it were made of wax
g. AKINESIA: lack of physical movement, as in the
extreme immobility of catatonic schizophrenia; may
also occur as an extrapyramidal adverse effect of
antipsychotic medication
3. NEGATIVISM: motiveless resistance to all attempts to
be moved or to all instructions; maybe verbal or non-
verbal
4. CATAPLEXY: temporary loss of muscle tone & weakness
precipitated by a variety of emotional states
5. STEREOTYPY: repetitive fixed pattern of physical action
or speech
6. MANNERISM: ingrained, habitual involuntary movement
7. AUTOMATISM: automatic performance of an act or acts
generally representing unconscious symbolic activity.
8. COMMAND AUTOMATISM: automatic following of
suggestions. Also called automatic obedience.
9. MUTISM: voicelessness w/o structural abnormalities.
10. OVERACTIVITY
a. PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION: excessive motor &
cognitive activity, usually non-productive & in
response to inner tension.
b. HYPERACTIVITY (HYPERKINESIS): restless,
aggressive, destructive activity often associated with
some underlying brain pathology.
c. TIC: involuntary, spasmodic motor movement of
small group of muscles
d. SLEEPWALKING (SOMNAMBULISM): motor
activity during sleep
Page3 of 12

Continuation of Overactivity subtypes… (motor b.)
e. AKATHISIA: subjective feeling of muscular tension
secondary to antipsychotic or other meds, which can
cause restlessness, pacing, repeated sitting &
standing; can be mistaken for psychotic agitation
because of a constant need to move
f. COMPULSION: uncontrollable impulse to perform an
act repetitively.
 Dipsomania: compulsion to drink alcohol.
 Kleptomania: compulsion to steal.
 Nymphomania: compulsion for coitus in woman.
 Satyriasis: compulsion for coitus in a man.
 Trichotillomania: compulsion to pull out hair.
 Ritual: automatic compulsive activity; may refer
to a formalized activity to decrease anxiety or a
ceremonial activity of cultural origin
g. ATAXIA: failure of muscle coordination; irregularity of
muscle action.
h. POLYPHAGIA: pathological overeating.
i. TREMOR: rhythmical alteration in movement (usually
faster than 1 beat a second). Typically tremors
decrease during periods of relaxation and sleep and
increase during periods of anger and increased tension
j. FLOCCILLATION: aimless picking usually at clothing
or bedclothes, commonly seen in delirium and
dementia
Continuation of Motor Behavoir (Conation)…
11. HYPOACTIVITY (HYPOKINESIS): decreased motor &
cognitive activity, as in psychomotor retardation; visible
slowing of thought, speech and movements.
12. MIMICRY: simple, imitative motor activity of childhood.
13. AGGRESSION: forceful, goal-directed action that may
be verbal or physical; motor counterpart of rage, anger,
& hostility.
14. ACTING OUT: direct expression of an unconscious wish/
impulse in action, living out unconscious fantasy
impulsively in behavior.
15. ABULIA: reduced impulse to act & think, associated with
indifference about consequences of action; a result of
neurological deficit
16. ANERGIA: lack of energy (anergy).
17. ASTASIA ABASIA: inability to stand or walk in a normal
manner, even though normal leg movements can be
performed in a sitting or lying down position. gait is
bizarre and does not suggest a specific organic lesion
18. COPROPHAGIA: eating of filth or feces.
19. DYSKINESIA: difficulty performing voluntary
movements, as in extrapyramidal disorders.
20. MUSCLE RIGIDITY: muscles remain immovable, seen in
schizophrenia.
21. TWIRLING: present in autistic children who continually
rotate in the direction in w/c their head is turned.
22. BRADYKINESIA: slow motor activity w/ ↓ normal,
spontaneous movement.
23. CHOREA: random & involuntary quick, jerky,
purposeless movement.
Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess 
Signs and Symptoms
Continuation of Motor Behavoir (Conation)…
24. CONVULSION: involuntary, violent muscular
contraction/ spasm.
 Clonic Convulsion: muscles alternately contracts &
relax.
 Tonic Convulsion: muscle contraction is sustained.
25. SEIZURE: sudden onset of symptoms such as
convulsions, LOC, & psychic or sensory disturbances seen
in epilepsy and can be substance induced.
 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure: generalized
onset of tonic:clonic movements of the limbs, tongue
biting, & incontinence followed by slow, gradual
recovery of consciousness & cognition. Aka grand mal
seizure & psychomotor seizure.
 Simple Partial Seizure: localized ictal onset of
seizure w/o altered consciousness.
 Complex Partial Seizure: localized ictal onset of
seizure w/ altered consciousness.
26. DYSTONIA: slow, sustained contractions of the trunk or
limbs.
27. AMIMIA: inability to make gestures or to comprehend
those made by others
THINKING
 Goal-directed flow of ideas, symbols & associations initiated
by a problem or task & leading toward a reality-oriented
conclusion.
 Normal when logical sequence occurs.
 PARAPRAXIS OR FREUDIAN SLIP - unconscious
motivated lapse from logic; considered part of normal
thinking.
