Annals of Nuclear Energy 37 (2010) 991–995

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Annals of Nuclear Energy

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Radiation shielding of concretes containing different lime/silica ratios

A.M. El-Khayatt *
Reactor Physics Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. 13759, Cairo, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The shielding of c-rays and fast neutrons by concrete has been studied for concretes containing different
Received 13 December 2009 lime/silica ratios. Calculations were carried out for six different concrete samples. The total mass atten-
Received in revised form 28 February 2010 uation coefficients (l/q, cm2 g1) have been computed at photon energies of 1 keV to 100 GeV using the
Accepted 14 March 2010
personal computer software package WinXCom. Also the macroscopic effective fast neutron removal
Available online 13 April 2010
cross-sections (RR, cm1) have been calculated using MERCSF-N program and the removal cross-section
database for all required elements. The obtained results showed that the lime/silica ratio of concrete has
Keywords:
significant and insignificant effects on l/q and RR values, respectively.
Concrete
Lime/silica ratio
Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Removal cross-section
Photon attenuation
Shielding

1. Introduction cally and experimentally for different elements, compounds and

Concrete which contains water, cement and aggregate, is widely
used in building construction such as nuclear power stations, par-
ticle accelerators and medical hospitals. The knowledge of the
lime/silica ratio is very important for durability of the concrete
structures. The influence of this ratio on the shielding properties
(gamma and fast neutrons) has not been evaluated. The reported
data of concrete mixtures composition and elemental composition
for six concrete samples with different lime/silica ratios (Naqvi
et al., 2005) were used for shielding calculations.
The linear attenuation coefficient (l, cm1), which is defined as
the probability of a radiation interacting with a material per unit
path length, is the most important quantity characterizing the pen-
etration and diffusion of c-rays in a medium. Its magnitude de-
pends on the incident photon energy, the atomic number and the
density (q) of the shielding materials (Wood, 1982). The density
does not have a unique value but depends on the physical state
of the material, for example, in the case of concrete, on its moisture
content. To obviate the effects of variations in the density of the
material, the linear attenuation coefficient is, for reference pur-
poses, expressed as a mass attenuation coefficient (l/q, cm2 g1)
which is the linear attenuation coefficient per unit mass of the
material (Kaplan, 1989).
Several works have been performed to obtain linear attenuation
coefficients (l) and mass attenuation coefficients (l/q) theoreti-
* Tel.: +20 5 06951775; fax: +20 2 4620778.
E-mail address: ahmed_el_khayatt@yahoo.com
mixtures (Hubbell, 1982), for different building materials (Akkurt
et al., 2004; Türkmen et al., 2008; Murat et al., 2009) for concretes
(Akkurt et al., 2006) and for some aqueous solutions (Singh et al.,
2001).
For neutron shielding calculations, the elastic and inelastic scat-
tering reactions, and neutron-capture interaction process, are of
most importance. Attenuation, which is exactly exponential, is
characteristic of absorption processes alone. In case of hydroge-
nous shields, a large fraction of the interactions are equal to
absorption. As a result, the effect of the sample can be described
by an equivalent absorption cross-section called an effective re-
moval cross-section (RR) (Blizard and Abbott, 1962). Here the
‘‘attenuation” or ‘‘removal” means removal from the fast group.
The macroscopic effective fast neutrons removal cross-section,
for simplicity removal cross-section, RR (cm1), is the probability
that a fast or fission-energy neutron undergoes a first collision,
which removes it from the group of penetrating, uncollided neu-
trons (Blizard and Abbott, 1962). The total neutron cross-section
RT is the sum of the cross-sections for all the neutron-interaction
processes. Not all process leads to remove the neutron from the pe-
netrating beam thus usually RR is less than RT.
In this paper, the mass attenuation coefficients (l/q, cm2 g1)
were calculated using personal computer software package WinX-
Com (Gerward et al., 2004). Also the MERCSF-N program (El-Khay-
att and El-Sayed Abdo, 2009) was used to calculate the mass
removal cross-sections (RR/q, cm2 g1) and removal cross-sections
(RR, cm1) for these concrete samples. The results can be used for
explaining the influence of lime/silica ratios of these samples on
their shielding properties.

