Summary:

Tensile test: Experiment to test the amount of tension in the steel bars when a force is
applied and how much time takes the bar before fracture.

To achieve the objectives of this experiment, tensile testing experiment on specimen

samples with known dimensions are conducted.

We identified the equipment used in this experiment:

1. Tensile testing machine: to measure the amount of elongation of the hour

accuracy with (0.01mm) when a different amount of force (KN) is applied.
2. Specimens made of steel. (Reinforce bar). (L=100mm)
3. Caliper: to measure the dimension of specimens.

We will find:

1- Study the relationship between the force (P) and elongation (ΔL).
2- Study the relationship between strain (ε) and stress (σ)..
3- The modulus of elasticity experimentally (E).
4- Study the concept of the mechanical properties of solids.

Introduction:
The relationship between force and elongation:

The amount of elongation obtained in a sample under the influence of pregnancy can be
calculated from the central the following equation:

P×L
ΔL=
 E× A ………………1
 From Equation 1:

ΔL×E×A
P= ......................2
 L

Where:

L- Length of the original sample before any tensile test (mm).

A - circular-sectional area of the sample (mm ²).
E- Modulus of elasticity to sample material (N / mm ²).
P- Affecting the amount of force (N).
ΔL- For the amount of elongation occurring sample (mm).
The relationship between strain and stress:
According to Hooke's law, stress was a direct fit with strain, called the factor of
proportionality (Young's Modulus) or (Modulus of Elasticity).

 σ =ε ×Ε ……………3

σ
Ε= =
 ε Tanθ…….…4

Ρ
σ= ...................5
 Α
2
π×d
A=
* 4 for circular cross section
Δl
ε= .................6
 l

To calculate the percentage of elongation occurring in the sample use the following
law:

Where:

lf : The length of the sample under part of the experience after the Collapse.

l0 : The length of the sample part of the original subject of the experiment.

To calculate the proportions of Necking use the following law:

Where:

: AF Sectional area of the sample at the Necking After the collapse.

A 0 : Sectional area of the sample before the experiment.

Experiment procedure:
1. We measured the diameter (d0) of the specimen using caliper.
2. We measured (L0) by leaving 50 mm from both side to fixed in the machine.
3. We rested the elongation gauge, started the machine and increased the force
gradually.
4. Then we take the reading of elongation and force at the same time and put them in
below table.
5. We noticed important points when we increased the force such as yielding point,
necking and type of fracture.
6. After fracture, we joined the two fractured and measure Lf and compared with L0.
7. At the end, we calculated the modulus of elasticity from stress-strain curve, the
area reduction and elongation reduction percentage.

Results and discussion:

Table (1): calculation (σ), (ɛ), (E) from data of (P), (∆L):

No Elongatio
. Force (P) n (σ) Stress (ɛ) Strain Modulus of elasticity
kN ∆L (mm) (N/mm²) E (N/mm²)
1 0 0 0 0
2 2 0 25.464791 0
3 4 0 50.929582 0
4 6 0 76.394373 0
5 8 0 101.859164 0
6 10 0 127.323955 0
7 12 0 152.788746 0
8 14 0.01 178.253537 0.0001 1782535.37
9 16 0.23 203.718328 0.0023 88573.1861
10 18 0.5 229.183119 0.005 45836.6238
11 20 0.76 254.64791 0.0076 33506.304
12 21 0.88 267.380306 0.0088 30384.1256
13 22 1.01 280.112701 0.0101 27733.9308
14 23 1.15 292.845097 0.0115 25464.791
15 24 1.26 305.577492 0.0126 24252.1819
16 25 1.38 318.309888 0.0138 23065.9339
17 26 1.49 331.042283 0.0149 22217.6029
18 27 1.62 343.774679 0.0162 21220.6592
 19 28 1.73 356.507074 0.0173 20607.3453
20 29 1.85 369.23947 0.0185 19958.8902
21 30 1.96 381.971865 0.0196 19488.3605
Table (1): calculation (σ), (ɛ), (E) from data of (P), (∆L):

