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Procedia Engineering 142 (2016) 63 – 70

Sustainable Development of Civil, Urban and Transportation Engineering Conference

Influence Factors for the Shear Strength of Exterior and Interior

Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints
Minh Tung Trana,*
a
Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho St. Dist. 7, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam

Abstract

This paper investigates the key influence factors for the shear strength of both exterior and interior reinforced concrete (RC)
beam-column joints. A database of totally 172 experimental RC beam-column connections constructed using the published
literature was used in the analysis. Based on the database, the correlation coefficient (CC) between the considered parameters and
the tested joint shear strength was computed, and the important level of these parameters was quantified. Results of the analysis
showed that five key parameters for the joint shear strength included (1) the concrete compressive strength, (2) the vertical joint
shear reinforcement, (3) the beam bars detail index, (4) the horizontal joint shear reinforcement and (5) the column axial stress.
Among the influence factors, the concrete compressive strength had the most significant correlation to the joint shear strength
and interestingly its correlation was higher for the interior connections with CC = 0.8 compared to CC = 0.69 for the exterior
connections. For the remaining factors, the analysis conversely showed that their correlations to the joint shear strength of
exterior joint were stronger than that of the interior joint.
©
© 2016
2016TheTheAuthors. Published
Authors. by Elsevier
Published Ltd. Ltd.
by Elsevier This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CUTE 2016.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CUTE 2016
Keywords: Structural analysis, reinforced concrete, beam-columns joints, beam-column connections, shear strength;

1. Introduction

Beam-column joints are the critical regions of RC structures, as their failures usually lead to damages of the
whole structures when they are subjected to seismic lateral loading. The bending moments of opposite signs at
member ends on either sides of the joint core created horizontal and vertical joint shear forces. These forces

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +84 915791597.

E-mail address: tranminhtung@tdt.edu.vn

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CUTE 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.02.014
64 Minh Tung Tran / Procedia Engineering 142 (2016) 63 – 70

combined with the column axial force engendered principal tension and compression of the concrete at the joint core
leading to diagonal cracking and/or crushing of concrete in the joint core to cause brittle shear failure of the joint. To
improve the safety of the whole RC structures under seismic loading, the shear strength and ductility of the beam-
column connections, therefore, must be examined carefully to avoid brittle joint shear failure.
A large amount of experimental tests and analytical studies have been conducted to understand the behavior of
beam-column joints over the past 60 years. The recently studies showed that the shear strength of RC beam-column
joints is influenced by the concrete strength, joint panel geometry, reinforcement confinement, column axial load,
and reinforcement bond condition [1-4]. Although many efforts have been paid, the research communities still have
some inconsistent views about the joint shear strength of beam-column joints. These different views demonstrated
clearly in the inconsistency of the current standard codes for predicting shear strength of the RC beam-column
connections [5-8].
It is clear that the present of joint shear reinforcement considerably improves the shear strength of beam-column
joints but the amount of its contribution to the joint shear strength is still being debated as many different equations
have been proposed for its contribution to the joint shear strength. Some researchers [9-11] even believed that the
joint shear strength has no correlation to the amount of transverse reinforcement. The influence of the column axial
load on the joint shear strength is another controversial aspect as some researchers believed that column axial load
has no coherent effect on the joint shear strength while the others confirmed that an increase in the column axial load
leads to an improvement in the joint shear strength. Park and Mosalam [12] showed that the shear strength of poor
detailed joints increases gradually with the increase of the beam reinforcement ratio, however Tran et al. [3] believed
that the beam bar index, which is a function of the beam reinforcement-concrete contacting area, had a direct
influence on the joint shear strength.
As mentioned above, the influence of various parameters on the joint shear strength is still debated by the
research community. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to clarify what are the key factors for the joint shear strength
of beam-column joints and how are the important levels of these factors. To clarify them, a large database of
experimental tests including 99 exterior and 73 interior joints with large ranks of the consider factors was used for
the analysis.

2. The database

The database of experimental exterior RC beam-column connections was constructed based on the published
literature. A consistent set of criteria is applied for all the collected specimens. All of the specimens had no out-of-
plane members (slabs and/or transverse beams) and no eccentricity between beams and columns. The final failure
modes of the collected specimens were either joint shear (J) or joint shear with yielding of beam reinforcement (BJ).
Table 1 and 2 provide the important features of the collected data for the exterior and interior connections,
respectively. In the tables, N is the column axial load; bchc is the sectional area of the column; nb, dsb are the number
and the diameter of the tensile beam longitudinal bars, respectively and Vjhtest is the tested joint shear strength.

