11

GENERAL
BIOLOGY 1
NOTES & WORKBOOK:
Cell theory, structure, and functions

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This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics and immersed you in various
activities and hands-on tasks that will help you answer the questions about the cell theory,
structure, and functions. Specifically, this will; demonstrate your understanding of the
principles and concepts of Cell Theory, recognizing the people behind it as well as unlocking
the importance of each structure and function of different organelles to sustain life.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the postulates of the cell theory.

(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c1).
2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles.
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c1).

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time to read the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need This part contains learning objectives that are

to Know set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What‘s In This part connects the previous lesson with
that of the current one.

What‘s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

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 What is It These are discussions of the activities as a
way to deepen your discovery and
understanding of the concept.

What‘s More These are follow-up activities that are

intended for you to practice further to master
the competencies.

What I Activities designed to process what you

Have have learned from the lesson
Learned

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to showcase

your skills and knowledge gained and applied
to real-life concerns and situations.

To check your prior knowledge about the topic, and to solicit the questions that you want to
know about it, fill in the Know and Want to know components of the Know-Want to know-
Learned (KWL) chart properly and correctly. For the Know component, you may write
word/s or sentence. For the want to know component, state your responses in interrogative
or question form. You may list as many responses as you want for each component. Write
your responses on a separate sheet of paper.

Guide Questions 1.

1. Based on what you have written on the Know component of the chart, what do you
know about cell theory, structure, and function?
2. If you were to think of a question that you want to ask about cell theory, structure,
and function, what question would that be?

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 Hi, good day! My name is JJ. I will be your guide as we go
throughout this module.

LET’S START BIO-BUDDIES!

DIRECTION: After you have filled-in the K and W components
of the chart and answered the guide questions, answer now the
the diagnostic assessment below.
PRE-TEST

Read each statement carefully then write the answer before the number.

________1. The ___ is the basic unit of structure and function of organisms

a) atom b) cell c) matter d) all other answers are correct

________2. Which statement is a part of the cell theory?

a) all cells come from preexisting cells b) bacteria are prokaryotic cells
c) eukaryotic cells are complex d) humans are multicellular

________3. Who looked at cork and named the cell?

a) Robert Hooke b) Van Leeuwenhoek c) Robert Brown d)Francesco Redi

________4. The Cell Theory states...

a) atoms create all matter

b) living things evolve
c) the cell is the backbone of all matter
d) cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms

________ 5. “All animals are made of cells". This fact was discovered by...

a)Matthias Schleiden b) Theodor Schwann c)Robert Hooke d)Rudolf Virchow

________6. All plants are made of cells. This was discovered by....

a)Matthias Schleiden b) Rudolf Virchow c) Robert Hooke d) Aristotle

________7. Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow,
and Matthias Schleiden were all responsible for what theory?

a) The Theory of Gravity

b) The Theory of Relativity
c) The Cell Theory
d) The Theory of Continental Drift

________8. What tool do you use to view the cells?

a ) metric ruler b) centrifuge c) microscope d) pipette

________9. Which of the following is NOT a cell theory?

a) All non-living things are made of cells

b) All cells come from pre-existing cells
c) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things

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 ________10. Rocks are not living because

a) they never move

b) they aren't needed for humans
c) they are not made of cells
d) they don't break down

________11. Which scientist did NOT contribute to the cell theory?

a) Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

b) Robert Hooke
c) Albert Einstein
d) Matthias Schleiden

________12. Who was the "scientist" who observed pond water and teeth scrapings in his
microscope?
a) Hooke
b) Leeuwenhoek
c) Schleidian
d) Virchow

________13. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic points of Cell Theory?

a) All living things are made of cells.

b) The cell is the smallest living thing that can perform all the functions of life.
c) Cells are too small to see without a microscope.
d) All cells must come from pre-existing cells.

________14. Cells are often called "the ____ of life."

a) bread
b) road map
c) building blocks
d) meaning

________15. For generations, people believed in "spontaneous generation." Spontaneous

generation is the idea that …..

a). all living things are made of cells

b). all cells come from other cells.
c) living things could "generate" from non-living matter.
d) cells are the basic unit of structure and function

LET’S CONTINUE BIO-BUDDIES!

Rest for 1 minute then you may start reading lesson 1 below
about Cell Theory.

