University of Santo Tomas

Faculty of Civil Law

Mercantile Law Department
A.Y. 2020-2021

CORPORATION LAW AND SECURITIES LAW

Course Description: A study of the Revised Corporation Code and other special laws
governing private corporations, including foreign corporations and the concept of doing
business in the Philippines. The course includes in-depth analysis of the applicable common law
and commercial principles underlying the various relationships in the corporate setting, with
emphasis on the corporation being a medium for business enterprise and a means of providing
for the equity investment market. The course includes the study of the pertinent provisions of
the Securities Regulation Code and Foreign Investments Act.

No. of units: 5

Grading System:

Class Standing 25%

Preliminary Examination 35%
Final Examination 40%
100%

I. REVISED CORPORATION CODE

A. Corporation

1. Definition

2. Attributes of the Corporation

• Hung v. BPI Card Finance Corporation, G.R. No. 182398, 20 July 2010,
(625 SCRA 168)

• Boyer-Roxas v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 100866, 14 July 1992,

(211 SCRA 470)

• Yamamoto v. Nishino Leather Industries, Inc., G.R. No. 150283, 16 April

2008, (551 SCRA 447)

B. Classes of Corporations

• Pioneer Surety & Insurance Corporation v. Court of Appeal, G.R. No. 84197,
28 July 1989, (175 SCRA 668)

• Bases Conversion and Development Authority v. Commissioner of Internal

Revenue, G.R. No. 205925, 20 June 2018, (867 SCRA 179)

• International Express Travel & Tour Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, GR No.
119020, 19 October 2000, (343 SCRA 674)
 1. Corporation by estoppel

• Lozano v. De los Santos, G.R. No. 125221, 19 June 1997, (274 SCRA 452)

• Lim Tong Lim v. Philippine Fishing Gear Industries, Inc., G.R. No. 136448,
03 November 1999, (317 SCRA 728)

• People v. Garcia, G.R. No. 117010, 18 April 1997, (271 SCRA 621)

• Macasaet v. Co, G.R. No. 156759, 05 June 2013, (697 SCRA 187)

a. De facto corporation

• Sawadjaan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 141735, 08 June 2005,

(459 SCRA 516)

• Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Fatima v. Alzona, G.R. No. 224307,

06 August 2018, (_ SCRA _)

b. Government corporation

• Baluyot v. Holganza, G.R. No. 136374, 09 February 2000, (325 SCRA 248)

• Feliciano v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 147402, 14 January 2004,

(419 SCRA 363)

• Boy Scouts of the Philippines v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 177131,

07 June 2011, (651 SCRA 146)

• Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, 18 January 2011, (639 SCRA 709)

• Carandang v. Desierto, G.R. No. 148076, 12 January 2011, (639 SCRA 293)

• Funa v. Manila Economic and Cultural Office, G.R. No. 193462,

04 February 2014, (715 SCRA 247)

• Tetangco v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 244806, 17 September 2019,

(_ SCRA _)

C. Nationality of Corporations

1. Place of Incorporation Test

• Filipinas Compañia De Seguros v. Christern Huenefeld & Co., Inc.,

G.R. No. L-2294, 25 May 1951 (89 Phil 54)

2. Control Test

• Roy III v. Herbosa, G.R. No. 207246, 22 November 2016, (810 SCRA 1)

• Unchuan v. Lozada, G.R. No. 172671, 16 April 2009, (585 SCRA 421)
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 • Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, 28 June 2011, (652 SCRA 690)

• Heirs of Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, 09 October 2012, (682 SCRA 397)

• Register of Deeds v. Ung Siu Si Temple, G.R. No. L-6776, 21 May 1955,
(97 Phil 58)

3. Grandfather Rule

• Narra Nickel Mining and Development Corporation v. Redmont

Consolidated Mines Corporation, G.R. No. 195580, 21 April 2014,
(722 SCRA 382)

• Narra Nickel Mining and Development Corporation v. Redmont

Consolidated Mines Corporation, G.R. No. 195580, 28 January 2015,
(748 SCRA 455)

D. Corporate Juridical Personality

1. Doctrine of Separate Juridical Personality

• Philippine National Bank v. Ritratto Group, Inc., G.R. No. 142616, 31 July 2001,
(362 SCRA 216)

• Silverio, Jr. v. Filipino Business Consultants, Inc., G.R. No. 143312,

12 August 2005, (466 SCRA 584)

• Sps. Nisce v. Equitable PCI Bank, G.R. No. 167434, 19 February 2007
(516 SCRA 231)

• Yamamoto v. Nishino Leather Industries, Inc., G.R. No. 150283, 16 April 2008,
(551 SCRA 447)

• Delima v. Gois, G.R. No. 178352, 17 June 2008, (554 SCRA 731)

• Philippine National Bank v. Aznar, G.R. No. 171805, 30 May 2011, (649 SCRA
214)

• Stronghold Insurance Company, Inc. v. Cuenca, et. al., G.R. No. 173297,
06 March 2013, (692 SCRA 473)

• Philippine National Bank (Asset Privatization Trust/Development Bank of

the Philippines) v. Hydro Resources Contractors Corporation,
G.R. No. 167530, 167561, 167603, 13 March 2013 (693 SCRA 294)

• Abbot Laboratories, Philippines v. Alcaraz, G.R. No. 192571, 23 July 2013,

(701 SCRA 682)

• Lanuza Jr. v. BF Corporation, G.R. No. 174938, 01 October 2014,

(737 SCRA 275)
3

• FVR Skills and Services Exponents, Inc., (Skillex) v. Seva, G.R. No. 200857,
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22 October 2014, (739 SCRA 271)

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 • Stradcom Corp. v. Orpilla, G.R. No. 206800, 02 July 2018, (869 SCRA 250)

• Vda. De Roxas v. Our Lady’s Foundation, Inc., G.R. No. 182378,

06 March 2013, (692 SCRA 578)

• Saverios v. Puyat, G.R. No. 186433, 27 November 2013, (710 SCRA 747)

a. Liability for Torts and Crimes

• PNB v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-27155, 18 May 1978, (83 SCRA 237)