0306-4549/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.anucene.2010.03.001
992 A.M. El-Khayatt / Annals of Nuclear Energy 37 (2010) 991–995

Table 1 2. Theoretical methods

Composition of the six concrete mixtures.

Mixture # Portland Coarse- Fine- Water q 2.1. The total mass attenuation coefficients of c-ray (l/q)
cement (kg) aggregate aggregate (kg) (g/cm3)
(kg) (kg)
The interaction coefficients (fractions by weight or partial den-
1 370.00 680.40 1110.00 197.60 2.358 sities) and total attenuation coefficients for any chemical com-
2 370.00 555.00 680.40 197.60 1.803
pound or homogeneous mixture of shielding materials are
3 370.00 1110.00 1020.60 197.60 2.698
4 185.00 1110.00 680.40 197.60 2.173 obtained as weighted sums over the corresponding coefficients
5 370.00 1110.00 680.40 197.60 2.358 for elements. The mass attenuation coefficients (l/q) can be given
6 370.00 1110.00 340.20 197.60 2.018 by the following weighted summation (Seltzer, 1993; Kaplan,
1989; Wood, 1982):
Table 2 X
Elemental compositions, as fraction by weight, of the six concrete samples. l=q ¼ wi ðl=qÞi ; ð1Þ
i
Element (wt.%) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6
H 0.945 1.237 0.827 1.026 0.946 1.106 where q is the mass density of the sample and wi and (l/q)i are the
C 3.574 3.728 4.899 5.976 5.509 6.325 fraction by weight and mass attenuation coefficient of ith constitu-
O 51.713 51.768 51.114 52.190 50.910 50.638
Na 0.078 0.070 0.068 0.058 0.060 0.048
ent, respectively. For a chemical compound, the fraction by weight
Mg 0.318 0.359 0.315 0.276 0.338 0.368 is given by:
Al 0.762 0.811 0.658 0.494 0.646 0.629
Si 22.331 18.881 18.429 15.306 14.921 10.228 ai Ai
S 0.230 0.271 0.225 0.187 0.245 0.273
wi ¼ P ; ð2Þ
aj Aj
K 0.213 0.187 0.186 0.162 0.161 0.127 j
Ca 19.279 22.059 22.775 23.932 25.740 29.707
Ti 0.028 0.027 0.028 0.027 0.028 0.027
where ai and Ai are, respectively, the number of formula units and
Fe 0.529 0.600 0.477 0.364 0.498 0.524
Lime/silica 0.496 0.679 0.694 0.855 0.969 1.634
the atomic weight of the ith element. Hence the liner attenuation
coefficients are given by:

Table 3
Total mass attenuation coefficients l/q for the six concrete samples.

