Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR

PRESSURE LOSS IN BENDS AND

FITTING APPARATUS
Model FM 05

1
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

WARRANTY CERTIFICATE
Supply of Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings FM 05

The above instrument is warranted to be free from defects in workmanship and material and if it
proves so defective within 15 (Fifteen months) calendar months from the date of shipment to the
original purchaser, named above it shall be repaired or replaced free of. charge provided
The Purchaser sends promptly to M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West), Mumbai 400 068. INDIA. , notice of defect and
satisfactory proof thereof as abolishing that the instrument has been properly maintained and operated
within the limits of rated capacity and normal usages, and
 Assumes the obligation of all expenses of returning the defective instrument, properly packed
to the Factory at the address given in (a) above, if required.
 On parts of products incorporated in the instrument but not manufactured by M/s. SCI-
TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED, this warranty is limited to extending to
the purchaser the same warranty as given by the supplier of such part or products.
This guarantee dose not covers consumable parts such as Bulbs, Fuses, and Rubber Seals etc.
Under the circumstances shall M/s SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED , have any
liability whatsoever for loss of use or for any indirect or consequential damages.
We can only undertake to send our men to a distance to investigate and put right alleged defects on
the distinct understanding that we are paid for their time and expenses in every case.
M/s. SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED decision about repairing or replacing the
equipment or its parts will be final and binding on all concerned parties.
Unless superseded or in contractual form, this warranty is made expressly in lieu of all the other
liabilities and obligations on our part.
For SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED
Place: Mumbai/INDIA

2
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

INDEX

Sr. No. Description Page no.

1. PHOTOGRAPH 4
2. COMPONENT LIST 5
3. PRECAUTIONS 6
4. INSTALLATION PROCEDURE 7
5. THEORY 9
6 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 13
7 EXPERIMENT NO.1 16
8 EXPERIMENT NO.2 19
9 EXPERIMENT NO.3 27
10 EXPERIMENT NO.4 28

3
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

900 ELBOW
SHORT BEND

SUDDEN
CONTRACTION
GATE VALVE

SUDDEN
EXPANTION

450 BEND

LONG BEND
FLOW
CONTROL
VALVE

DIFFERENTIAL
PRESSURE
GAUGE

4
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

COMPONENT LIST
After unpacking the consignment, you will find the following items:

1. Stand with pipes and fittings mounted on panel board.

2. Sudden Enlargement.

3. Sudden Contraction.

4. 90 ˚Bend.

5. 45 ˚Bend.

6. Needle Valve.

7. Long bend.

8. Pressure tapping at inlet and exit on all pipes and fittings.

9. Water Multi tube Manometer.

10. Differential Pressure Gauge.

5
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

PRECAUTIONS
1. Place the trainer on a leveled even surface, at least 1 meter away from walls.

2. Use Single Phase 230 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 Amp electric supply with Neutral and proper

earthing.

3. Before staring the pump on Hydraulic Bench make sure that inlet and outlet Valves

are open.

4. Pipes should be connected to Manometer from pressure tapings.

5. Do not close the flow control valve fully, may result in damage to the trainer.

6. For pipes with small diameters adjust the flow to lower rates.

7. Clean the equipment before and after the experiment with dry cloths.

6
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

7
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

1. Open the package.

2. Clean the equipment with dry cloth.

3. Ensure that there are no damages.

4. Confirm that all the material is in place as shown in the figure.

5. Keep the equipment on a horizontal plane surface table as height same as hydraulic

bench.

6. Make connections of inlet and outlet pipes with the Hydraulic Bench FM100.

7. Connect the out let pipe from pump to inlet of apparatus with the help of QRC.

8. Method of use of QRC is, pull outer ring back, insert coupling in adapter then release

outer ring.

9. Close all pressure tapings with tubes provided.

10. Make sure that outlet flow control valve is open.

11. Switch on Mains Switch.

12. Start the pump on Hydraulic Bench. Adjust the flow to lower flow rate.

13. Run the system for few minutes.

14. Check the system for leakages if any.

15. Stop the pump.

16. In this way apparatus is successfully installed.

8
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

THEORY

9
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

Minor Energy (Head) Losses:

The loss of head or energy due to friction in a pipe is known as major loss while the loss of

energy due to change of velocity of the fluid in magnitude or direction is called as minor loss

of energy (Head). The change in the velocity of flow of liquid may be either gradual or

sudden and in both cases the energy is lost. Some of the losses of energy which may be

caused due to the change of velocity are as indicated below:

(a) Loss of energy due to sudden enlargement

(b) Loss of energy due to sudden enlargement

(c) Loss of energy at the entrance of the pipe

(d) Loss of energy at the exit of the pipe.