• Naguiat v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 116123,

13 March 1997 (269 SCRA 564)

• Ong v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119858, 29 April 2003, (401 SCRA 648)

• Ching v. Secretary of Justice, G. R. No. 164317, 06 February 2006,

(481 SCRA 609)

• Metroheights Subdivision Homeowners Association, Inc. v. CMS

Construction and Development Corp., G.R. No. 209359, 17 October 2018,
(_ SCRA _)

• Singian, Jr. v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos 160577-94, 16 December 2005,

(478 SCRA 348)

• The Executive Secretary v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 131719, 25 May 2004,
(429 SCRA 81)

b. Recovery of Moral Damages

• Filipinas Broadcasting Network, Inc., v. Ago Medical and Educational

Center, G.R. No. 141994, 17 January 2005, (448 SCRA 413)

• Manila Electric Company v. T.E.A.M. Electronics Corporation,

G.R. No. 131723, 13 December 2007, (540 SCRA 62)

• Crystal v. Bank of the Philippine Islands, G.R. No. 172428,

28 November 2008, (572 SCRA 697)

2. Doctrine of Piercing the Corporate Veil

• Kukan International Corporation v. Reyes, G.R. No. 182729,

29 September 2010, (631 SCRA 596)

• Gold Line Tours, Inc. v. Heirs of Lacsa, G.R. No. 159108, 18 June 2012,
(673 SCRA 399)

• Pacific Rehouse Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 199687, 201537,

24 March 2014, (719 SCRA 665)
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 • Livesey v. Binswanger Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 177493, 19 March 2014,
(719 SCRA 433)

• Prince Transport Inc. v. Garcia, G.R. No. 167291, 12 January 2011,

(639 SCRA 312)

• Lee v. Samahang Manggagawa ng Super Lamination (SMSLS-NAFLU-KMU),

G.R. No. 193816, 21 November 2016, (809 SCRA 313)

• Mayor v. Tiu, G.R. No. 203770, 23 November 2016, (810 SCRA 256)

• Dimson v. Chua, G.R. No. 192318, 05 December 2016, (811 SCRA 630)

• Park Hotel v. Soriano, G.R. No. 171118, 10 September 2012, (680 SCRA 328)

a. Grounds for Application of Doctrine

• Villa Rey Transit, Inc. v. Ferrer, G.R. No. L-23893, 29 October 1968,
(25 SCRA 845)

• A.C. Ransom Labor Union-CCLU v. National Labor Relations Commission,

G.R. No. L-69494, 29 May 1987, (150 SCRA 498)

• Times Transportation Company, Inc. v. Sotelo, et al., G.R. No. 163786,

16 February 2005, (451 SCRA 587)

• Dutch Movers, Inc. v. Lequin, G.R. No. 210032, 25 April 2017,

(824 SCRA 310)

• Zambrano v. Philippine Carpet Manufacturing Corporation et al.,

G.R. No. 224099, 21 June 2017, (828 SCRA 144)

• Maricalum Mining Corporation v. Florentino, G.R. No. 221813, 23 July 2018,

(872 SCRA 572)

b. Test in Determining Applicability

• Heirs of Uy v. International Exchange Bank, G.R. No. 166282-83,

13 February 2013, (690 SCRA 519)

• Philippine National Bank (Asset Privatization Trust/Development Bank of

the Philippines) v. Hydro Resources Contractors Corporation,
G.R. No. 167530, 167561, 167603, 13 March 2013, (693 SCRA 294)

• California Manufacturing Company, Inc. v. Advanced Technology System,

Inc., G.R. No. 202454, 25 April 2017, (824 SCRA 295)

• Virata v. Wee, G.R. Nos. 220926, 221058, 221109, 221135, 221218, 5 July 2017,
(830 SCRA 271)

• International Academy of Management and Economics v. Litton and

5

Company Inc., G.R. No. 191525, 13 December 2017, (848 SCRA 437)
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 • Concept Builders, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Commission,
G.R. No. 108734, 29 May 1996 (257 SCRA 149)

E. Incorporation and Organization

• Rizal Light & Ice Co, Inc. v. Mun. of Morong, Rizal, G.R. No. L-20993,
28 September 1968, (25 SCRA 285)

• Samahang Optometrists sa Pilipinas, Ilocos Sur-Abra Chapter v. Acebedo

International Corporation, G.R. No. 117097, 21 March 1997, (270 SCRA 298)

2. Number and Qualifications of Incorporators

• Nautica Canning Corporation, v. Yumul, G.R. No. 164588,

19 October 2005, (473 SCRA 415)

3. Corporate Name — Limitations on Use of Corporate Name

• Republic Planters Bank v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 93073,

21 December 1992 (216 SCRA 738)

• GSIS Family Bank - Thrift Bank v. BPI Family Bank, G.R. No. 175278,
23 September 2015. (771 SCRA 284)

• P.C. Javier & Sons, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 129552, 29 June 2005,
(462 SCRA 36)

• Zuellig Freight and Cargo Systems v. National Labor Relations

Commission, G.R. No. 157900, 22 July 2013, (701 SCRA 561)

• Indian Chamber of Commerce Phils., Inc. v. Filipino Indian Chamber of

Commerce in the Philippines, Inc. G.R. No. 184008, 03 August 2016,
(799 SCRA 278)

• De La Salle Montessori International of Malolos, Inc. v. De La Salle

Brothers, Inc., G.R. No. 205548, 07 February 2018, (855 SCRA 38)

• Industrial Refractories Corporations of the Philippines v. Court of

Appeals, GR No. 122174, 03 October 2002, (390 SCRA 252)

4. Corporate Term

• Philippine National Bank v. Court of First Instance of Rizal, Pasig,

G.R. No. 63201, 27 May 1992, (209 SCRA 294)

5. Minimum Capital Stock and Subscription Requirements

• MSCI-NACUSIP Local Chapter v. National Wages and Productivity

Commission, G.R. No. 125198, 03 March 1997, (269 SCRA 173)
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 6. Articles of Incorporation

a. Nature and Function of Articles

• Gala v. Ellice Agro-Industrial Corporation, G.R. No. 156819,

11 December 2003, (418 SCRA 431 )

b. Contents

• Hyatt Elevators and Escalators Corporation v. Goldstar Elevators, Phils.