(Required) Photon energy (MeV) Total mass attenuation coefficients l/q in cm2/g, with coherent scattering of the concrete samples
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.000E03 3.82E+03 3.91E+03 3.92E+03 3.99E+03 3.70E+03 4.14E+03
1.183E03 2.46E+03 2.52E+03 2.52E+03 2.56E+03 2.38E+03 2.67E+03
1.305E03 1.91E+03 1.96E+03 1.96E+03 1.99E+03 1.85E+03 2.07E+03
1.500E03 1.32E+03 1.35E+03 1.35E+03 1.37E+03 1.28E+03 1.43E+03
1.560E03 1.19E+03 1.22E+03 1.22E+03 1.24E+03 1.15E+03 1.29E+03
1.560E03 1.21E+03 1.25E+03 1.24E+03 1.25E+03 1.17E+03 1.31E+03
1.694E03 9.70E+02 9.97E+02 9.93E+02 1.00E+03 9.38E+02 1.05E+03
1.839E03 7.75E+02 7.97E+02 7.93E+02 8.00E+02 7.49E+02 8.39E+02
1.839E03 1.42E+03 1.34E+03 1.32E+03 1.24E+03 1.15E+03 1.13E+03
2.000E03 1.18E+03 1.11E+03 1.10E+03 1.02E+03 9.43E+02 9.25E+02
3.607E03 2.43E+02 2.28E+02 2.24E+02 2.07E+02 1.92E+02 1.86E+02
4.038E03 1.78E+02 1.67E+02 1.64E+02 1.52E+02 1.40E+02 1.36E+02
6.000E03 1.22E+02 1.28E+02 1.29E+02 1.29E+02 1.25E+02 1.43E+02
1.000E02 3.02E+01 3.18E+01 3.20E+01 3.19E+01 3.10E+01 3.58E+01
4.000E02 6.85E01 7.17E01 7.20E01 7.19E01 7.19E01 7.93E01
8.000E02 2.23E01 2.27E01 2.27E01 2.27E01 2.37E01 2.36E01
8.000E01 7.15E02 7.17E02 7.15E02 7.16E02 7.70E02 7.17E02
1.000E+00 6.43E02 6.45E02 6.42E02 6.43E02 6.92E02 6.44E02
1.022E+00 6.36E02 6.38E02 6.35E02 6.37E02 6.84E02 6.37E02
2.000E+00 4.51E02 4.53E02 4.51E02 4.52E02 4.85E02 4.53E02
2.044E+00 4.46E02 4.48E02 4.46E02 4.47E02 4.80E02 4.47E02
3.000E+00 3.68E02 3.69E02 3.68E02 3.69E02 3.94E02 3.69E02
1.000E+01 2.33E02 2.35E02 2.34E02 2.34E02 2.42E02 2.36E02
1.300E+01 2.22E02 2.23E02 2.23E02 2.22E02 2.28E02 2.25E02
1.800E+01 2.14E02 2.15E02 2.15E02 2.14E02 2.17E02 2.18E02
2.200E+01 2.12E02 2.14E02 2.14E02 2.13E02 2.14E02 2.17E02
2.400E+01 2.12E02 2.14E02 2.13E02 2.12E02 2.13E02 2.17E02
2.600E+01 2.12E02 2.14E02 2.14E02 2.13E02 2.13E02 2.17E02
2.800E+01 2.13E02 2.14E02 2.14E02 2.13E02 2.13E02 2.18E02
3.000E+01 2.13E02 2.15E02 2.15E02 2.13E02 2.13E02 2.18E02
4.000E+01 2.17E02 2.18E02 2.18E02 2.17E02 2.15E02 2.22E02
5.000E+01 2.21E02 2.23E02 2.23E02 2.22E02 2.18E02 2.27E02
6.000E+01 2.25E02 2.27E02 2.27E02 2.26E02 2.22E02 2.32E02
8.000E+01 2.33E02 2.35E02 2.35E02 2.33E02 2.28E02 2.40E02
1.000E+02 2.39E02 2.41E02 2.41E02 2.40E02 2.34E02 2.46E02
2.000E+02 2.58E02 2.61E02 2.61E02 2.59E02 2.51E02 2.66E02
4.000E+02 2.74E02 2.76E02 2.77E02 2.75E02 2.66E02 2.83E02
6.000E+02 2.81E02 2.84E02 2.84E02 2.82E02 2.73E02 2.90E02
8.000E+02 2.85E02 2.88E02 2.88E02 2.86E02 2.77E02 2.94E02
1.000E+03 2.88E02 2.91E02 2.91E02 2.89E02 2.80E02 2.97E02
 A.M. El-Khayatt / Annals of Nuclear Energy 37 (2010) 991–995 993
X
l¼ qi ðl=qÞi ; ð3Þ
0.1526E3
0.6330E4