 ABSTRACT THINKING - is the ability to grasp the
essentials of a whole, to break the whole into parts & to
discern common properties
GENERAL DISTURBANCES IN FORM OR PROCESS OF
THINKING
1. MENTAL DISORDER:
 clinically significant behavior/ psychological syndrome
associated with distress or disease, not just an
expected response to a particular event or limited to
relations between a person and society (OT, 9 th)
 Manifestations are primarily characterized by
behavioral or psychological impairment of function,
measured in terms of deviation from some normative
concept (10th)
2. PSYCHOSIS:
 inability to distinguish reality and fantasy
impaired reality testing, hallucinations, delusions, and
illusions, creation of new reality
 Neurosis: mental disorder in which reality testing is
intact, behavior may not violate gross social norms,
relatively enduring without treatment
3. REALITY TESTING:
 objective evaluation & judgment of the world outside
the self (9th, OT)
 Fundamental ego function that consists of tentative
actions that test and objectively evaluate the nature
and limits of the environment
 includes the ability to differentiate between the
external world and the internal world and to
accurately judge the relation between the self and the
environment (10th)
Page4 of 12

Continuation of General Disturbance of thinking…
4. FORMAL THOUGHT DISORDER:
 disturbance in the form of thought rather than the
content of thought,
 thinking characterized by associations, neologisms,
and illogical constructs.
 Person is defined as psychotic.
 Characteristic of schizophrenia.
5. ILLOGICAL THINKING:
 thinking containing erroneous conclusions or internal
contradictions
 Psychopathological only when it is marked and not
caused by cultural values or intellectual deficit.
6. DEREISM:
 Mental activity not concordant with logic or experience
(9th, OT).
 Mental activity that follows a totally subjective and
idiosyncratic system of logic and fails to take the facts
of reality or experience into consideration.
 Characteristic of schizophrenia (10th)
7. AUTISTIC THINKING:
 Preoccupation w/ inner private world. (9th)
 Thinking in which the thoughts are largely narcissistic &
egocentric, with emphasis on subjectivity rather than
objectivity, and without regard for reality
 Used interchangeably with autism and dereism.
 Seen in schizophrenia and autistic disorder. (10 th)
8. MAGICAL THINKING:
 A form of dereistic thought; thinking similar to that of
the preoperational phase in children, in which
thoughts, words, or actions assume power.
 (e.g., to cause or to prevent events).
9. PRIMARY PROCESS THINKING:
 Mental activity directly related to the functions of the id
and characteristic of unconscious mental processes
 Marked by primitive, prelogical thinking and by the
tendency to seek immediate discharge and
gratification of instinctual demands.
 Includes thinking that is dereistic, illogical, magical;
normally found in dreams, abnormally in psychosis.
10. SECONDARY PROCESS THINKING:
 the form of thinking that is logical, organized, reality
oriented, and influenced by the demands of the
environment
 Characterizes the mental activity of the ego.
11. EMOTIONAL INSIGHT:
 Deep level of understanding/ awareness that is likely to
lead to positive changes in personality & behavior (9 th,
OT)
 A level of understanding or awareness that one has
emotional problems. It facilitates positive changes in
personality and behavior when present (10 th)
SPECIFIC DISTURBANCES IN FORM OF THOUGHT
1. Neologism:
 New word or phrase whose derivation cannot be
understood
 Often by combining syllables of other words, for
idiosyncratic psychological reasons (9th, OT)
 Often seen in schizophrenia.
 Eg: I don’t want to go there, there are norks there.
Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess 
Signs and Symptoms
Continuation of Neologisms (FORM of thought)…
 Also been used to mean a word that has been
incorrectly constructed but whose origins are
nonetheless understandable
o (e.g., headshoe to mean hat)
o However, such constructions are more properly
referred to as WORD APPROXIMATIONS (10th)
Continuation of Disturbances in FORM of thought…
2. WORD SALAD:
 Incoherent, essentially incomprehensible, mixture of
words and phrases commonly seen in far-advanced
cases of schizophrenia
 Examples:
1. “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.”
2. “I am fine…apple pie…no sale…furniture store…take
it slow…cellar door…”
3. “It was shockingly not of the best quality I have
known all such evildoers coming out of doors with
the best of intentions!”
3. CIRCUMSTANTIALITY:
 indirect speech that is delayed in reaching the point but
eventually gets from original point to desired goal. (9 th,
OT)
 Disturbance in the associative thought and speech
processes in which a patient digresses into unnecessary
details and inappropriate thoughts before
communicating the central idea.
 Observed in schizophrenia, obsessional disturbances,
and certain cases of dementia. (10th)
 Example:
1. “My mother's job? She used to sit around the house
doing nothing but drinking, she'd just sit there and
stew, making noises, chugging her drinks. She
threw my dad out of the house. I'll never forget
that, the way she did it. Anyways, my mom was a
waitress."
2. When asked about a bruise on her arm, the patient
recounts everything else that happened that same
day before explaining how she was injured.
4. TANGENTIALITY:
 inability to have goal-directed associations of thought;
speaker never gets from point to desired goal (OT)
 Oblique, digressive, or even irrelevant manner of
speech in which the central idea is not communicated.
(10th)
 Example: The patient begins to explain how she was
injured, but loses her train of thought and goes on to
other subjects.
5. INCOHERENCE:
 thought that is not generally understandable (9th, OT)
 running together of thoughts or words with no logical
or grammatical connection, resulting in disorganization
 Communication that is disconnected, disorganized, or
incomprehensible (10th)
6. PERSEVERATION:
 Pathological repetition of the same response to
different stimuli, as in a repetition of the same verbal
response to different questions.
 Seen in cognitive disorders, schizophrenia, and other
mental illness. (10th)
 Example: What day is it? “Monday”. What time is it?
“Monday”. What month is it? “Monday.”
Page5 of 12

Continuation of Disturbances in FORM of thought…
7. VERBIGERATION: (Also known as cataphasia)
 Meaningless & stereotyped repetition of specific words
or phrases. Seen in schizophrenia.
 Ex: “Peter paid plenty for piping. Plenty for piping paid
Peter.”
8. ECHOLALIA:
 Psychopathological repeating of words or phrases of
one person by another.
Tends to be repetitive and persistent.
 Seen in certain kinds of schizophrenia, particularly the
catatonic types.
 Example: You greet a new patient by asking, “How are
you feeling today?” He replies, “Today? Feeling today?