Inc., G.R. No. 161026, 24 October 2005, (473 SCRA 705)

• Clavecillia Radio System v. Antillon, G.R. No. L-22238, 18 February 1967,

(19 SCRA 379)

c. Amendment

• Thomson v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 116631, 28 October 1998,

(298 SCRA 280)

7. Registration and Issuance of Certificate of Incorporation

8. Adoption of By-Laws

a. Nature and Functions of By-Laws

• Gokongwei, Jr. v. Securities and Exchange Commission, G.R. No. L-45911,

11 April 1979, (89 SCRA 336)

• Citibank, N.A. v. Chua, G.R. No. 102300, 17 March 1993, (220 SCRA 75)

• Loyola Grand Villas Homeowners (South) Association, Inc. v. Court of

Appeals, G.R. No. 117188, 07 August 1997, (276 SCRA 681)

• Forest Hills Golf and Country Club Inc. v. Gardpro Inc., G.R. No. 164686,
22 October 2014, (739 SCRA 28)

b. Requisites of Valid By-Laws

• Grace Christian High School v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 108905,

23 October 1997, (281 SCRA 133)

c. Binding Effects

• China Banking Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 117604,

26 March 1997, (270 SCRA 503)

• PMI Colleges v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 121466,

15 August 1997, (277 SCRA 462)
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 • Ching v. Quezon City Sports Club, Inc., G.R. No. 200150,
07 November 2016, (807 SCRA 46)

d. Amendment or Revision

• Cebu Country Club, Inc v. Elizagaque, G.R. No. 160273, 18 January 2008,
(542 SCRA 65)

F. Corporate Powers

1. General Powers, Theory of General Capacity

• National Power Corporation v. Vera, G.R. No. 83558, 27 February 1989,

(170 SCRA 721)

• Mid-Pasig Land and Development Corporation v. Tablante,

G.R. No. 162924, 04 February 2010, (611 SCRA 528)

• PNCC Skyway Traffic Management and Security Division Workers

Organization v. PNCC Skyway Corporation, G.R. No. 171231,
17 February 2010, (613 SCRA 28)

• Aurbach v. Sanitary Wares Manufacturing Corporation, G.R. No. 75875,

15 December 1989, (180 SCRA 130)

• Lopez Realty, Inc v. Fontecha, G.R. No. 76801, 11 August 1995,

(247 SCRA 183)

• Laureano Investment & Development Corporation v. Court of Appeals,

G.R. No. 100468, 06 May 1997, (272 SCRA 253)

• Esguerra v. Holcim Philippines, Inc., G.R No. 182571, 02 September 2013,

(704 SCRA 490)

• Maranaw Hotels and Resort Corp v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 149660,
20 January 2009, (576 SCRA 463)

• San Miguel Bukid Homeowners Association, Inc v. City of Mandaluyong,

G.R. No. 153653, 02 October 2009 (602 SCRA 30)

• Republic vs. Coalbrine International Philippines Inc., G.R. No. 161838,

07 April 2010, (617 SCRA 491)

• Sps. Afulugencia v. Metropolitan Bank & Trust Co., GR No. 185145,

05 February 2014, (715 SCRA 399)
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2. Specific Powers, Theory of Specific Capacity

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 a. Power to Extend or Shorten Corporate Term

• Philippine National Bank v. Court of First Instance of Rizal, Pasig,

G.R. No. 63201, 27 May 1992, (209 SCRA 294)

b. Power to Increase or Decrease Capital Stock or Incur, Create, Increase

Bonded Indebtedness

• Central Textile Mills, Inc v. National Wages and Productivity

Commission, G.R. No. 104102, 07 August 1996, (260 SCRA 368)

c. Power to Deny Pre-Emptive Rights

d. Power to Sell or Dispose of Corporate Assets

• Peña v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91478, 07 February 1991,

(193 SCRA 717)

• Islamic Directorate of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 117897,

14 May 1997, (272 SCRA 454)

• Y-I Leisure Philippines, Inc. v. Yu, G.R. No. 207161, 08 September 2015,
(770 SCRA 56)

e. Power to Acquire Own Shares

• Boman Environmental Development Corporation v. Court of Appeals,

G.R. No. 77860, 22 November 1988, (167 SCRA 540)

f. Power to Invest Corporate Funds in another Corporation or Business

• Heirs of Pael v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 133547, 10 February 2000,

(325 SCRA 341)

• Pilipinas Loan Company, Inc. v. Securities & Exchange Commission,

G.R. No. 104720, 04 April 2001, (356 SCRA 193)

g. Power to Declare Dividends

• Madrigal & Company, Inc. v. Zamora, G.R. No. L-48237, 30 June 1987,
(151 SCRA 355)

h. Power to Enter Into Management Contract

i. Ultra Vires Acts

i. Consequences of Ultra Vires Acts

• Republic v. Acoje Mining Company, Inc., G.R. No. L-18062,

28 February 1963, (7 SCRA 361)

• Metropolitan Bank & Trust Co. v. Quilts & All, Inc., G.R. No. 91436,
24 May 1993, (222 SCRA 486)
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 • Atrium Management Corporation v. Court of Appeals,
G.R. No. 109491, 28 February 2001, (353 SCRA 23)

• University of Mindanao Inc. v. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas,

G.R. No. 194964-65, 11 January 2016, (778 SCRA 458)

• Development Bank of the Philippines v. Commission on Audit,

G.R. No. 210838, 03 July 2018, (870 SCRA 104)