0.2263E3
0.4139E1
0.1335E1

0.3719E3
0.3303E4

0.1117E4
0.2473E3

0.1457E1
0.6408E2

0.6089E2
RR (cm1)

i
0.0829

where qi is the partial density, the density as it appears in the mix-

ture, of ith constituent. It is given by the product of the weight frac-
tion of ith constituent wi and the density of the sample q as the
Partial density

following:
Concrete # 6

0.2563E2
0.7426E2
0.9686E3
0.2232E1

0.1269E1

0.5509E2

0.5449E3
0.1057E1
0.1276E+0
0.1022E+1

0.5995E+0
0.2064E+0

qi ¼ wi q: ð4Þ
2.0180

Theoretical values for the mass attenuation coefficients of all

elements and some compounds over wide photon energy range
0.93771E4
0.14749E1
0.48245E4
0.65211E2
0.48619E1

0.44632E3

0.13535E4
0.26540E3

0.25130E3
0.10379E1
0.16003E3

have been tabulated (e.g. Hubbell and Seltzer, 1995). Using such
0.1334E1
RR (cm1)

a table one can get the value for any compound and for any energy
0.0949

not listed in the table by employing the above additivity rule and
interpolation techniques. One can save a lot of manual work in-
volved in such an approach, by using, instead, computer programs,
Partial density
Concrete # 5

such as WinXCom (Gerward et al., 2001) or its predecessor, XCOM

0.3796E2
0.5777E2
0.1415E2

0.1174E1
0.2231E1

0.1523E1
0.7970E2

0.6602E3
0.1299E+0
0.1201E+1

0.3518E+0

0.6070E+0

(Berger and Hubbell, 1987–1999) for calculating photon interac-

2.3581

tion cross-sections and mass attenuation coefficients for any ele-

ment, compound or mixture at energies from 1 keV to 100 GeV.
The calculations were performed for six concrete samples con-
0.8695E4
0.1264E1
0.1997E3

0.1126E3
0.4298E4

0.1693E3
0.6519E2
0.4593E1

0.9812E2
0.1333E1

0.3145E3

0.1203E4
taining different lime/silica ratios. Percentage compositions of
RR (cm1)

0.0892
materials for these samples are given in Table 1 (Naqvi et al.,
2005). As well as the fraction by weight of the elements and
lime/silica ratios are listed in Table 2 (Naqvi et al., 2005).
Partial density
Concrete # 4

0.3520E2
0.4064E2
0.1260E2

0.5867E3
0.7910E2
0.2230E1

0.1074E1
0.1134E+1
0.1299E+0

0.3326E+0

0.5200E+0
2.2. The effective fast neutron removal cross-section (RR)
0.600E2

2.1730
Neutron shielding calculations are more complicated than those
for c-rays, although simple formulas for attenuation and buildup
can be used when approximations will suffice. Accurate shielding

0.1493E1
0.1681E3
0.6256E4
0.6635E2
0.5585E1

0.2830E3

0.1467E1

0.1240E3

0.2754E3
0.1334E1

0.1549E4
0.5202E3
requirements can be determined using computational codes (such RR (cm1)

0.1069
as MCNP or SCALE) or, when possible, by actually measuring atten-
Calculations of the effective fast neutron removal cross-section for concretes containing different lime/silica ratios.
uation for the target configuration. An approximate method for cal-
culating the fast neutron’s attenuation can be achieved by using

Partial density
Concrete # 3
the macroscopic effective removal cross-section concept. The

0.8499E2
0.1835E2

0.1287E1
0.2231E1

0.1775E1

0.7554E3
0.5018E2
0.6071E2

0.6145E+0
0.1379E+1
0.1322E+0

0.4972E+0

2.6980
0.9665E2
0.8328E4
0.2155E3

0.1354E3
0.3374E2

0.2315E3
0.1334E1

0.4284E3
0.3780E1
0.4304E4

0.9980E5
0.1004E1
RR (cm1)

0.0754
Partial density
Concrete # 2

0.1262E02

0.3372E2
0.6473E2

0.4886E2
0.6722E1

0.1462E1

0.4868E3
0.1082E1
0.2230E1

0.3977E+0
0.9334E+0

0.3404E+0

1.8030
0.1241E3
0.2497E3

0.1105E1
0.6271E4
0.4231E2
0.4939E1

0.1553E1

0.2669E3
0.1333E1

0.5265E3

0.1502E3

0.1355E4
RR (cm1)

0.0949
Partial density
Concrete # 1

0.7498E2
0.1839E2

0.5423E2
0.8428E1

0.1247E1
0.2228E1

0.1797E1

0.5023E2

0.6602E3
0.1219E+1

0.4546E+0
0.5266E+0

2.3580
RR/q (cm2/g)

0.0243
0.0247
0.0333
0.0341

0.0295
0.0277

0.0214
0.5980

0.0293
0.0405
0.0502

0.0205

Total
Table 4

Ele.