How are YOU feeling today?”
9. CONDENSATION: fusion of various concepts into one;
Mental process in which one symbol stands for a number
of components.
10. IRRELEVANT ANSWER: answer that is not in harmony
with question asked. Not responsive to question. Person
appears to ignore or not attend to question.
11. LOOSENING OF ASSOCIATIONS:
 flow of thought in which ideas shift from one subject to
another in a completely unrelated way. May be
incoherent if severe (9th, OT)
 Characteristic schizophrenic thinking or speech
disturbance involving a disorder in the logical
progression of thoughts.
 Failure to communicate verbally adequately
 Unrelated and unconnected ideas shift from one subject
to another. (10th)
 Examples:
1. “He went to the ballpark and bought Frank’s beer
belly home in a bag of grass seed.”
2. “I can’t go to the zoo, no money, Oh... I have a hat,
these members make no sense, man…What’s the
problem?”
12. DERAILMENT:
 Gradual or sudden deviation in train of thought without
blocking.
 Sometimes used synonymously with loosening of
association.
 Example: "…So after the storm we found the canoe a
bit down the river, and then, uh…my mother came to
see me today."
13. FLIGHT OF IDEAS:
 Rapid, continuous verbalizations or plays on words
produce constant shifting from one idea to another,
but tend to be connected.
 Listener can follow in less severe forms. (9 th)
 Rapid succession of fragmentary thoughts or speech in
which content changes abruptly and speech may be
incoherent. Seen in mania. (10 th)
 Example: A man starts talking about his business, but
quickly shifts to discussing the economy, the
government, and other countries.
14. CLANG ASSOCIATION:
 Association or speech directed by sound of a word
rather than its meaning. Words have no logical
connection. May include rhyming and punning. Seen
in schizophrenia & mania.
Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess 
Signs and Symptoms
 Example of Clang association: “He went in entry in
trying tieing sighing dying ding-dong dangles dashing
dancing ding-a-ling!”
Continuation of Disturbances in FORM of thought…
15. BLOCKING:
 Abrupt interruption in train of thought before a thought
or idea is finished
 After a brief pause, person indicates no recall of what
was being or going to be said.
 Also known as thought deprivation or increased
thought latency.
 Common in schizophrenia & severe anxiety
16. GLOSSOLALIA/SPEAKING IN TONGUES:
 Expression of a revelatory message through
unintelligible words.
 Also known as cryptolalia; A private spoken language;
Not considered a disturbance in thought if associated
with Pentecostal religions. (9 th)
 Unintelligible jargon that has meaning to the speaker
but not to the listener. Occurs in schizophrenia. (10)
SPECIFIC DISTURBANCES IN CONTENT OF THOUGHT
1. POVERTY OF CONTENT: thought that gives little
information because of vagueness, empty repetitions, or
obscure phrases.
2. OVERVALUED IDEA: unreasonable, sustained false
belief maintained less firmly than a delusion.
3. DELUSION: false belief, based on incorrect interference
about external reality, NOT CONSISTENT W/ PT’S
INTELLIGENCE & CULTURAL BACKGROUND. Cannot be
corrected by reasoning.
Types of Delusion:
a. BIZARRE DELUSION:
- false belief that is absurd, totally implausible,
fantastic, strange. (Out of this world)
- Common in schizophrenia.
- In nonbizarre delusion, content is usually within
the range of possibility.
- Example: invaders from space have implanted
electrodes in a person's brain
b. SYSTEMATIZED DELUSION:
- group of elaborate delusions united by/related to a
single event or theme.
- Example: Px is being persecuted by the CIA, FBI,
Mafia
c. MOOD-CONGRUENT DELUSION:
- delusion with mood-appropriate content.
- Example: depressed patients who believe that they
are responsible for the destruction of the world
d. MOOD-INCONGRUENT DELUSION:
- Delusion based on incorrect reference about
external reality, with content that has no
association to mood or is mood inappropriate
(10th)
- Examples: (1) Depressed patients who believe that
they are the new Messiah. (2) Depressed patient
has delusions of thought control or broadcasting
e. NIHILISTIC DELUSION: false feeling that self,
others, or the world is nonexistent or coming to an
end. (Eg. “Magugunaw ang mundo!”)
Page6 of 12

Continuation of Types of Delusion…
f. DELUSION OF POVERTY: false belief that one is
bereft or will be deprived of all material possessions.
g. SOMATIC DELUSION: false belief involving
functioning of the body; Ex: Belief that brain is rotting
or melting
h. PARANOID DELUSIONS: include persecutory
delusions & delusions of reference, control, and
grandeur.
*Paranoid ideation, on the other hand, is
suspiciousness of less than delusional proportions.
* Subtypes:
 DELUSION OF PERSECUTION:
o Most common delusion.
o Person’s false belief that he/she is being harassed,
cheated, or persecuted.
o Often found in litigious patients who have a
pathological tendency to take legal action because
of imagined mistreatment.
 DELUSION OF GRANDEUR:
o Exaggerated conception of his/her importance,
power, or identity.
o Example: Ako ang hari ng Pilipinas (in reality:
taong grasa yung nagsabi)
 DELUSION OF REFERENCE:
o False belief that the behavior of others refers to
oneself or that events, objects, or other people
have a particular and unusual significance, usually
of a negative nature
o derived from idea of reference, in which persons
falsely feel that others are talking about them
o Example: Belief that person on TV or radio is
talking to or about the person
i. DELUSION OF SELF-ACCUSATION: false feeling of
remorse & guilt. Seen in depression with psychotic
features.
j. DELUSION OF CONTROL: false feeling that a
person’s will thoughts, or feelings are being controlled
by external forces.