Table 1. The database of exterior beam-column joints

f'c N dsb Vjh,test f'c N dsb Vjh,test

Reference Specimens nb Reference Specimens nb
(MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN) (MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN)
[13] HL8 56 0.07 4 29 986 [14] NO 3 42 0.00 4 13 217
LL11 74 0.03 4 25 768 NO 4 45 0.17 4 13 239
HL11 74 0.06 4 29 967 NO 5 37 0.09 4 13 221
LL8 56 0.04 4 25 860 NO 6 40 0.00 4 13 209
LH8 56 0.04 4 25 837 NO 9 41 0.00 4 13 236
HH8 56 0.07 4 29 985 NO 11 42 0.08 4 13 231
102
HH11 74 0.06 4 29 NO 12 35 0.00 4 13 207
0
LL14 94 0.02 4 25 877 NO 13 46 -0.04 4 13 209
 Minh Tung Tran / Procedia Engineering 142 (2016) 63 – 70 65

f'c N dsb Vjh,test f'c N dsb Vjh,test

Reference Specimens nb Reference Specimens nb
(MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN) (MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN)
LH14 94 0.02 4 25 890 NO 14 41 0.08 4 13 226
103
HH14 94 0.04 4 29 NO 15 40 0.08 4 13 230
2
[15] [16]
BS-L-300 34 0.15 3 20 505 JA-0 34 0.05 4 12 218
BS-L-450 31 0.15 3 20 316 JB-0 32 0.05 6 10 201
BS-L-600 36 0.15 3 20 284 JB-s1 32 0.05 6 10 219
BS-L-V2 33 0.15 3 20 399 JCa-0 21 0.10 3 8 66
BS-L-V4 28 0.15 3 20 403 JCb-0 23 0.10 3 10 84
BS-L-H1 33 0.15 3 20 389 JCb-s1 23 0.10 3 10 97
BS-L-H2 42 0.15 3 20 479 JCb-s2 23 0.10 3 10 88
[17]
E1 22 0.18 3 14 232 JCa-s1 21 0.10 3 8 71
G2 22 0.18 3 14 222 JCa-s2 21 0.10 3 8 71
[18] [18]
Test 2 46 0.10 4 29 947 0T0 67 0.02 4 25 997
Test 4 41 0.25 4 29 982 3T3 69 0.02 4 25 1132
Test 5 37 0.25 4 29 941 2T4 71 0.02 4 25 1080
Test 6 40 0.10 4 29 927 1T44 73 0.02 4 25 1039
[19] [20]
BS-L 31 0.14 3 20 316 UNIT A 22 0.07 3 28 547
BS-U 31 0.14 3 20 341 [21] JC-2 60 0.03 8 22 1320
[22] S6' 29 0.40 4 14 202 JC-No.11 31 0.00 3 36 1179
[23] Test Unit [24]
33 0.10 4 29 872 NS 37 0.00 4 10 120
1
Test Unit
30 0.25 4 29 833 SD 37 0.00 4 10 114
2
Test Unit [25]
34 0.10 4 29 826 1st 24 0.00 4 18 400
3
Test Unit
32 0.25 4 29 927 2nd 20 0.00 4 18 425
4
Test Unit [26]
32 0.10 4 29 770 A0 32 0.05 2 10 83
5
Test Unit
31 0.25 4 29 851 C2 32 0.05 4 12 209
6
[27] [28]
B0 32 0.05 6 10 199 28-0T0 33 0.02 4 25 1138
B1 32 0.05 6 10 215 [29] LVP2 44 0.15 4 16 514
C0 32 0.05 4 12 209 LVP3 24 0.15 4 16 364
A1 36 0.05 2 10 76 LVP5 26 0.15 4 16 380
A2 36 0.05 2 10 74 [30] Unit RC-1 19 0.07 6 10 140
[29] [31]
LVP4 25 0.15 4 16 327 AJ1s 33 0.05 2 10 87
[32] [33]
C1 16 0.12 3 14 116 B-1-RC 30 0.00 3 13 130
C2 19 0.10 3 14 115 C-2-RC 30 0.00 3 10 102
S-C 15 0.12 3 14 123 E-1-RC 30 0.00 3 12 113
[34] [35]
T0 31 0.20 4 20 420 1B 34 0.06 6 21 575
T1 31 0.19 4 20 527 2B 35 0.07 6 21 587
[36]
T2 31 0.10 4 20 502 5B 24 0.13 6 22 679
[37] [38]
Q1 26 0.00 2 20 156 Specimen I 28 0.00 4 25 1040
66 Minh Tung Tran / Procedia Engineering 142 (2016) 63 – 70