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 Cell Theory

Have you ever wondered about how the human body works? The human body is like
a complex machine, with many little parts that work by themselves or with other parts to
perform specific functions. Sometimes, it seems like our body has a mind of its own and it
embarrasses you.
To understand how the body works, it helps to understand how the body is organized.
The smallest living unit in any organism is a cell and the human body is made u of trillions of
them. Cells are important for many reasons. They produce the energy in your body to do daily
activities or hold the coded instructions for everything. Cells differentiate from each other to
perform different, important tasks within the body.
The Discovery of cells is one of the remarkable advancements in the field of science. It
helps us know that all the organisms are made up of cells, and these cells help in carrying out
various life processes. The structure and functions of cells helped us to understand life in a
better way. Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings. A cell
can replicate itself independently. Hence, they are known as the building blocks of life.
In this lesson, we will discuss the reverenced scientists in history who made a great
contribution to discover a cell; their postulates of the cell theory, and its impact on science and
society.

What’s In?
LET US HAVE SOME FUN!
Fill the boxes with your answers.

Across

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1. German scientist that discovered animals were made of cells.
6. Scientists who discovered single-cell organisms.
8. This is the minimum number of cells needed to be considered living.
9. German scientist that discovered cells come from preexisting cells.
10. When you realize your parents are smarter than you are, you do this.
12. This is the basic unit of life and all living things are made of these.
13. Living things obtain and use energy by doing this (hint: you do it at lunch).

Down

2. The scientist who discovers cells while looking at a thin piece of cork.
3. German scientist that discovered plants were made of cells.
4. When students get mad because they have lots of science homework, they are meeting this
characteristic.
5. When humans have babies, we meet this characteristic.
7. Living things go from infants to adults (hint: in addition to developing).
11. A scientist who disproved the idea of spontaneous generation

LET’S ENRICH OUR VOCABULARY BIO-BUDDIES!

DIRECTION: After you have identified the important terms from the
word search puzzle, let us proceed to the unlocking of terms.

What’s New?
(Communication)

IMPORTANT VOCABULARY WORDS

Here are some of the important terms that you will encounter in the
next lesson.

Vocabulary Words Meaning

1. Cell Theory The scientific theory that all living organisms are made of cells
as the smallest functional unit.

2. Postulates suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of (something)

as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief

3. Subcellular specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function.

Organelles

4. Theory a set of principles on which the practice of an activity is based.

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 LET’S LEARN TOGETHER BIO-BUDDIES!

DIRECTION: After finding out the meaning of important terms

that you will encounter as you read the next part, make time to
read the Cell Theory below thoroughly.

What Is Cell Theory?

To deepen your understanding with cell theory let us first
reminisce a brief historical background of the nature of cell

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• Robert Hooke (1665), British scientist

Observe mass tiny cavities from thin slices of cork with his self-made
microscope, he named these structures “cells” these structures reminded him of
the small room in the monastery.
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674), Dutch Scientist
Made pioneering discoveries concerning protozoa, red blood cells,
capillary systems, and the life cycles of insects, he also perfected the
construction of the compound microscope.
• Robert Brown (1831), British Botanist
Observed plant cells with a distinct central part (nucleus); described the
streaming movement of the cytoplasm (Brownian movement).
• Felix Dujardin (1835), French Biologist
Observe that cells were not empty but filled with a thick, jelly-like fluid
(protoplasm).
• Matthias Schleiden (1838), German Botanist
Concluded that plants are composed of cells and formulated the plant cell
theory.
• Theodore Schwann (1839), German Zoologist
Concluded that animals are composed of cells and formulated the animal cell
theory
• Rudolf Virchow (1858) German Pathologist
Concluded that all cells must come only from pre-existing cells.
• Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska (1932) German Engineers
Built the first transmission electron microscope.
• James Watson, American Biochemist, and Francis Crick, British Biophysicist (1953)
Discovered the structure of DNA that ushered in their era of molecular biology.

Description
If we are to find the meaning of the word property. Cell Theory is a theory in biology
that includes one or both of the statements that the cell is the fundamental structural and
functional unit of living matter and that the organism is composed of autonomous cells with
its properties being the sum of those of its cells
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The Discovery and The Theory

The microscopes we use today are far more complex than those used in the 1600s by
Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch shopkeeper who had great skill in crafting lenses. Despite
the limitations of his now-ancient lenses, van Leeuwenhoek observed the movements of
Protista (a type of single-celled organism) and sperm, which he collectively termed
“animalcules.”

In a 1665 publication called Micrographia, experimental scientist Robert Hooke coined

the term “cell” for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens.
In the 1670s, van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and protozoa. Later advances in lenses,
microscope construction, and staining techniques enabled other scientists to see some
components inside cells.

By the late 1830s, botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann were
studying tissues and proposed the unified cell theory. The unified cell theory states that: all
living things are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells
arise from existing cells. Rudolf Virchow later made important contributions to this theory.