• Pirovano v. Dela Rama Steamship, Co., G.R. No. L-5377,

29 December 1954, (96 Phil 335)

3. How Exercised

a. By the Shareholders

• Citibank, N.A. v. Chua, G.R. No. 102300, 17 March 1993, (220 SCRA 75)

b. By the Board of Directors

• Premium Marble Resources, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 96551,

04 November 1996, (264 SCRA 11)

• Terp Construction Corporation v. Banco Filipino Savings and Mortgage

Bank, G.R. No. 221771, 18 September 2019, (_ SCRA _)

• Lopez Realty, Inc. v. Fontecha, G.R. No. 76801, 11 August 1995,

(247 SCRA 183)

c. By the Officers

• Rural Bank of Milaor (Camarines Sur) v. Ocfemia, G.R. No. 137686,

08 February 2000, (325 SCRA 99)

• Westmont Bank v. Inland Construction and Development Corp.,

G.R. No. 123650, 23 March 2009, (582 SCRA 230)

• Advance Paper Corporation v. Arma Traders Corporation, G.R. No 176897,

11 December 2013, (712 SCRA 313)

• Games and Garments Developers, Inc. v. Allied Banking Corporation,

G.R. No. 181426, 13 July 2015, (762 SCRA 447)

• Philippine Race Horse Trainer’s Association, Inc. v. Piedras Negras

Construction and Development Corporation, G.R. No. 192659,
02 December 2015, (775 SCRA 631)

• Calubad v. Ricarcen Development Corporation, G.R. No. 202364,

30 August 2017, (838 SCRA 303)
10

• Ayala Land, Inc. v. ASB Realty Corp., G.R. No. 210043, 26 September 2018,
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(_ SCRA _)
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 • Engineering Geoscience, Inc. v. Philippine Savings Bank, G.R. No. 187262,
10 January 2019, (_ SCRA _)

• Associated Bank v. Pronstroller, G.R. No. 148444, 14 July 2008,

(558 SCRA 113)

• Banate v. Philippine Countryside Rural Bank (Liloan, Cebu), Inc.,

G.R. No. 163825, 13 July 2010, (625 SCRA 21)

• Megan Sugar Corp. v Regional Trial Court of Ilo-ilo, Branch 68,

G.R. No. 170352, 01 June 2011, (650 SCRA 100)

• Board of Liquidators v. Kalaw, G.R. No. L-18805, 14 August 1967

(20 SCRA 987)

4. Trust Fund Doctrine

• Ong Yong, v. Tiu, G.R. No. 144476, 144629, 08 April 2003, (401 SCRA 1)

• Yamamoto v. Nishino Leather Industries, Inc., G.R. No. 150283,

16 April 2008, (551 SCRA 447)

• Halley v. Printwell, Inc., G.R. No. 157549, 30 May 2011, (649 SCRA 116)

• Securities & Exchange Commission v. College Assurance Plan, Philippines

Inc., G.R. No. 202052, 07 March 2018, (857 SCRA 592)

G. Board of Directors and Trustees

1. Doctrine of Centralized Management

• Bitong v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123553, 13 July 1998, (292 SCRA 503)

• Citibank, N.A. v. Chua, G.R. No. 102300, 17 March 1993, (220 SCRA 75)

• Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico De Filipinas, Inc. v. Lim, G.R. No. 212034,

02 July 2018, (869 SCRA 298)

2. Business Judgment Rule

• Sales v. Securities & Exchange Commission, G.R. No. 54330,

13 January 1989, (169 SCRA 109)

• Filipinas Port Services, Inc. v. Go, et al., G.R. No. 161886, 16 March 2007,
(518 SCRA 453)

• Matling Industrial and Commercial Corporation, v. Coros, G.R. No. 157802,

13 October 2010, (633 SCRA 12)

3. Tenure, Qualifications and Disqualifications of Directors or Trustees

11

• Grace Christian High School v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 108905,

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23 October 1997, (281 SCRA 133)

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 • Lee v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 93695, 04 February 1992, (205 SCRA 752)

4. Elections

• Tan v. Sycip, G.R. No. 153468, 17 August 2006, (499 SCRA 216)

• Estate of Ortañez v. Lee, G.R. No. 184251, 09 March 2016, (787 SCRA 124)

a. Cumulative Voting/Straight Voting

b. Quorum

• Lanuza v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 131394, 28 March 2005, (454 SCRA 54)

5. Removal

• Raniel v. Jochico, G.R. No. 153413, 02 March 2007, (517 SCRA 221)

6. Filling of Vacancies

• Valle Verde Country Club, Inc. v. Africa, G.R. No. 151969,

04 September 2009, (598 SCRA 195)

• Bernas v. Cinco, G.R. No. 163356-57, 163368-69, 01 July 2015, (761 SCRA 104)

7. Compensation

• Western Institute of Technology, Inc. v. Salas, G.R. No. 113032,

21 August 1997, (278 SCRA 216)

8. Fiduciary Duties and Liability Rules

• Heirs of Uy v. International Exchange Bank, G.R. No. 166282-83,

13 February 2013, (690 SCRA 519)

• Carag v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 147590,

02 April 2007, (520 SCRA 28)

• United Coconut Planters Bank v. Planters Products, Inc., G.R. No. 179015,
13 June 2012, (672 SCRA 285)

• Presidential Commission on Good Government v. Gutierrez,

G.R. No. 189800, 09 July 2018, (871 SCRA 148)

• Alert Security and Investigation Agency, Inc. v. Pasawilan, G.R. No. 182397,
14 September 2011, (657 SCRA 655)

• Vda. de Roxas v. Our Lady’s Foundation Inc., G.R. No. 182378,

06 March 2013, (692 SCRA 578)

• Polymer Rubber Corporation v. Salamuding, G.R. No. 185160, 24 July 2013,

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(702 SCRA 153)

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 9. Responsibility for Crimes and Damages

• Ong v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119858, 29 April 2003, (401 SCRA 648)

• Ching v Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 164317, 06 February 2006,

(481 SCRA 609)

10. Insider Information

11. Contracts

a. By Self-Dealing Directors with the Corporation

b. Between Corporations with Interlocking Directors

• Development Bank of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 126200,