f'c N dsb Vjh,test f'c N dsb Vjh,test

Reference Specimens nb Reference Specimens nb
(MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN) (MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN)
R1 30 0.00 2 20 173 [39] 4 67 0.05 5 20 736
S1 28 0.00 2 20 163 [40] S4 21 0.00 2 29 317
Q3 27 0.00 2 20 211 [41] T-BS3 30 0.20 4 20 421
S3 30 0.00 2 20 198
[42] UC1 26 0.08 4 24 293
[43] T0 41 0 4 12 147

Table 2. The database of interior beam-column joints

f'c N dsb Vjh,test f'c N dsb Vjh,test

Reference Specimens nb Reference Specimens nb
(MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN) (MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN)
[44] I 26 0.40 3 25 1090 [45] J-1 81 0.11 9 13 737
II 42 0.25 3 25 1597 J-4 73 0.13 10 13 1273
III 27 0.39 3 25 1228 J-5 73 0.13 9 13 1045
IV 36 0.30 3 25 1455 J-6 79 0.12 9 13 871
V 36 0.04 3 25 1530 J-7 79 0.12 7 13 822
VII 37 0.47 3 25 1646 J-8 79 0.12 9 19 920
XIII 41 0.25 3 25 1468 [46] C1PD 32 0.12 5 32 888
XIV 33 0.32 3 25 1948 C4PD 33 0.12 6 32 1261
VI 37 0.48 3 25 414 [47] Ko-JI1 32 0.14 4 25 750
XII 35 0.30 3 25 876 Ho-JI1 26 0.00 4 19 869
[48] J-2 81 0.11 8 13 1557 [49] SHC1 57 0.05 2 12 536
J-10 39 0.12 9 13 1539 SHC2 60 0.04 2 12 576
J-11 39 0.12 9 19 516 SOC3 47 0.05 2 12 503
[50] J1 26 0.08 8 13 491 [51] D19-S1 44 0.00 5 19 493
A1 31 0.06 8 13 840 D19-S2 43 0.00 3 19 429
C1 26 0.08 12 10 865 D25-S3 48 0.00 3 25 628
B1 25 0.08 8 13 810 D25-S4 48 0.00 3 25 545
B3 25 0.08 8 13 1509 D29-S5 48 0.00 3 29 826
[52] E-0.0 41 0.00 4 16 853 [53] OKJ3 118 0.12 10 13 1075
H-0.0 41 0.00 4 16 629 OKJ5 78 0.12 10 13 1204
E-0.3 40 0.35 4 16 1042 OKJ6 59 0.12 8 13 1111
E-0.0 37 0.00 4 16 814 OKJ1 78 0.12 9 13 411
E-0.3 39 0.26 4 16 1038 OKJ4 78 0.12 9 13 467
H-0.0 43 0.00 4 16 1081 [54] J1-1 30 0.04 4 20 973
H-0.3 38 0.26 4 16 378 J1-4 30 0.04 3 25 1542
[55] J10 27 0.19 3 25 1119 [56] BCJ2 30 0.00 4 13 1053
[57] No 1 22 0.31 4 25 795 BCJ3 27 0.00 4 13 1309
No 2 22 -0.31 4 25 941 [58] NO.1 34 0.06 12 10 484
No 4 23 0.30 4 25 156 NO.2 34 0.06 10 10 759
No 5 22 0.31 7 16 164 NO.3 34 0.06 6 13 893
 Minh Tung Tran / Procedia Engineering 142 (2016) 63 – 70 67

f'c N dsb Vjh,test f'c N dsb Vjh,test

Reference Specimens nb Reference Specimens nb
(MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN) (MPa) bc hc f c' (mm) (kN)
No 6 22 -0.31 7 16 163 NO.4 34 0.06 5 13 750
[59] J1 26 0.08 3 19 1180 [60] X1 34 0.05 4 22 798
J2 24 0.08 3 19 1458 X2 34 0.06 4 22 660
J3 24 0.08 3 19 1180 X3 31 0.05 3 22 844
J4 26 0.23 3 19 1180 [61] J1 26 0.11 6 12 814
J5 29 0.07 3 19 1031 J2A 29 0.10 6 12 869
J3B 24 0.12 6 12 744