Schleiden and Schwann proposed spontaneous generation as the method for cell
origination, but spontaneous generation (also called abiogenesis) was later disproven. Rudolf
Virchow famously stated “Omnis cellula e cellula”… “All cells only arise from pre-existing
cells. “The parts of the theory that did not have to do with the origin of cells, however, help up
to scientific scrutiny and are widely agreed upon by the scientific community today.

Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias
Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. The cell theory states that:

• All living species on Earth are composed of cells.

• A cell is the basic unit of life.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
A modern version of the cell theory was eventually formulated, and it contains the following
postulates:

• Energy flows within the cells.

• Genetic information is passed on from one cell to the other.
• The chemical composition of all the cells is the same.

HANG-ON BIO-BUDDIES!
DIRECTION: Did you understand what you have read about
the Theories in Cell? If yes, let us proceed to the mini-
performance task. Read and follow the procedure carefully.

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 Mini-Performance
Task (Collaboration)

Activity 1- Back to the Future

Direction: List a few of the characteristics the following people have made to
discover the cell, list the Dates of the contributions that these people have made.
Create a Timeline showing the chronological order of these scientists and their
contributions.

Procedure: Here is what should be on the Timeline. Make sure that all
inventors/scientists are on the timeline.

1. Create a timeline with dates of the Scientists' discoveries.

2. The earliest date should be on the left of the timeline and the most recent data
should be on the right.
3. Label each date with corresponding scientist's name & contribution(s) in an
organized and legible manner.
4. Be sure your spacing shows a reasonable approximation of the amount of time
that elapsed between dates.
5. (You can create your timeline in a separate bond paper)

CARRY ON BIO-BUDDIES!

DIRECTION: Congratulations! You have just finished

lesson 1. Let us continue learning as we about to tackle
the next lesson.

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 What I Have Learned?
(Critical Thinking)

A. Direction: The figure below indicates events that lead up to the cell
theory. Complete the table by filling in the blank spaces.

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 B. Generalization: Briefly answer the following. Minimum of 3 sentences.

1. What theory did these scientists provide evidence for?

2. What instrument was necessary before the cell could be developed?

3. Which three scientists directly contributed, evidence for the cell theory?

4. How did the earlier scientists and their contributions directly affect the
discoveries of later scientists? For example, what had to come first?

What I Can Do?

Performance Task:

Research on the theory of spontaneous generation or theory of abiogenesis by

Stanley Miller and Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur‘s experiment. Compare the two
theories on the origin of life.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________

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 Cell Structure and Functions
Have you ever wondered if one of the organs in your body system failed to
function? Our body is composed of Organs. Organs work together in the execution of a
specific body function. Same with the organelles in a cell, if one fails to function it won't
carry out life processes.-

Organs and organ systems represent the highest levels of the body's organization.
We can think of the basic structure and functional organization of the human body as a
pyramid or hierarchical arrangement in which the lowest level of organization (the
foundation) consists of cells and chemicals. Cells are the lowest level of organization in
every life form. From organism to organism, the count of cells may vary. Cells comprise
several cell organelles that perform specialized functions. Every organelle has a specific
structure. The hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells.
In the previous lesson, you have learned about cell theory and the discoveries made by
scientists. In this next topic, you will learn about the cell structure and functions that carry
out basic life processes.

To check your prior knowledge about the topic, and to solicit the questions that
you want to know about it, fill in the Know and Want to know components of the Know-
Want to know- Learned (KWL) chart properly and correctly. For the Know component,
you may write word/s or sentence. For the want to know component, state your
responses in interrogative or question form. You may list as many responses as you want
for each component. Write your responses on a separate sheet of paper.

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PRE-TEST
Direction: Read the questions carefully. Choose the correct answer and write it in the
space provided before the number.
_____ 1. This gelatinous ______ in Prokaryotes is present in some bacteria outside the cell
membrane and cell wall.
a. a. Capsule b. Cilia c. Flagella d. Fimbriae
_____ 2. It the so-called cytoskeleton organizer and it produces the microtubules of a cell.
a. a. Centrosome b. Lysosome c. Peroxisome d. Ribosome
_____ 3. Which of the following was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann As the method
of Cell origination?
a. a. Biogenesis b. Cell Extraction c. Spontaneous Generation d. A & C
_____ 4. What does Rudolf Virchow mean in“Omnis cellula e cellula”…?
a. Cell is the basic unit of life
b. Cells can be passed to another cell.
c. Cells come from a pre-existing cell.
d. Energy flows occur with a cell.
_____ 5. Which of the following plays a role in calcium sequestration and release
specifically?
a. ER b. Rough ER c. Smooth ER d. All of the above
_____ 6. This organelle is self-replicating organelles that occur in various numbers,
shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
a. Chloroplasts b. Mitochondria c. Lysosome d. A & B
_____ 7. What are the main components of Plasma Membrane?
a. Carbohydrates, Hydrogen, Protein
b. Carbohydrates, Phospholipids, Protein
c. Phospholipids, Protein, Sodium
d. Phospholipids, Carbohydrates, Hydrogen
_____ 8. Which of the following substance is the Nucleolus made?
a. DNA b. RNa c. rRNA d. ribosomes only
_____ 9. Which of the following statements about living cells is false?
a. Cells are microscopic
b. It is only found in an animal cell but not in plants
c. They are the smallest basic unit in life