16 August 2001, (363 SCRA 307)

12. Executive Committee

• Filipinas Port Services Inc. v. Go, G.R. No. 161886, 16 March 2007,
(518 SCRA 453)

13. Meetings

• People v. Dumlao, G.R. No. 168918, 02 March 2009, (580 SCRA 409)

a. Quorum

• Peña v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91478, 07 February 1991, (193 SCRA 717)

• Villongco v. Yabut, G.R. Nos. 225022, 225024, 05 February 2018,

(854 SCRA 132)

H. Stockholders and Members

1. Rights of a Stockholder and Members

a. Doctrine of Equality of Shares

• Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 108576,

20 January 1999, (301 SCRA 152)

2. Participation in Management

a. Proxy

• Government Services Insurance System v. Court of Appeals,

G.R. No. 183905, 16 April 2009, (585 SCRA 679)

b. Voting Trust
13

• Lee v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 93695, 04 February 1992, (205 SCRA 752)
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 3. Proprietary Rights

a. Right of Appraisal

• Turner v. Lorenzo Shipping Corporation, G.R. No. 157479,

24 November 2010, (636 SCRA 13)

b. Right to Inspect

• Gokongwei, Jr. v. Securities & Exchange Commission, G.R. No. L-45911,

11 April 1979, (89 SCRA 336)

• Gonzales v. Philippine National Bank, G.R. No. L-33320, 30 May 1983,

(122 SCRA 489)

• Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 88809, 88858, 10 July 1991,

(199 SCRA 39)

• Africa v. Presidential Commission on Good Government, G.R. No. 83831,

85594, 85597, 85621, 09 January 1992, (205 SCRA 38)

• Terelay Investment and Development Corporation v. Yulo,

G.R. No. 160924, 05 August 2015, (765 SCRA 1)

• Yujuico v. Quiambao, G.R. No. 180416, 02 June 2014, (724 SCRA 262)

• Chua v. People, G.R. No. 216146, 24 August 2016, (801 SCRA 436)

• Roque v. People, G.R. No. 211108, 07 June 2017, (826 SCRA 618)

c. Pre-Emptive Right

• Majority of Stockholders of Ruby Industrial Corporation v. Lim,

G.R. No. 165887, 06 June 2011, (650 SCRA 461)

d. Right to Vote

• Castillo v. Balinghasay, G.R. No. 150976, 18 October 2004, (440 SCRA 442)

e. Right to Dividends

• Nielson & Company, Inc., v. Lepanto Consolidated Mining Company,

G.R. No. L-21601, 17 December 1966, (18 SCRA 1040)

• Bitong v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123553, 13 July 1998,(292 SCRA 503)

f. Right of First Refusal

• Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128606, 04 December 2000,

(346 SCRA 760)
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 • JG Summit Holdings, Inc., v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124293,
31 January 2005, (450 SCRA 169)

4. Remedial Rights

a. Individual Suit

• Cua Jr. v. Tan, G.R. No. 181455-56, 04 December 2009, (607 SCRA 645)

b. Representative Suit

c. Derivative Suit

• Bitong v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123553, 13 July 1998 (292 SCRA 503)

• Reyes v. Regional Trial Court of Makati, Br. 142, G.R. No. 165744,
11 August 2008, (561 SCRA 593)

• Yu v. Yukayguan, G.R. No. 177549, 18 June 2009, (589 SCRA 588)

• Hi- Yield Realty Incorporated v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 168863,

23 June 2009, (590 SCRA 548)

• Legaspi Towers 300, Inc. v. Muer, G.R. No. 170783, 18 June 2012,
(673 SCRA 453)

• Ang v. Sps. Ang, G.R. No. 201675, 19 June 2013, (699 SCRA 272)

• Ching v. Subic Bay Golf and Country Club Inc., G.R. No. 174353,
10 September 2014, (734 SCRA 569)

• Villamor Jr. v. Umale, G.R. No. 172843, 172881, 24 September 2014,

(736 SCRA 325)

• Florete Jr. v. Florete Sr., G.R. No. 174909, 20 January 2016, (781 SCRA 255)

• Concorde Condominium Inc. v. Baculio, G.R. No. 203678,

17 February 2016, (784 SCRA 263)

• Lim v. Lim-Yu, G.R. No. 138343, 19 February 2001, (352 SCRA 216)

• Gochan v. Young, G.R. No. 131889, 12 March 2001, (354 SCRA 207)

• Tam Wing Tak v. Makasiar, G.R. No. 122452, 29 January 2001,

(350 SCRA 475)

5. Obligation of a Stockholder

• Halley v. Printwell, Inc., G.R. No. 157549, 30 May 2011, (649 SCRA 116)
15

6. Meetings
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 • Ricafort v. Dicdican, G.R. Nos. 202647-50, 205921-24, 09 March 2016,
(787 SCRA 163)

• Guy v. Guy, G.R. No. 184068, 19 April 2016, (790 SCRA 288)

• Lao v. Lim, G.R. No. 201306, 09 August 2017, (836 SCRA 341)

a. Quorum

• Lanuza v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 131394, 28 March 2005,

(454 SCRA 54)

I. Capital Structure

1. Subscription Agreements

• Ong Yong v. Tiu, G.R. No. 144476, 144629, 08 April 2003, (401 SCRA 1)

• Interport Resources Corporation v. Securities Specialist, Inc.,

G.R. No. 154069, 6 June 2016, (792 SCRA 155)

2. Shares of Stock

a. Nature of Stock

• Razon v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 16 March 1992, G.R. No 74306,

(207 SCRA 234)

• Rural Bank of Salinas, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 96674, 26 June 1992,
(210 SCRA 510)

• Garcia v. Jomouad, G.R. No. 133969, 26 January 2000 (323 SCRA 424)

• Rural Bank of Lipa City, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124535,
28 September 2001, (366 SCRA 188)