No Elongatio
. Force (P) n (σ) Stress (ɛ) Strain Modulus of elasticity
kN ∆L (mm) (N/mm²) E (N/mm²)
22 31 2.08 394.704261 0.0208 18976.1664
23 32 2.19 407.436656 0.0219 18604.4135
24 33 2.31 420.169052 0.0231 18189.1364
25 34 2.41 432.901447 0.0241 17962.7156
26 35 2.54 445.633843 0.0254 17544.6395
27 36 2.67 458.366238 0.0267 17167.2748
28 37 2.88 471.098634 0.0288 16357.5914
29 38 3.07 483.831029 0.0307 15759.9684
30 37 3.35 471.098634 0.0335 14062.6458
31 37.5 3.4 477.464831 0.034 14043.0833
32 38 3.47 483.831029 0.0347 13943.2573
33 39 5.04 496.563425 0.0504
34 40 5.3 509.29582 0.053
35 41 5.7 522.028216 0.057
36 42 6.17 534.760611 0.0617
37 43 6.62 547.493007 0.0662
38 44 7.06 560.225402 0.0706
39 45 7.63 572.957798 0.0763
40 46 8.07 585.690193 0.0807
41 47 8.74 598.422589 0.0874
42 48 9.21 611.154984 0.0921
43 49 10 623.88738 0.1
44 50 10.6 636.619775 0.106
45 51 11.54 649.352171 0.1154
46 52 12.53 662.084566 0.1253
47 53 13.79 674.816962 0.1379
48 54 15.3 687.549357 0.153
49 55 17.82 700.281753 0.1782
50 55.5 19.4 706.64795 0.194
51 55.8 21.25 710.467669 0.2125
52 56 23.16 713.014148 0.2316
53 54 31.3 687.549357 0.313
54 52 32.12 662.084566 0.3212
55 50 32.75 636.619775 0.3275
56 48 33.19 611.154984 0.3319
 57 47 33.39 598.422589 0.3339
58 46 33.6 585.690193 0.336
59 45 33.7 572.957798 0.337

Strees-Srain
750 713.01
700

650

600
572.96
550

500 483.83
445.63471.1
450

400 407.44

350

300

250
178.25
200

150

100

50

0
-0.05 -0.02 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.1 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.4

Figure (1): Stress-Strain curve

• The stress-strain curve in the (O-A) part is linear. Point A is called proportional limit.

σ of Proportional limit = 407 N/mm².

• At point B, the end of the elastic region is reached and the plastic region starts

= 445 N/mm²

•Point C, is called the upper yielding point = 483 N/mm²

•Point D, is called the lower yielding point = 471 N/mm²

•Point E, is the max stress can be reached where necking starts = 713 N/mm²

•point F, is called the fracture point = 573 N/mm²

Calculation:
We measured (L0) =100 mm, (d0) =10 mm, A = (π x d²) / 4 =78.539816 mm²

E (standard) =200000 Mpa,,,,,,, E (calculated) = 94698.2479 Mpa

Slope of straight line = 10426.9916 Mpa

Lf = 125mm , ∆L = (Lf- L0) / L0 = 25 %

Df = 6.7mm ,Af = 35.256 mm² , ∆A= (Af- A) / A = - 55.11%

Discussion:

1. The fracture as the cone-shape.

2. The reading from gauge and the measurement of Lf are different because the steel
bar is not standard.
3. The max stress is about point F which is equal 713 N/mm².
4. The average value of modulus of elasticity is =94698.2479 Mpa
5. Results:
* The relationship between the force and elongation is Relationship centrifugal,

* The relationship between the stress and strain is linear in elastic region.

* Tension of steel bar is passes in 3 cases before failure: elastic, plastic, necking.

* Standard steel bar may be apply 45 KN before failure.

Errors:
• Human measuring and this is not exactly numbers of length and diameter of steel
bar (the steel bar is not standards).

• The maximum of gauge is 25 mm, so to continue after 25 mm we should to stop the

machine and rest the gauge and we must have errors.

• There is a gap in readings between the two persons which they obtain the readings
from the machine.

• Hour measurement is an indicator of the panel is listed and not digital.

• The accurate measurement of time to measure the elongation (0.01mm) and this
affects the results.
 Al-Balqa Applied University
Faculty of Engineering Technology

Strength of Materials Laboratory

Tensile Test

Experiment #1

Name: Mohammad Hasan Theeb

Lecture time : Monday / 5.00-8.00

By Dr. Mohammad Ghaith

Date of work experience: 21/2/2011

Date of receiving the report :28/2/2011