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 d. Answer A and C
_____ 10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a prokaryotic cell?
a. It is a semi-fluid region containing cytosol
b. It is a membrane-bound cellular organelle
c. It has ribosomes that synthesize proteins
d. It has a rigid cell wall

What’s In?
(Critical Thinking)
From our previous lesson, you have learned about cell theory and the discoveries
made by scientists. In this next topic, you will learn about the cell structure and functions
that carry out basic life processes.
Here are some words that are already familiar with you and soon you’ll encounter
in this lesson. Using a color find and shade the given words.

Lipid Bilayer
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton
Chromosomes
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear Envelope
Cytoplasm
Organelles Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Cell Theory
Cells

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 What’s New?
Direction: Name the organelles which are shown through the
illustration.

ORGANELLES NAME ORGANELLES NAME

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 What are Cell Structure
and Functions?
Organelle present in animal and plant cell
STRUCTURES COMPOSITION/DESCRIPTION FUNCTION
1. Cell wall Contains cellulose fibrils Support and protection
Maintain the turbidity of
the cell, conforms the
shape
2. Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer with Passage of molecules in
embedded proteins and out of the cell.
3. Nucleus Nuclear envelope surrounding Cellular reproduction and
the nucleoplasm, chromosomes, control of protein synthesis
and nucleoli.
4. Nucleolus A concentrated area of chromatin, Ribosome formation
RNA, and proteins
5. Ribosomes Protein and RNA in 2 subunits Protein Synthesis,
cytoplasm attach, ER-free
6. Endoplasmic reticulum Membranous flattened channels Synthesis of protein and
and tubular canals other substances and
transport by vesicle
formation.
7. Rough ER Studded with ribosomes Transport and protein
synthesis.
8.Smooth ER No Ribosomes Transport by vesicle
formation and lipid
synthesis in some cells
9. Golgi apparatus Stack of membranous saccules Cellular Secretion and
Protein synthesis
10. Lysosomes Membranous vesicle containing Intracellular Digestion
digestive enzymes
11. Mitochondrion Inner membrane cristae (cristae) Cellular respiration
within the outer membrane
12. Chloroplast (plant cell Granna within the inner and outer Photosynthesis
only) membrane
13. Centrosome (animal cell Arrangement of microtubules Cell division and formation
only) of basal bodies
14. Flagella and Cilia Arrangement of microtubules Movement of cell
15. Vesicles and Vacuoles Membranous Sacs Storage of substances
16. Cytoskeleton Microtubules and Microfilaments The shape of the cell and
the movement of its part.

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17. Cytoplasm Highly viscous (gel-like) substance
enclosed within the cell membrane.
18. Peroxisomes Membrane-bound sacs
performing digestive functions
Most of the metabolic
activities occur
Have enzymes called
oxidases that catalyze
redox reaction

Mini-Performance Task
(Collaboration)

Activity 1- Little Organs

Direction. Label the parts of the cells bellow. Write your answers on the
blank spaces according to letters and numbers.

Name the following organelles:

1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
6. ____________________________
7. ____________________________
8. ____________________________
9. ____________________________
10. ____________________________
11. ____________________________
12. ____________________________
13. ____________________________
14. ____________________________

ANIMAL CELL

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A. ____________________________
B. ____________________________
C. ____________________________
D. ____________________________
E. ____________________________
F. ____________________________
G. ____________________________
H. ____________________________
I. ____________________________
J. ____________________________
K. ____________________________
L. ____________________________
M. ____________________________
N. ____________________________

PLANT CELL

A. ____________________________
B. ____________________________
C. ____________________________
D. ____________________________
E. ____________________________
F. ____________________________
G. ____________________________
H. ____________________________
I. ____________________________
J. ____________________________

BACTERIAL CELL

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 What I Have Learned?