 Thought withdrawal: delusion that thoughts
are being removed from a person’s mind by
other persons or forces.
 Thought insertion: delusion that thoughts are
being implanted in a person’s mind.
 Thought broadcasting: delusion that a
person’s thought can be heard by others.
 Thought control: delusion that a person’s
thoughts are being controlled by other persons
or forces.
k. DELUSION OF INFIDELITY (DELUSIONAL OR
PATHOLOGICAL JEALOUSY): false belief derived
from pathological jealousy about a person’s lover
being unfaithful.
l. EROTOMANIA/CLERAMBAULT-KANDINSKY
COMPLEX/ CLERAMBAULT SYNDROME: delusional
belief, more common in women, that someone is
deeply in love with them.
m. PSEUDOLOGIA PHANTASTICA:
- type of lying in w/c a person appears to believe in
the reality of his/ her fantasies & acts on them
- associated w/ Munchausen syndrome(repeated
feigning of illness)(9th, OT)
- Disorder characterized by uncontrollable lying in
which patients elaborate extensive fantasies that
they freely communicate and act on. (10th)
Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess 
Signs and Symptoms
Continuation of Spcfc Disturbances in CONTENT of thought…
4. TREND/ PREOCCUPATION OF THOUGHT: centering of
thought content on a particular idea associated with a
strong affective tone, such as a paranoid trend or a
suicidal or homicidal preoccupation.
5. EGOMANIA: pathological self-preoccupation or self-
centeredness.
6. MONOMANIA: preoccupation with single object/one
subject
7. RUMINATION: constant preoccupation with thinking
about a single idea or theme, as in OCD
8. HYPOCHONDRIA: exaggerated concern about health
that is based not on real organic pathology but, rather,
on unrealistic interpretation of physical signs or
sensations as abnormal. (Feeling mo may cancer ka)
9. OBSESSION:
- Persistent and recurrent idea, thought, or impulse
that cannot be eliminated from consciousness by logic
or reasoning
- Involuntary and ego-dystonic.
- Example: His obsession with his coworker was
beginning to affect his marriage; he ignored his wife
and spent hours each day having imaginary
conversations with the other woman in his head.
10. COMPULSION:
- Pathological need to act on an impulse that, if
resisted, produces anxiety
- Repetitive behavior in response to an obsession or
performed according to certain rules, with no true end
in itself other than to prevent something from occurring
in the future.
- Example: A woman must check the locks on all her
doors and windows three times each before she can
retire in the evening. If prevented from performing this
ritual, she can’t fall asleep.
11. COPROLALIA: compulsive utterance of obscene words.
12. PHOBIA: persistent irrational, exaggerated, & invariably
pathological dread of a specific stimulus or situation.
Results in compelling desire to avoid feared stimulus.
a. Specific Phobia: circumscribed dread of a discrete
object or situation. (Ex. dread of spiders & snakes)
b. Social Phobia: dread of public humiliation, as a fear
in public speaking, performing, or eating in public.
c. Acrophobia: high places.
d. Agoraphobia: open places.
e. Algophobia: pain.
f. Ailurophobia: cats.
g. Erythrophobia: blushing/ red.
h. Panphobia: everything.
i. Claustrophobia: closed places.
j. Xenophobia: strangers.
k. Zoophobia: animals.
l. Needle Phobia/ Blood Injection Phobia:
persistent, pathological fear of receiving an injection.
13. NOEISIS: a revelation in which immense illumination
occurs in association w/ a sense that a person has been
chosen to lead & command. Can occur in manic and
dissociative stress
14. Unio mystica: an oceanic feeling of mystic unity with an
infinite power; not considered a disturbance in thought
content if congruent with person’s religious/ cultural
milieu.
Page7 of 12

SPEECH
 Ideas, thoughts, feelings as expressed through language;
communication through the use of words & language.
DISTURBANCES IN SPEECH
1. PRESSURED SPEECH: Increase in the amount of
spontaneous speech; rapid, loud, accelerated speech,
difficult to interrupt, as occurs in mania, schizophrenia,
and cognitive disorders.
2. VOLUBILITY (LOGORRHEA): Copious, pressured,
logical, coherent speech; uncontrollable, excessive
talking; observed in manic episodes. AKA tachylogia,
verbomania
3. POVERTY OF SPEECH:
- restriction in the amount of speech used.
- Monosyllabic replies.
- aka Laconic Speech: Condition characterized by a
reduction in the quantity of spontaneous speech;
replies to questions are brief and unelaborated, and
little or no unprompted additional information is
provided.
- Occurs in major depression, schizophrenia, and organic
mental disorders.
- Example: A depressed man offers no spontaneous
commentary during conversation. He replies to direct
questions with, at most, one- or two-word answers.
4. NON-SPONTANEOUS SPEECH: verbal responses given
only when asked or spoken to directly; no self initiation of
speech.(Wala na to sa 10th ed)
5. POVERTY OF CONTENT OF SPEECH:
- Speech that is adequate in amt but conveys little info
because of vagueness, emptiness or stereotyped
phrases.
- Example: You listen to the patient’s conventional
phrases for 5 minutes, but are unable to extract a
single fact from all her vague talk.
6. DYSPROSODY:
- Loss of normal speech melody (prosody).
- Example: A young schizophrenic patient ends every
statement with a bizarre and pronounced melodic lift,
as though everything he says is a question.
7. DYSARTHRIA: difficulty in articulation, not in word
finding or in grammar.
8. DYSLALIA: Faulty articulation caused by structural
abnormalities of the articulatory organs or impaired
hearing.
9. EXCESSIVELY LOUD OR SOFT SPEECH: loss of
modulation of normal speech volume.
10. STUTTERING:
- frequent repetition or prolongation of a sound or
syllable, leading to markedly impaired speech fluency.