• Batangas Laguna Tayabas Bus Company Inc. v. Bitanga, G.R. No. 137934,
137936, 10 August 2001, (362 SCRA 635)

• Valley Golf and Country Club, Inc., v. Vda. de Caram, G.R. No. 158805,
16 April 2009, (585 SCRA 218)

• Puno v. Puno Enterprises, Inc., G.R. No. 177066, 11 September 2009,

(599 SCRA 585)

• Thomson v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 116631, 28 October 1998,

(298 SCRA 280)

• Trans Middle East (Phils) v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 172556, 9 June 2006,
(490 SCRA 455)
16

• Africa v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 172222, 11 November 2013, (709 SCRA 74)
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 b. Subscription Agreements

• Philippine National Bank v. Bitulok Sawmill, Inc., G.R. Nos. L-24177-85,

29 June 1968, (23 SCRA 1366)

• Republic Planters Bank v. Agana, Sr., G.R. No. 51765, 03 March 1997,
(269 SCRA 1)

3. Payment of Balance of Subscription

a. Call by Board of Directors

b. Notice Requirement

c. Sale of Delinquent Shares

i. Effect of Delinquency

• Calatagan Golf Club, Inc. v. Clemente, Jr., G.R. No. 165443, 16 April 2009,
(585 SCRA 300)

ii. Call by Resolution of the Board of Directors

• Apodaca v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 80039,

18 April 1989, (172 SCRA 442)

4. Certificate of Stock

a. Nature of the Certificate

• Tan v. Securities & Exchange Commission, G.R. No. 95696,

03 March 1992, (206 SCRA 740)

b. Negotiability

i. Requirements for Valid Transfer of Stocks

• Razon v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 74306, 16 March 1992,

(207 SCRA 234)

• Rural Bank of Salinas, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 96674,

26 June 1992, (210 SCRA 510)

• China Banking Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 117604,

26 March 1997, (270 SCRA 503)

• Garcia v. Jomouad, G.R. No. 133969, 26 January 2000 (323 SCRA 424)

• Rural Bank of Lipa City, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124535,
28 September 2001, (366 SCRA 188)

• Ponce v. Alsons Cement Corporation, Jr., G.R. No. 139802,

17

10 December 2002, (393 SCRA 602)

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 • Fil-Estate Golf and Development Inc. v. Vertex Sales and Trading Inc.,
G.R. No. 202079, 10 June 2013, (698 SCRA 272)

• Forest Hills Golf & Country Club v. Vertex Sales and Trading Inc.,
G.R. No. 202205, 06 March 2013, (692 SCRA 706)

• Teng v. Securities & Exchange Commission, G.R. No. 184332,

17 February 2016, (784 SCRA 216)

• Andaya v. Rural Bank of Cabadbaran, Inc., G.R. No. 188769,

03 August 2016, (799 SCRA 325)

• Tee Ling Kiat v. Ayala Corporation, G.R. No. 192530, 07 March 2018,
(857 SCRA 533)

• Florete, Sr. v. Florete, Jr., G.R. No. 223321, 11 April 2018, (861 SCRA 157)

• Legaspi v. People, G.R. Nos. 225753, 225799 ,15 October 2018, (_ SCRA _)

c. Issuance

i. Full Payment

• Baltazar v. Lingayen Gulf Electric Power, Co., Inc., G.R. No. L-16236,
30 June 1965, (14 SCRA 522)

5. Stock and Transfer Book

a. Contents

• Lanuza v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 131394, 28 March 2005, (454 SCRA 54)

b. Who May Make Valid Entries

• Torres, Jr v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 120138, 05 September 1997,

(278 SCRA 793)

J. Dissolution and Liquidation

• Chung Ka Bio v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 71837, 26 July 1988,
(163 SCRA 534)

• Aguirre II v. FQB +7, Inc., G.R. No. 170770, 09 January 2013, (688 SCRA 242)

• Alabang Development Corporation v. Alabang Hills Village Association,

G.R. No. 187456, 02 June 2014, (724 SCRA 321)

• Rich v. Paloma III, G.R. No. 210538, 07 March 2018, (858 SCRA 27)

1. Modes of Dissolution
18

a. Voluntary
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 i. Where No Creditors Are Affected

• Vesagas v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142924, 05 December 2001,

(371 SCRA 508)

ii. Where Creditors Are Affected

iii. By Shortening of Corporate Term

b. Involuntary

i. By Expiration of Corporate Term

• Philippine National Bank v. Court of First Instance of Rizal, Pasig,

G.R. No. 63201, 27 May 1992, (209 SCRA 294)

ii. Failure to Organize and Commence Business Within 2 Years from

Incorporation

iii. Legislative Dissolution

iv. Dissolution by the Securities & Exchange Commission on Grounds

under Existing Laws

• Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation v. Bureau of Internal

Revenue, G.R. No. 158261, 18 December 2006, (511 SCRA 123)

2. Methods of Liquidation

a. By the Corporation Itself

• Yu v. Yukayguan, G.R. No. 177549, 18 June 2009, (589 SCRA 588)

b. Conveyance to a Trustee within a Three-Year Period

• Gelano v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-39050, 24 February 1981,

(103 SCRA 90)

• Knecht v. United Cigarette Corp., G.R. No. 139370, 04 July 2002,

(384 SCRA 45)

c. By Management Committee or Rehabilitation Receiver

• Alemar's Sibal & Sons, Inc. v. Elbinias, G.R. No. 75414, 04 June 1990,
(186 SCRA 94)

• Villamor Jr. v. Umale, G.R. No. 172843, 172881, 24 September 2014,

(736 SCRA 325)

• Sps. Hiteroza v. Cruzada, G.R. No. 203527, 27 June 2016, (794 SCRA 511)
19

d. Liquidation after Three Years

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 • Clemente v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 82407, 27 March 1995,
(242 SCRA 717)

• Reburiano v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 102965, 21 January 1999,

(301 SCRA 342)