Mg
Na

Ca

Fe
Al

Ti
Si
Fig. 1. Total mass attenuation coefficients for concrete samples 1 and 6 with lowest

K
C

S
and highest lime/silica ratios, respectively.
994 A.M. El-Khayatt / Annals of Nuclear Energy 37 (2010) 991–995
method uses empirically determined buildup factors and removal
cross-sections (fast neutrons attenuation coefficients) RR, for esti-
mating shielding effectiveness. The removal cross-sections RR for
compounds and homogeneous mixtures may be calculated from
the value RR/q or RR for various elements in the compounds or
mixtures as in Eqs. (1) and (3) but in which RR replaces l (Profio,
1979; Kaplan, 1989). Then:
X The increase region (around 2 keV) can be attributed to high
RR = q ¼ wi ðRR =qÞi ;
i
and
X 1.560 and 1.839 keV, respectively. Finally, while the higher Ca con-
RR ¼ qi ðRR =qÞi :
i
In the present work, the MERCSF-N program was used to calcu-
late interaction coefficients for elements or compounds of the
aforementioned concrete samples. Also, it used to estimate the val-
ues of mass removal and removal cross-sections for these samples.
3. Results and discussion
Six different concrete samples, each having different lime/silica
ratio, were used to test the contribution of this ratio content in
concrete to protect against c-rays and fast neutrons. Samples were
numbered in ascending order based on lime/silica ratio content, as
shown in Table 2. The mass attenuation coefficients l/q for these
concrete samples have been calculated and graphed at photon
energies of 1 keV to 100 GeV. A sample of calculated results is
listed in Table 3 for the energy range from 1 keV to 1 GeV.
The data listed in Tables 2 and 3 will be used to illustrate the
influence of lime/silica ratio on mass attenuation coefficients. We
shall consider two compare cases based on calculated data for
the samples 1, 5 and 6. In the first case, we compare the mass
attenuation coefficients of the sample 1 with these coefficients of
the sample 5, where the two samples have the same density
(2.358 g/cm3) and the lime silica/ratio of the sample 5 is larger
than that ratio for the sample 1. As shown in Table 3, it can be seen
that, the calculated l/q coefficients for the sample 5 at energies
0.01–100 MeV are, generally, higher than those for the sample 1.
As well as an excluded increase region for the l/q coefficients of
the sample 1 was noticed around 2 keV.
In the second case, we compare the attenuation coefficients for
the sample 1 with those for the sample 6, where both density and
lime/silica ratio of the two samples are different. Table 3 illustrate
that; although, the sample 6 is less dense than the sample 1 by
about 15% the calculated l/q coefficients for the former are higher,
in general, than the latter. Also, the excluded increase region for
mass attenuation coefficients for the sample 1 was recorded
around 2 keV. This situation can be explained by the following
argument; the calculated l/q values depend on the concrete ele-
mental composition. For absorber with atomic number 20, the
dominant interaction at energy from 0.01 to 0.1 MeV is a photo-
Table 5
Calculated mass removal and removal cross-section for concretes containing different lime/silica ratios.
Con. # Lime/silica ratio Mass fraction%
H C
1 0.496 0.945 3.574
2 0.679 1.237 3.728
3 0.694 0.827 4.899
4 0.855 1.026 5.976
5 0.969 0.946 5.509
6 1.634 1.106 6.325
electric absorption and from 0.1 to 100 MeV is Compton scattering
(Kaplan, 1989). Therefore, the increment of Ca (Z = 20) in the con-
crete sample produces an increase of l/q values for these energy
regions. As can be seen, the sample 6 has more lime/silica ratio
which results in Ca excess, as shown in Table 2. Consequently, it
has relatively high attenuation coefficients at energies 0.01–
100 MeV.
ð5Þ fraction by weights of Si and Al for sample 1 compared to those
for samples 5 and 6, as mentioned in Table 2 due to the corre-