- Example: “p-p-Peter p-p-Piper p-p-picked a p-p-peck of
p-p-pickled p-p-peppers (phew!)”
11. CLUTTERING:
- erratic & dysrhythmic speech consisting of rapid &
jerky spurts (9th, OT)
- Disturbance of fluency involving an abnormally rapid
rate and erratic rhythm of speech that impedes
intelligibility; the affected individual is usually unaware
of communicative impairment (10th)
Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess 
Signs and Symptoms
Continuation of Speech Disturbances…
12. ACULALIA: nonsense speech associated with markedly
impaired comprehension. Occurs in mania, schizophrenia,
and neurological deficit.
13. BRADYLALIA: abnormally slow speech.
14. DYSPHONIA: difficulty or pain in speaking.
15. ACATAPHASIA:
- disordered speech in which statements are incorrectly
formulated.
- Patients may express themselves with words that
sound like the ones intended, but are not appropriate
to the thoughts, or they may use totally inappropriate
expressions.
APHASIC DISTURBANCES
 Aphasic Disturbances = in language output
1. MOTOR APHASIA:
- disturbance of speech caused by a cognitive disorder in
which understanding remains but ability to speak is
grossly impaired.
- Halting, laborious, and inaccurate speech
- aka Broca’s, nonfluent, and expressive aphasia
2. SENSORY APHASIA:
- organic loss of ability to comprehend the meaning of
words.
- Fluid and spontaneous but incoherent and nonsensical
speech
- aka Wernicke’s, fluent and receptive aphasia
3. Nominal aphasia/ Anomia/ Amnestic aphasia:
difficulty finding correct name for an object.
4. Syntactical aphasia: inability to arrange words in
proper sequence.
5. Jargon Aphasia: words produced are totally neologistic;
nonsense words repeated with various intonations &
inflections.
6. Global Aphasia: combination of a grossly non-fluent
aphasia & a severe fluent aphasia.
7. Alogia: inability to speak because of mental deficiency or
an episode of dementia.
8. Coprophasia: involuntary use of vulgar or obscene
language. Seen in Tourette’s disorder and in some cases
of schizophrenia (Wala na sa 10th ed)
9. PARAPHASIA:
- Abnormal speech in which one word is substituted for
another
- the irrelevant word generally resembling the required
one in morphology, meaning, or phonetic composition
- the inappropriate word may be a legitimate one used
incorrectly, (Ex. clover instead of hand) or a bizarre
nonsense expression,(Ex. treen instead of train)
- Paraphasic speech may be seen in organic aphasias
and in mental disorders such as schizophrenia.
10. METONYMY:
- Speech disturbance common in schizophrenia; Affected
person uses a word or phrase that is related to the
proper one but is not the one ordinarily used;
- Example: The patient speaks of consuming a menu
rather than a meal, or refers to losing the piece of
string of the conversation, rather than the thread of the
conversation.
11. WORD APPROXIMATION:
- Use of conventional words in an unconventional or
inappropriate way (metonymy or of new words that are
developed by conventional rules of word formation)
- Distinguished from a neologism, which is a new word
whose derivation cannot be understood.
- Example:
- handshoes for gloves and time measure for clock
Page8 of 12

PERCEPTION
 Process of transferring physical stimulation into
psychological information
 Mental process by which sensory stimuli are brought to
awareness
DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION
 HALLUCINATION - false sensory perception not
associated with real external stimuli
1. Hypnagogic hallucination
- occurring while falling asleep, not ordinarily considered
pathological
- Ex: Some people, may feel like they are falling, and
jerk themselves awake to avoid hitting the ground.
2. Hypnopompic hallucination
- occurring while awakening from sleep, not ordinarily
considered pathological
- Ex: People experiencing the phenomenon of awareness
during sleep paralysis, where they feel awake not being
able to move a muscle
3. Auditory hallucination
- false perception of sound, usually voices, but also other
noises, such as music
- Most common hallucination in psychiatric disorders
- Ex: When someone hears voices conversing even if
there are no people talking
4. Visual hallucination - primarily involve sense of sight
- Ex: one may perceive a person standing before them
when no one is there
5. Olfactory hallucination-primarily involve smell or odors
- Most common in medical disorders, especially in the
temporal lobe
- Ex: Person may smell decaying fish, dead bodies, or
burning rubber
6. Gustatory hallucination- primarily involving taste; Ex:
An individual may complain of a persistent taste of metal
7. Tactile/ Haptic hallucination- primarily involve the
sense of touch; Ex: Phantom Limb: sensation from
amputated limb.
8. Formication: crawling sensation on or under the skin.
9. Somatic/Cenesthesic hallucination- involving the
perception of a physical experience localized within the
body
10. Lilliputian hallucination/Micropsia
- false perception that objects are smaller than they
really are
- Ex: The patient reports episodes in which the entire
world looks shrunken, “like looking through the wrong
end of binoculars.”
11. Mood-congruent hallucination
- content that is consistent with a depressed or manic
mood
- Ex: Depressed patients hearing voices telling them
that they are bad persons and manic patients hearing
voices telling them that they have inflated worth,
power, or knowledge
12. Mood-incongruent hallucination
- not associated with real external stimuli, with content
that is not consistent with depressed or manic mood
- Ex: In depression, hallucinations not involving such
themes as guilt, deserved punishment, or inadequacy;
in mania, not involving such themes as inflated worth
or power
13. Hallucinosis
- State in which a person experiences hallucinations
without any impairment of consciousness
- Associated with chronic alcohol abuse & that occur
within a clear sensorium.
Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess 
Signs and Symptoms
14. Delirium Tremens / Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium
- acute and sometimes fatal reaction to withdrawal from
alcohol
- usually occurring 72 to 96 hours after the cessation of
heavy drinking
- marked autonomic hyperactivity (tachycardia, fever,
hyperhidrosis, and dilated pupils)
- usually accompanied by tremulousness, hallucinations,
illusions, and delusions
15. Synesthesia
- Condition in which the stimulation of one sensory
modality is perceived as sensation in a different
modality
- Ex: When a sound produces a sensation of color, A
patient reports that environmental sounds cause his
skin to tingle, and that being touched causes him to
see fireworks.
16. Trailing Phenomenon
- perceptual abnormality associated with hallucinogenic
drugs in which moving objects are seen as a series of
discrete and discontinuous images
- Ex: The patient notices that moving objects seem
pursued by a series of “ghosts” which fade to
invisibility in less than a second.
17. Command Hallucination
- false perception of orders that a person may feel
obliged to obey or unable to resist
- Ex: Voices may tell the person to do something,
contents of the hallucinations can range from the
innocuous to commands to cause harm to the self or
others
 ILLUSION - perceptual misinterpretation of a real
external stimulus
Ex: A breeze stirs the curtains, you see the motion out of
the corner of your eye, and you briefly think you see a
lurking attacker
DISTURBANCE ASSOCIATED WITH COGNITIVE
DISORDER & MEDICAL CONDITIONS
1. Agnosia
- inability to understand the importance or significance
of sensory stimuli
- Cannot be explained by a defect in sensory pathways
or cerebral lesion
- Used to refer to the selective loss or disuse of
knowledge of specific objects because of emotional
circumstances
- Occurs with neurological deficit
- Ex: There is no medical reason for the patient to have
lost her sense of smell, but you can put a sample of
anything under her nose – onion, pepper, ammonia –
and she doesn’t react.
2. Anosognosia (Ignorance of Illness) - inability to
recognize a physical deficit in oneself; Ex: Patient denies
paralyzed limb
3. Somatopagnosia (Ignorance of the Body)/
Autopagnosia- inability to recognize a part of one's
body as one's own
4. Visual Agnosia- inability to recognize objects or persons
- Ex: A patient would not be able to match a pine tree to
a maple, a green apple to a red one, or a cursive to a
printed word
5. Astereognosis- inability to recognize objects by touch
- Seen with neurological deficit
- Ex: The doctor has her patient close his eyes, places a
key in his hand, and asks him to identify the object but
the patient can’t identify it.
Page9 of 12

Continuation of Perceptual Disturbance Assoc. With
Cognitive Disorder & Medical Conditions…
6. Prosopagnosia- inability to recognize faces
7. Apraxia
- Inability to perform a voluntary purposeful motor
activity; No paralysis or other motor or sensory
impairment
- constructional apraxia- patient cannot draw two- or
three-dimensional forms
8. Simultagnosia- impairment in the perception or
integration of visual stimuli appearing simultaneously
9. Adiadochokinesia
- inability to perform rapid alternating movements
- Occurs with neurological deficit and cerebellar lesions
10. Aura
- warning sensations such as automatisms, fullness in
the stomach, blushing, & changes in respiration,
cognitive sensations, & mood states usually
experienced before a seizure; A sensory prodrome
that precedes a classic migraine headache
DISTURBANCE ASSOCIATED WITH CONVERSION &
DISSOCIATIVE PHENOMENA
1. Hysterical Anesthesia- loss of sensory modalities
resulting from emotional conflicts.
2. Macropsia- objects seem larger than what they are.
3. Micropsia/ Lilliputian Hallucination- objects seem
smaller than what they are.
4. DEPERSONALIZATION
- sensation of unreality concerning oneself, parts of
oneself, or one's environment that occurs under
extreme stress or fatigue
- Seen in schizophrenia, depersonalization disorder, and
schizotypal personality disorder
- Ex: A woman awakens from a frightening dream and
feels strangely unlike her usual self. When she gets up
to wash her face, she gets the strange feeling that she
is outside of her body, watching herself from the
bathroom doorway.
5. DEREALIZATION
- sensation of changed reality or that one's surroundings
have altered; Usually seen in schizophrenia, panic
attacks, and dissociative disorders
- Ex: A man awakens from a nightmare and finds
everything in the room looks like it’s from another
planet, though he’s lived in this house for years.
6. FUGUE
- taking on a new identity with amnesia for the old
identity; characterized by a period of almost complete
amnesia, during which a person actually flees from an
immediate life situation and begins a different life
pattern; mental faculties & skills- usually unimpaired
- Ex: A soldier is found wandering in a minefield, several
miles from a hot firefight, unable to state his own
name and with no recollection of having left his unit.
7. Multiple Personality- one person who appears at
different times to be 2 or more entirely different
personalities
8. DISSOCIATION
- unconscious defense mechanism involving the
segregation of any group of mental or behavioral
processes from the rest of the person’s psychic activity
- May entail the separation of an idea from its
accompanying emotional tone
- Ex: A man understands his traumatic nightmares only
after he finds an old letter in which he described a
terrifying, forgotten incident.
Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess 
Signs and Symptoms
MEMORY AND ORIENTATION
 Memory
- information stored in the brain is latter related to
unconsciousness
- Process whereby what is experienced or learned is
established as a record in the CNS (registration)
- Persists with a variable degree of permanence (retention)
- can be recollected or retrieved from storage at will (recall)
 Orientation- state of awareness of oneself and one's
surroundings in terms of time, place, and person
DISTURBANCE OF MEMORY
1. AMNESIA- partial or total inability to recall past
experiences
o Anterograde- after a point in time
o Retrograde- before a point in time
o Amnestic disorder - organic in origin
o Dissociative amnesia – emotional in origin
2. PARAMNESIA
- falsification of memory by distortion of recall
- Reality and fantasy are confused
- Observed in dreams and in certain types of schizophrenia
and organic mental disorders
a. Fausse reconnaissance- false recognition
b. Retrospective Falsification- memory becomes
unintentionally distorted
Ex: A business deal goes sour and litigation ensues
over the partners’ differing recollections of their
original verbal agreement.
c. Confabulation- unconscious filling of gaps in memory by
imagining experiences or events that have no basis in
fact, commonly seen in amnestic syndromes
Ex: A patient describes in vivid detail a visit from her
parents the previous day. You later discover that her
parents have been dead for years.
d. Déjà vu- illusion of visual recognition in which a new
situation is incorrectly regarded as a repetition of a
previous memory
Ex: A tourist enters Vatican City for the first time and
is struck by an eerie sense of familiarity as she views
this new scene.
e. Deja entendu- illusion that what one is hearing one has
heard previously
Ex: A new song on the radio seems strangely familiar;
subsequent research shows it to be unrelated to
anything you’ve heard before.
f. Deja pense- illusion that a new thought is recognized as
a thought previously felt or expressed
- Condition in which a thought never entertained before
is incorrectly regarded as a repetition of a previous
thought
g. Jamais vu- false feeling of unfamiliarity with a real
situation that a person has experienced
h. False Memory- a person's recollection and belief of an
event that did not actually occur
*false memory syndrome- persons erroneously believe
that they sustained an emotional or physical (e.g.,
sexual) trauma in early life
3. Hypermnesia
- exaggerated degree of retention & recall
- Can be elicited by hypnosis and may be seen in certain
prodigies
4. Eidetic Image- unusually vivid or exact mental image of
objects previously seen or imagined
Page10 of 12

Continuation of Memory Disturbances…
5. Screen Memory- consciously tolerable memory covering
for a painful memory
6. Repression- characterized by unconscious forgetting of
unacceptable ideas and impulses
o repression proper- repressed material was once in
the conscious domain
o primal repression- repressed material was never in
the conscious realm
7. Lethologica- momentary forgetting of a name or proper
noun
8. Blackout
- amnesia experienced by alcoholics about behavior
during drinking bouts
Usually indicates reversible brain damage
- Ex: A woman wakes up in bed with a stranger after an
evening of drinking. She can’t recall meeting him or
anything after that.
LEVELS OF MEMORY
1. Immediate- reproduction or recall of perceived material
within seconds to minutes.
2. Recent- recall of events over past few days.
3. Recent Past- recall of events over past few months.
4. Remote- recall of events in distant past.
INTELLIGENCE
 Ability to understand, recall, mobilize, & constructively
integrate previous learning in meeting new situations
1. MENTAL RETARDATION
- subaverage general intellectual functioning that
originates in the developmental period
- Associated with impaired maturation and learning, and
social maladjustment
 Mild- (IQbet 50 and 55 to 70)
 Moderate- (IQ bet 35 and 40 to bet 50 and 55)
 Severe- (IQ bet 20 and 25 to bet 35 and 40)
 Profound- (IQ below 20 to 25)
2. DEMENTIA
- organic or global deterioration of intellectual
functioning without clouding of consciousness
- IRREVERSIBLE - because of underlying progressive
degenerative brain disease
- REVERSIBLE- if the cause can be treated
- Characterized by:
 failing memory
 difficulty with calculations
 distractibility
 alterations in mood and affect
 impaired judgment and abstraction
 reduced facility with language
 disturbance of orientation
3. PSEUDODEMENTIA
- clinical features resembling a dementia not caused by
organic condition
- Patients show exaggerated indifference to their
surroundings in the absence of a mental disorder
- Occurs in depression and factitious disorders
4. CONCRETE THINKING
- literal thinking; limited use of metaphor without
understanding nuances of meaning
- Characterized by actual things, events, and immediate
experience; Seen in young children
Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess 
Signs and Symptoms
Continuation of Intelligence…
5. ABSTRACT THINKING
- ability to appreciate nuances of meaning; multi-
dimensional thinking
- Ability to grasp the essentials of a whole, to break a
whole into its parts, and to discern common properties
- To think symbolically
INSIGHT
 Ability to understand the true cause & meaning of situation
 Conscious recognition of one's own condition
 Conscious awareness and understanding of one's own
psychodynamics and symptoms of maladaptive behavior
1. INTELLECTUAL INSIGHT- knowledge of the reality of a
situation without the ability to use that knowledge
successfully to effect an adaptive change in behavior or to
master the situation
2. TRUE INSIGHT- understanding of the objective reality of a
situation, coupled with the motivation & the emotional
impetus to master the situation or change behavior
3. IMPAIRED INSIGHT- diminished ability to understand the
objective reality of a situation
JUDGMENT
 Ability to assess situation correctly & act appropriately in
the situation
 Mental act of comparing or evaluating choices within the
framework of a given set of values for the purpose of
electing a course of action
 Intact Or Normal- course of action chosen is consonant
with reality or with mature adult standards of behavior
 Impaired- if the chosen course of action is frankly
maladaptive, results from impulsive decisions based on the
need for immediate gratification, or is otherwise not
consistent with reality as measured by mature adult
standards.
1. CRITICAL JUDGMENT- ability to assess, discern, and
choose among various options in a situation.
2. AUTOMATIC JUDGMENT- reflex performance of an action
3. IMPAIRED JUDGMENT- diminished ability to understand a
situation correctly & to act appropriately
UNCATEGORIZED ADDITIONAL TERMS
*Kaplan, 10th ed.
1. Aerophagia- excessive swallowing of air.
2. Androgyny- combination of culturally determined female
and male characteristics in one person.
3. Bruxism- grinding or gnashing of the teeth, typically
occurring during sleep.