(e) Loss of energy in bends.

(f) Loss of energy in various pipe fittings.

(g) Loss of energy due to an obstruction in the flow passage.

All the aforementioned losses of energy are termed as ‘minor’ losses, because the magnitude

of these losses is generally small as compared with the frictional losses in long pipes i.e.

‘Major losses’

In a horizontal pipeline flowing full, the energy head loss between any two sections (1) and

(2) is given by the relationship

P1 - P2

hf = ----------

10
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
ρg

P1 = pressure at section 1.

P2 = pressure at section 2.

For the pipeline this difference in pressure head will be given by the difference in the fluid

Levels within the two manometer limbs, i.e.

hf = h1 - h2

The governing equation for laminar flow is the Poiseuille equation:

32 µ LV
hf = ----------
ρ g d2

Where,
µ = dynamic viscosity of fluid
L = length of pipeline
V = mean velocity of flow in pipe
ρ = Density of fluid
g = acceleration due to gravity
d = diameter of pipeline.
This relationship shows that the hydraulic gradient hf/L is directly proportional to the mean
velocity flow V,

i.e.

(hf /L)α V

Flow of this nature occurs for values of Reynolds number Re less than 2000,

i.e.

Re< 2000

Transition flow:

11
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
It is generally accepted that flow in this zone is defined by the range of Reynolds number:

2000 < Re < 4000

Turbulent flow:

The governing equation for turbulent flow is Darcy Weisbach equation

f Lv2
hf = ---------
2gd
Where,

f = Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient.

P1 - P 2
hf=
ρ .g

12
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

Energy losses or head losses in pipe can be determined by following

formulas:

(a)Due to sudden enlargement: -

(V1)2 (A2- A1)2

hl = *
2g (A 1)2

(b)Due to sudden contraction: -

V2 2
hl = k *
2g
D2
Where, k=
D1
However, it is taken to be equal to:

V2 2
hl = 0.5
2g

(c) Loss of energy in bends: -

V2
hl = k *
2g

13
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

(d) Energy losses or head losses in pipe fitting: -

V2
hl = k *
2g

Where, K= coefficient that depends on type of pipe fitting

V= mean velocity of the flow in the pipe.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
14
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

1. Keep the equipment on a horizontal plane surface table as height same as

hydraulic bench.

2. Make connections of inlet and outlet pipes with the Hydraulic Bench FM100.

3. Close all pressure tapings with tubes provided to manometer.

4. Make sure that outlet flow control valve is open and outlet pipe is in

measuring tank.

5. Switch on Mains Switch.

6. Start the pump on Hydraulic Bench. Adjust the flow to lower flow rate.

7. Remove the air in the manometer with the help of air bulb valve.

8. Note down the readings in the observation table.

9. Increase the flow rate and note 2-3 readings at different flow rates.

10. After taking all the reading stop the pump carefully.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

15
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
1. Measurement of pressure losses across different kinds of bend, fittings and gate valve

at various water flow rates.

2. Calculation of pressure loss co-efficient at various flow rates and comparison with the

data available in the literature.

3. Comparison of pressure loss coefficient for different bends.

4. Determination of pressure drop vs. flow characteristic curve for different openings of

the gate valve.

EXPERIMENT NO. 01

16
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
AIM:

Measurement of pressure losses across different kinds of bend, fittings and gate valve at

various water flow rates.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Inlet dia of sudden expansion =13.84 mm.

2. Outlet dia of sudden expansion =24.3 mm.

3. Inlet dia of sudden contraction =24.3 mm.

4. Outlet dia of sudden contraction =13.84 mm.

5. Diameter of Gate valve =24.3 mm.

6. Dia of long elbow =24.3 mm.

7. Dia of 900 bend =24.3 mm.

8. Dia of 450 bend =24.3 mm.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

17
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
Manometric Difference Time for

Type of fitting Sr. No. collecting h ml

H1 H2
water in sec
Sudden 1
2
Enlargement
Sudden 1
2
contraction
1
900 bend
2
1
450 bend
2
1
Gate valve
2
1
Short Elbow
2
1
Long Elbow
2

CALCULATIONS:

Discharge (Q):

(0.695 x 0.165 x h)
Discharge = = m 3/ sec
Time

(Q) = -------- m3/ sec

RESULTS:

Sr. No. Loss of head due to fitting Q Flow Rate m3/sec

18
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

EXPERIMENT NO. 02
AIM:

Calculation of pressure loss co-efficient at various flow rates and comparison with the data

available in the literature.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Inlet dia of sudden expansion =13.84 mm.