• Paramount Insurance Corp. v A.C. Ordoñez Corporation, G.R. No. 175109,

06 August 2008, (561 SCRA 327)

• Vigilla v. Philippine College of Criminology, Inc. G.R. No. 200094,

10 June 2013, (698 SCRA 247)

• Alabang Development Corporation v. Alabang Hills Village Association,

G.R. No. 187456, 02 June 2014, (724 SCRA 321)

• Reyes v. Bancom Development Corp., G.R. No. 190286, 11 January 2018,

(850 SCRA 544)

K. Other Corporations

1. Close Corporations

a. Characteristics of a Close Corporation

• Manuel R. Dulay Enterprises, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91889,

27 August 1993, (225 SCRA 678)

• San Juan Structural and Steel Fabricators, Inc. v. Court of Appeals,

G.R. No. 129459, 29 September 1998, (296 SCRA 631)

• Naguiat v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 116123,

13 March 1997 (269 SCRA 564)

• Bustos v. Millians Shoe, Inc., G.R. No. 185024, 24 April 2017, (824 SCRA 67)

b. When Board Meeting is Unnecessary or Improperly Held

• Manuel R. Dulay Enterprises, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 91889,

27 August 1993, (225 SCRA 678)

e. Pre-Emptive Right

f. Amendment of Articles of Incorporation

g. Deadlocks

2. One Person Corporation

a. Nature

i. Limited Liability
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 c. Nominees in case of Death or Incapacity

d. Directors and Officers of OPC

e. Reportorial Requirements

3. Non-Stock Corporations

a. Treatment of Profits

b. Distribution of Assets upon Dissolution

• Ao-As v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 128464, 20 June 2006,

(491 SCRA 339)

• Barayuga v. Adventist University of the Philippines, G.R. No. 168008,

17 August 2011, (655 SCRA 640)

C. Meetings

• Lim v. Moldex Land Inc., G.R. No. 206038, 25 January 2017, (815 SCRA 619)

4. Foreign Corporations

a. Bases of Authority over Foreign Corporations

i. Consent

• Eriks Pte. Ltd. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118843, 06 February 1997,
(267 SCRA 567)

ii. Doctrine of “Doing Business” (related to definition under the Foreign

Investments Act, R.A. No. 7042)

• Litton Mills, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 94980, 15 May 1996,
(256 SCRA 696)

• Columbia Pictures, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 110318,

28 August 1996, (261 SCRA 144)

• Hahn v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 113074, 22 January 1997,

(266 SCRA 537)

• Eriks Pte. Ltd. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118843, 06 February 1997,
(267 SCRA 567)

• Hutchison Ports Philippines Limited v. Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority,

G.R. No. 131367, 31 August 2000, (339 SCRA 434)

• B. Van Zuiden Bros Ltd. v. GTVL Manufacturing Industries,

21

G.R. No. 147905, 28 May 2007, (523 SCRA 233)

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 • Aboitiz Shipping Corporation v. Insurance Company of North America,
G.R. No. 168402, 06 August 2008, (561 SCRA 262)

• Cargill, Inc. v. Intra Strata Assurance Corporation, G.R. No. 168266,

15 March 2010, (615 SCRA 304)

• The Home Insurance Company v. Eastern Shipping Lines,

G.R. No. L-34382-83, 20 July 1983, (123 SCRA 424)

• Steelcase, Inc. v. Design International Selections, Inc., G.R. No. 171995,

18 April 2012, (670 SCRA 64)

b. Necessity of a License to Do Business

• Antam Consolidated, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-61523,

31 July 1986, (143 SCRA 288)

c. Personality to Sue

• Top-Weld Manufacturing, Inc. v. ECED, SA., G.R. No. L-44944,

09 August 1985, (138 SCRA 118)

• Granger Associates vs. Microwave Systems, Inc., G.R. No. 79986,

14 September 1990, (189 SCRA 631)

• MR Holdings, Ltd. v. Bajar, G.R. No. 138104, 11 April 2002, (380 SCRA 617)

• Global Business Holdings, Inc., v. Surecomp Software, B.V.,

G.R. No. 173463, 13 October 2010, (633 SCRA 94)

d. Instances When Unlicensed Foreign Corporations May Be Allowed to Sue

Isolated Transactions

• Steelcase, Inc. v. Design International Selections, Inc., G.R. No. 171995,

18 April 2012, (670 SCRA 64)

L. Mergers and Consolidations

1. Definition and Concept

• Associated Bank v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123793, 29 June 1998,

(291 SCRA 511)

• SME Bank Inc. v. de Guzman (Gaspar), G.R. No. 184517, 186641,

08 October 2013, (707 SCRA 35)

• Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Bank of Commerce, G.R. No. 180529,

13 November 2013, (709 SCRA 390)

• Bank of Commerce v. Radio Philippines Network Inc., G.R. No. 195615,

21 April 2014, (722 SCRA 520)
22

• Bank of Commerce v. Heirs of Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 211519, 14 August 2017,
(837 SCRA 112)
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 2. Constituent vs. Consolidated Corporation

• McLeod v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 146667,

23 January 2007, (512 SCRA 222)

3. Effectivity

• Philippine National Bank v. Andrada Electric & Engineering Company,

G.R. No. 142936, 17 April 2002, (381 SCRA 244)

• Mindanao Savings and Loan Association, Inc. v. Willkom, G.R. No. 178618,
11 (20) October 2010, (634 SCRA 291)

4. Effects

• Associated Bank v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123793, 29 June 1998,

(291 SCRA 511)

• Babst v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 99398, 104625, 26 January 2001,

(350 SCRA 341)

• Omictin v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 148004, 22 January 2007, (512 SCRA 70)

• Sps. Nisce v. Equitable PCI Bank, G.R. No. 167434, 19 February 2007,
(516 SCRA 231)

• Bank of the Philippine Islands v. BPI Employees Union-Davao Chapter-

Federation of Unions in BPI Unibank, G.R. No. 164301, 19 (11) October 2011,
(658 SCRA 828)

• Bank of Philippine Islands v. Lee, G.R. No. 190144, 01 August 2012,

(678 SCRA 171)