4. Carebaria- sensation of discomfort or pressure in the
head.
5. Causalgia- burning pain that can be organic or psychic
in origin.
6. Cephalagia- headache.
7. Cycloplegia- paralysis of the muscles of accommodation
in the eye; observed, at times, as an autonomic adverse
effect (anticholinergic effect) of antipsychotic or
antidepressant medication.
8. Dyspareunia- physical pain in sexual intercourse,
usually emotionally caused and more commonly
experienced by women; can also result from cystitis,
urethritis, or other medical conditions
9. Encopresis- involuntary passage of feces, usually
occurring at night or during sleep.
Page11 of 12
 Signs and Symptoms

Continuation of UNCATEGORIZED ADDITIONAL TERMS… Continuation IV. THINKING

B. Specific Disturbance (Form of Thought)
Neologism Flight of ideas
10. Galactorrhea- abnormal discharge of milk from the
Echolalia Irrelevant answer
breast; may result from the endocrine influence (e.g., Perseveration Circumstantiality
prolactin) of dopamine receptor antagonists. Word Salad Clang associations
11. Gynecomastia- female-like development of the male C. Specific Disturbance (Content of Thought)
breasts; Delusion (Bizarre, Nihilistic)
12. Hebephrenia- complex of symptoms, considered a form Poverty of Content
of schizophrenia, characterized by wild or silly behavior Obsession Compusion
Hypochondria Phobia
or mannerisms, inappropriate affect, and delusions and
V. SPEECH
hallucinations that are transient and unsystematized. A. Speech Disturbance
Hebephrenic schizophrenia is now called disorganized Stuttering Cluttering
schizophrenia. Dysprosody Aculalia
13. Intoxication:-mental disorder caused by recent Volubility (logorrhea) Bradylalia
ingestion or presence in the body of an exogenous B. Aphasic Disturbance
substance producing maladaptive behavior by virtue of its Broca’s Aphasia Alogia
Wernicke’s Aphasia Coprophrasia
effects on the central nervous system (CNS).
VI. PERCEPTION
14. Microcephaly- condition in which the head is unusually A. Disturbances of Perception
small as a result of defective brain development and Hallucination Illusion
premature ossification of the skull. B. Assoc. w/ Cognitive Disorder/ Medical Conditions
15. Scotoma- figurative blind spot in a person's Agnosia Apraxia
psychological awareness. Astereognosis Aura
16. Tinnitus: noises in one or both ears, such as ringing, Adiadachokinesia Simultagnosia
C. Assoc. w/ Conversion & Dissociative Phenomenon
buzzing, or clicking
Macropsia Micropsia
17. Vertigo- sensation that one or the world around one is Depersonalisation Derealization
spinning or revolving; a hallmark of vestibular Fugue Dissociation
dysfunction, not to be confused with dizziness. Multiple personality Hysterical Anesthesia
VII. MEMORY
Sources: A. Disturbances of Memory
Amnesia ( Anterograde, retrograde)
Kaplan and Upper batch Transes (Sec C_2014)
Paramnesia (Confabulation, Dejavu, Jamais vu)
Block-out
SUMMARY TABLE: B. Levels of Memory
I. CONSCIOUSNESS Immediate, Recent, Recent Past, Remote
A. Disturbances of Consciousness VIII. INTELLIGENCE
Disorientation Clouding of consciousness A. Mental Retardation
Confusion Stupor B. Dementia
Somnolence Drowsiness C. Pseudodementia
Delirium Sundowning D. Concrete thinking
Twilight State Coma E. Abstract Thinking
Dreamlike State Coma Vigil IX. INSIGHT
B. Disturbances of Attention A. Intellectual Insight
Distractibility Selective inattention B. True Insight
Hypervigilance Trance C. Impaired Insight
Disinhibition X. JUDGEMENT
C. Disturbances of Suggestibility A. Critical Judgment
Folie a deux (folie a trios) B. Automatic Judgement
Hypnosis C. Impaired Judgment
II. EMOTION XI. UNCATEGORIZED ADDITIONAL TERMS
A. Affect *Note: NOT ALL examples for each subtypes are written here in this
Appropriate, Inappropriate, Blunted, Flat, Labile, summary table.*
Restricted or Constricted
B. Mood GROUP ACTIVITY ITEMS
Dysphoric, Euthymic, Expansive, Elevated, Euphoric,
Deppressed, Anhedonia, Grief, Alexythemia,
Category: Thought content; DELUSION TYPE
Hypomania, Suicidal ideation  Delusion of Grandeur = thought that you’re the most
C. Other Emotions powerful and greatest creature in the world
Anxiety, Fear Panic  Delusion of Control = thought that you’re being
Apathy Shame,Guilt controlled
Ambivalence Tension  Capgras Syndrome = thought that someone’s
Acathexis Decathexis
fake/duplicate and the original one is taken or abducted
D. Physiological Disturbance Associated with Mood
Anorexia Bulimia
 Othello Syndrome = delusion of jealousy
Insomnia Hyperphagia  Nihilism = thought that you or parts of yourself, others, or
Constipation Pica the world are not existing
Diminished Libido Hypersomnia  Ideas of reference = thought that you are being talked
III. MOTOR BEHAVIOR about or referred in radio, tv, etc…
Echopraxia Catatonia  Category: Consciousness = Obtunded
Stereotypy Negativism
 Category: Insight = Blames illness on another (Level 3)
Sleepwalking Chorea
IV. THINKING
 Category: Mood = Alexithymia = inability in describing or
A. General Disturbance (Process of Thought) being aware of emotions or mood
Magical Thinking Mental Disorder END
Reality testing Illogical thinking 
Primary process Secondary process

Transcribers: Noe, Gisela, Jess  Page12 of 12