Direction: Using a Venn Diagram compare and contrast the difference between a plant
cell and an animal cell below based on the previous activity

PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

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 What I can do?
On a separate bond paper, construct a 3D model of a plant/animal
cell using indigenous or recyclable and label the parts

Assessment
(Critical Thinking)

POST TEST. Encircle the letter of the correct answer

1. What is the function of the vacuole?
a) Sac that stores water, nutrients, and waste products
b) Sac filled with digestive chemicals
c) The jelly-like substance within the plasma membrane
d) stack of membranes that packages chemicals

2. What organelle is called the "powerhouse" of a cell?

a) Endoplasmic Reticulum
b) Nucleus
c) Mitochondria
d) Nucleolus

3. Using this image, what organelle is C?

a) Cell Wall
b) Mitochondria
c) Large Cell Vacuole
d) Chloroplast

4. What is the function of the mitochondria?

a) The structure that manufactures ribosomes
b) Structures that convert nutrients to energy
c) Stack of membranes that packages chemicals
d) The structure that contains DNA and directs the cell

5. What is the function of the vacuole?

a) Sac that stores water, nutrients, and waste products
b) Sac filled with digestive chemicals
c) The jelly-like substance within the plasma membrane
d) stack of membranes that packages chemicals
6. What is the function of the nucleus?
a) The structure that organizes the motion of chromosomes.
b) The structure that contains DNA and directs the cell

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 c) The membrane that surrounds and protects the cell
d) Stack of membranes that packages chemicals

7. Where does photosynthesis occur?

a) mitochondria
b) stomata
c) xylem
d) chloroplast

8. I store water in both plant and animal cells. What am I?

a) cytoplasm
b) ribosomes
c) vacuole
d) lysosomes

9. I make proteins for the cell. What am I?

a) ribosome
b) mitochondria
c) chloroplast
d) lysosome

10. What can only be found in plant cells?

a) Cell membrane
b) Vacuole
c) Chloroplast
d) Mitochondrion

11. The two kinds of cells are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. How are they divergent?
a) Prokaryotes have a nucleus.
b) Eukaryotes have a nucleus.
c) Prokaryotes are plant cells.
d) There is no divergence.

12. What cell part is NOT found in all cells?

a) Cell Wall
b) Cell Membrane
c) Cytoplasm
d) Genetic

13. Material Complex cell. Can be plant or animal. Contains membrane-bound organelles.
a) Eukaryotic Cell
b) Prokaryotic Cell
c) Bacteria
d) Blood cell

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14. This organelle takes food and turns it into ENERGY for plant and animal cells.
a) Chloroplast
b) Mitochondria
c) Lysosome
d) Ribosome

15. The site of photosynthesis

a) ribosome
b) mitochondria
c) chloroplast
d) nucleus

16. In what organelle is the genetic material found inside?

a) Endoplasmic Reticulum
b) Golgi Complex
c) Nucleolus
d) Nucleus

17. Which part of the cell is often called "the brain of the cell"?
a) nuclear membrane
b) endoplasmic reticulum
c) nucleus
d) mitochondria

18. Where are proteins made?

a) Golgi body
b) Mitochondria
c) Chromosomes
d) Ribosomes

19. A rigid layer that lies outside the cell's membrane is...
a) Cytoskeleton
b) Cilia
c) Cell Wall
d) Flagella

20. What organelle is called the "powerhouse" of a cell?

a) Endoplasmic Reticulum
b) Nucleus
c) Mitochondria
d) Nucleolus

21. The main producer of ATP in all eukaryotes

a) chloroplast
b) mitochondria
c) lysosome

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 d) smooth er

22. I store water in both plant and animal cells. What am I?

a) cytoplasm
b) ribosomes
c) vacuole
d) lysosomes

23. What can only be found in plant cells?

a) Cell membrane
b) Vacuole
c) Chloroplast
d) Mitochondrion

24. Only eukaryotic cells have...

a) membrane-bound organelles
b) DNA
c) ribosomes
d) cell membranes

25. What does this organism use for movement?

a) Pseudopod
b) Cilia
c) Flagella
d) Legs

WERE DONE BIO-BUDDIES!

Congratulations!!! We are done in this module. You
may now proceed to the next module. See you next
time.

REFERENCES
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SPECIALIZED SUBJECT | ACADEMIC-STEM, The
Commission on Higher Education, Philippine Normal University (2016)
https://bit.ly/2DCe9kz (Restrictions are imposed)
DepEd Learning Modules Grade 7-10
Campbell Biology 11th edition
General Biology 1, Authors: Connie Rye, Robert Wise, Vladimir
Jurukovski, Jean DeSain, Jung Choi, Yael Avissar,
localized by Giselle Magcamit-Belardo,
The Cell Membrane, Geonyzl Alviola, (2009) pdf

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