• The Philippine Geothermal Inc. Employees Union v. Unocal Philippines, Inc.,

G.R. No. 190187, 28 September 2016, (804 SCRA 286)

• SUMIFRU (Philippines) Corporation v. Baya, G.R. No. 188269, 17 April 2017,

(822 SCRA 564)

• Sps. Ong v. BPI Family Savings Bank, Inc., G.R. No. 208638, 24 January 2018,
(852 SCRA 614)

II. FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ACT (R.A. NO. 7042)

B. Definition of Terms

1. “Doing Business” in the Philippines

• Hahn v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 113074, 22 January 1997, (266 SCRA 537)

• Eriks Pte. Ltd. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118843, 06 February 1997,
23

(267 SCRA 567)

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 • Agilent Technologies Singapore (Pte.) Ltd. v. Integrated Silicon Technology
Philippines Corporation, G.R. No. 154618, 14 April 2004, (427 SCRA 593)

• Steelcase, Inc. v. Design International Selections, Inc., G.R. No. 171995,

18 April 2012, (670 SCRA 64)

C. Foreign Investment Negative List

• Heirs of Gamboa v. Teves, G.R. No. 176579, 09 October 2012, (682 SCRA 397)

III. SECURITIES REGULATION CODE (R.A. NO. 8799)

• Herbosa v. CJH Development Corporation, G.R. No. 210316, 28 November 2016,

(810 SCRA 532)

A. State Policy, Purpose

• Abacus Securities Corporation v. Ampil, G.R. No. 160016, 27 February 2006,

(483 SCRA 315)

A. Securities Required to be Registered

• Gabionza v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.161057, 12 September 2008, (565 SCRA 38)

• Power Homes Unlimited Corporation v. Securities & Exchange Commission,

G.R. No. 164182, 26 February 2008, (546 SCRA 567)

• Timeshare Realty Corporation v. Lao, G.R. No. 158941, 11 February 2008,

(544 SCRA 254)

• Securities & Exchange Commission v. Prosperity.Com, Inc., G.R. No. 164197,

25 January 2012, (664 SCRA 28)

• Securities & Exchange Commission v. Santos, G.R. No. 195542, 19 March 2014,
(719 SCRA 514)

• Abacus Capital and Investment Corporation v. Tabujara, G.R. No. 197624,

23 July 2018, (872 SCRA 318)

1. Exempt Securities

• Union Bank of the Philippines v. Securities and Exchange Commission,

G.R. No. 138949, 06 June 2001, (358 SCRA 479)

2. Exempt Transactions

• Nestle Philippines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 86738, 13 November 1991,
(203 SCRA 504)

A. Procedure for Registration of Securities

B. Prohibitions of Fraud, Manipulation and Insider Trading

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 • Onapal Philippines Commodities, Inc. v. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 90707,
01 February 1993, (218 SCRA 281)

1. Manipulation of Security Prices

2. Short Sales

3. Fraudulent Transactions

• Securities & Exchange Commission v. Price Richardson Corporation,

G.R. No. 197032, 26 July 2017, (832 SCRA 560)

4. Insider Trading

• Securities & Exchange Commission v. Interport Resources Corporation,

G.R. No. 135808, 06 October 2008, (567 SCRA 354)

• Strong v. Repide, 03 May 1909, (213 U.S. 419)

• Chiarella v. United States, 18 March 1980, (445 U.S. 222)

• Dirks v. Securities & Exchange Commission, 01 July 1983, (463 U.S. 646)

• United States v. O’Hagan, 25 June 1997, (521 U.S. 642)

C. Protection of Investors

• Philippine Veterans Bank v. Callangan, G.R. No. 191995, 3 August 2011,

(655 SCRA 150)

1. Tender Offer Rule

• Cemco Holdings, Inc. v. National Life Insurance Company of the Phil.,

G.R. No. 171815, 07 August 2007, (529 SCRA 355)

2. Rules on Proxy Solicitation

• Government Service Insurance System v. Court of Appeals,

G.R. No. 183905, 184275, 16 April 2009, (585 SCRA 679)

3. Disclosure Rule

• Securities & Exchange Commission v. Interport Resources Corporation,

G.R. No. 135808, 06 October 2008, (567 SCRA 354)

D. Civil Liability

• Citibank, N.A. v. Tanco-Gabaldon, G.R. No. 198444, 04 September 2013,

(705 SCRA 172)
25

• Pua v. Citibank, N.A., G.R. No. 180064, 16 September 2013, (718 Phil 1)
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 H. Miscellaneous Topics

Intra-corporate controversy

• Calleja v. Panday, G.R. No. 168696, 28 February 2006, (483 SCRA 680)

• Reyes v. Regional Trial Court of Makati, Br. 142, G.R. No. 165744,
11 August 2008, (561 SCRA 593)

• Abad v. Philippine Communications Satellite Corporation, G.R. No. 200620,

18 March 2015, (753 SCRA 544)

• Gonzales v. GJH Land Inc., G.R. No. 202664, 20 (10) November 2015,
(774 SCRA 242)

• Dy Teban Trading, Inc. v. Dy, G.R. No. 185647, 26 July 2017, (832 SCRA 533)

• Belo Medical Group Inc. v. Santos, G.R. No. 185894, 30 August 2017,
(838 SCRA 142)

• Cacho v. Balagtas, G.R. No. 202974, 07 February 2018, (855 SCRA 11)

• Malcaba v. ProHealth Pharma Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 209085,

06 June 2018, (864 SCRA 518)

• Ellao v. Batangas I Electric Cooperative, Inc., G.R. No. 209166,

09 July 2018, (871 SCRA 227)

• Ku v. RCBC Securities, Inc., G.R. No. 219491, 17 October 17 2018, (_ SCRA _)

• Tumagan v. Kairuz, G.R. No. 198124, 12 September 2018, (_ SCRA _)

• Eizmendi Jr. v. Fernandez, G.R. No. 215280, 05 September 2018, (_ SCRA _)

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