sponding K absorption edges for Si and Al which are at energies
ð6Þ tent can be used to explain the occurrence of the higher values for
l/q in the energy range from 0.01 to 100 MeV, the lower values for
l/q around 2 keV can be attributed to higher Si and Al contents in
the concrete samples. This leads to the conclusion that, for c-ray
attenuation, the main contribution of lime/silica ratio content in
concrete is, principally, created by Ca and Si ‘‘feed”.
The total mass attenuation coefficients with coherent scattering
(in cm2/g) against photon energy (in MeV) for concrete samples 1
(with the lowest lime/silica ratio) and 6 (with the highest lime/sil-
ica ratio) are shown in Fig. 1. In this figure the absorption K edges
of Al (1.560 keV) and Si (1.839 keV) are noticed.
Although, the oxygen (Z = 8) is the higher common constituent
for all our concretes, ranging from 50.91% to 52.19% as shown in
Table 2, no absorption edge for it was noticed. This situation can
be explained by notice that, for materials of atomic number
Z 6 10, there are no absorption edges above the minimum energy
1 keV (Berger and Hubbell, 1987).
For neutron shielding calculations, the results for the concerned
concretes containing different lime/silica ratios are given in Table 4.
It lists elemental composition, arranged in ascending order based
on atomic number, as well as partial density and removal cross-
section for each constituent and the macroscopic removal cross-
section of the sample. For comparison task, Table 5 lists the con-
crete samples arranged in ascending order based on lime/silica ra-
tio, as well as the calculated mass removal cross-section RR/q,
removal cross-section RR, density, mass fraction of H and elemen-
tal constituents of lime and silica materials.
As illustrated in Table 5, there is no obvious relation between
the calculated RR/q values and lime/silica ratio of the concrete
sample. Since the calculated mass removal cross-sections of lime
raw material (CaCO3) and silica (SiO2) are 0.0352 and
0.0354 cm2/g, respectively. They have nearly the same value.
For this reason, changes of the lime/silica ratio not lead to an
appreciable variation in the assigned value of RR/q for concrete
samples. This can explain, why the two samples 1 and 5, with
the same density and with nearly the same H content, have
the same value for RR in spite of the former has about half
lime/silica ratio of the later. Notice that the high calculated value
for RR/q of the concrete 2 is attributed to the high hydrogen con-
tent while the relatively low removal cross-section RR is due to
the low concrete density.
RR/q (cm2/g) q (g/cm3) RR (cm1)
O Si Ca
51.713 22.331 19.279 .0401 2.358 .0949
51.768 18.881 22.059 .0480 1.803 .0757
51.114 18.429 22.775 .0396 2.698 .1069
52.190 15.306 23.932 .0410 2.173 .0892
50.910 14.921 25.740 .0402 2.358 .0949
50.638 10.228 29.707 .0411 2.018 .0829
 A.M. El-Khayatt / Annals of Nuclear Energy 37 (2010) 991–995
4. Conclusion
It can be concluded that the effect of lime/silica ratio content on
the mass attenuation coefficients (l/q) is clear from calculations. It
was caused by Si and Ca feed and noticed around 2 keV and at the
energy range from 0.01 to 100 MeV with different degrees. The cal-
culated values for mass removal cross-sections RR/q are not al-
tered, with appreciable degrees, by changing the lime/silica ratio
because the mass removal cross-sections of lime and silica are
nearly equal. And as a result, for neutron shielding concretes, the
designer can set any lime/silica ratio to attain the desired concrete
durability, without decreasing of the neutron attenuation ability.
Also, hydrogen content and concrete density play the most impor-
tant rule for neutrons attenuation. Finally, these obtained numeri-
cal results can be considered as a preliminary and an additional
experimental work can be done in the future.
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