3. The key parameters for the joint shear strength

To evaluate the important level of the considered parameters on contributing the joint shear strength, the relations
between either the joint shear stress,Q j,test or the joint shear strength factor, Jtest and the examined parameters were
performed using the collected database. The important level of these relationships was quantified by CC. The CC of
two quantities X and Y was calculated using Eq. (1) as follow:

where xi, yi, are the available data of quantities X and Y, respectively; x and y are the average value of
quantities X and Y, respectively. The CC of two quantities ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. A CC near ±1.0 indicates a
strong positive or negative relationship between the two examined quantities, respectively, while a CC value close to
0.0 indicate a little relationship.

Fig. 1. Influence of the square root of concrete compressive strength on joint shear stress

Based on the analyzed results using the collected data, five key parameters for the joint shear strength were
determined. These factors represent the influences of the concrete compressive strength, the vertical joint shear
reinforcement, the beam bars details, the horizontal joint shear reinforcement and the column axial stress. The
68 Minh Tung Tran / Procedia Engineering 142 (2016) 63 – 70

relationships between these five parameters and the shear performance are illustrated in Figs. 1-2. In Fig. 1, the
relationships between the square root of concrete compressive strength and the joint shear strength of the exterior
and interior beam-column joints are shown, the corresponding CC of each type of the joints are also included. It can
be seen from the Fig. 1 that the correlation was higher for the interior connections with CC = 0.8 compared to CC =
0.69 for the exterior connections. In Fig. 2 the influences of Normalized vertical joint shear reinforcement, Beam
bars index, Normalized column axial stress and Normalized horizontal joint shear reinforcement on the joint shear
strength factor are illustrated. It is noted that as the concrete compressive strength had a very important role, its
correlation with the joint shear strength was showed directly. It means that the joint shear strength was considered as
a function of the square root of the concrete compressive strength ( Q j ,test J test f c' ). Whereas, the remaining four
factors had lower influence as comparing to that of the concrete compressive strength, thus the influences of these
factors on the joint shear strength were illustrated via the joint shear stress factor, Jtest.

Fig. 2. Influence of: (a) Normalized vertical joint shear reinforcement; (b) Beam bars index; (c) Normalized column axial stress and (d)
Normalized horizontal joint shear reinforcement on the joint shear strength factor

From Fig. 1 and 2, it can be seen that the square root of the concrete compressive strength is the most important
parameter of the joint shear strength. The next important parameters include Normalized vertical joint shear
reinforcement with CC of 0.52 for the exterior joint and CC = 0.47 for the interior joint; Beam bars index with CC =
0.44 and 0.32 for the exterior and interior joints, respectively; Normalized column axial stress with CC of 0.35 and
0.32 for the exterior and interior joints, respectively; and Normalized horizontal joint shear reinforcement with CC =
0.45 and 0.18, respectively. The above figures demonstrate that for the interior beam-column joints the influence of
the concrete compressive strength was higher than that of the exterior joints, while the influences of the remaining
factors were stronger for the exterior joint.
 Minh Tung Tran / Procedia Engineering 142 (2016) 63 – 70 69

4. Conclusion

The role of the key parameters on the joint shear strength of both exterior and interior beam-column joints was
evaluated using a large database of experimental tests. The data analysis showed the important levels of five key
parameters on the joint shear strength. Among the influence parameters the concrete compressive strength was the
most important factors while the next important factors includes Normalized vertical joint shear reinforcement,
Beam bars index, Normalized column axial stress and Normalized horizontal joint shear reinforcement. Based on the
results of this study, it can be concluded that the influence of the prior factor on the joint shear strength of interior
joint is stronger than that of the exterior joint, while the influences of the later factors in the joint shear strength of
exterior joint were stronger than that in the interior joint.

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