2. Outlet dia of sudden expansion =24.3 mm.

3. Inlet dia of sudden contraction =24.3 mm.

4. Outlet dia of sudden contraction =13.84 mm.

5. Diameter of needle valve =24.3 mm.

6. Dia of long elbow =24.3 mm.

7. Dia of 900 bend =24.3 mm.

8. Dia of 450 bend =24.3 mm.

OBSERVATION TABLE

19
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
Manometric Difference Time for

Type of fitting Sr. No. collecting h ml

H1 H2
water in sec
Sudden 1
2
Enlargement
Sudden 1
2
contraction
900 bend 1

20
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
2
1
450 bend
2
1
Gate valve
2
1
Short Elbow
2
Long Elbow 1
2

CALCULATIONS:

1. For Sudden enlargement:

Discharge (Q):

(0.695 x 0.165 x h)
Discharge = = m 3/ sec
Time

(Q) = -------- m3/ sec

Velocity at inlet (V1):

Q
V1 = = -------- = m/sec
A1
Where A1 = Area of pipe at inlet of sudden enlargement fitting.

Velocity at outlet (V2):

Q
V2 = = --------- = m/sec
A2
Where A2 = Area of pipe at outlet of sudden enlargement fitting.

21
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

Loss of head (hf):

(V22 – V12)
hL = k x =
2xg

hL x 2 x g

K=

(V12 – V22)

Putting the valves of hL, V1, V2, g in above equation we can find pressure loss constant (k).

2. For Sudden contraction:

Discharge (Q):

(0.695 x 0.165 x h)
Discharge = = m 3/ sec
Time

(Q) = -------- m3/ sec

Velocity at inlet (V1):

Q
V1 = = = m/sec
A1

Where A1 = Area of pipe at inlet of sudden contraction fitting.

Velocity at outlet (V2):

Q
V2 = = ---------- = m/sec

22
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
A2

Where A2 = Area of pipe at outlet of sudden contraction fitting.

Loss of head (hf):

(V12 – V22)
hL =K
2xg

Therefore,

hL x 2 x g

K=

(V12 – V22)

Putting the valves of hL, V1, V2, g in above equation we can find pressure loss constant (k).

3. For 900 bend:

Discharge (Q):

(0.695 x 0.165 x h)
Discharge = = m 3/ sec
Time

(Q) = -------- m3/ sec

Mean Velocity at inlet (V):

Q
V= = --------- = m/sec
A

Where A = Area of pipe.

Loss of head (hf):

(V2)

23
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
hL =K
2xg

Therefore,

hL x 2 x g

K= =

(V2)

Putting the valves of hL, V, g in above equation we can find pressure loss constant (k).

4. For Short bend:

Discharge (Q):

(0.695 x 0.165 x h)
Discharge = = m 3/ sec
Time

(Q) = -------- m3/ sec

Mean Velocity at inlet (V):

Q
V= = = m/sec
A
Where A = Area of pipe.

Loss of head (hf):

(V2)
hL =K *
2xg

Therefore,

hL x 2 x g

K= =

24
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
(V2)

Putting the valves of hL, V, g in above equation we can find pressure loss constant (k).

5. For 450 bend:

Discharge (Q):

(0.695 x 0.165 x h)
Discharge = = m 3/ sec
Time

(Q) = -------- m3/ sec

Mean Velocity at inlet (V):

Q
V= = = m/sec
A

Where A = Area of pipe.

Loss of head (hf):

(V2)
hL =K
2xg

Therefore,

hL x 2 x g

K= =

(V2)

Putting the valves of hL, V, g in above equation we can find pressure loss constant (k).

25
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

6. For Gate valve:

Discharge (Q):

(0.695 x 0.165 x h)
Discharge = = m 3/ sec
Time

(Q) = -------- m3/ sec

Mean Velocity at inlet (V):

Q
V= = -------- = m/sec
A

Where A = Area of pipe.

Loss of head (hf):

(V2)
hL =K
2xg

Therefore,

hL x 2 x g

K= =

(V2)

Putting the valves of hL, V, g in above equation we can find pressure loss constant (k).

K=-------

7. For long bend:

Discharge (Q):

26
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
(0.695 x 0.165 x h)
Discharge = = m 3/ sec
Time

(Q) = -------- m3/ sec

Mean Velocity at inlet (V):

Q
V= = --------- = m/sec
A

Where A = Area of pipe.

Loss of head (hf):

(V2)
hL =K
2xg

Therefore,

hL x 2 x g

K= =

(V2)

Putting the valves of hL, V, g in above equation we can find pressure loss constant (k).

RESULT:

Sr. No. Pressure coefficient Flow rate

1
2
3
4
5

27
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

EXPERIMENT NO. 03
AIM:

Comparison of pressure loss coefficient for different bends.

OBJECTIVE:

In this experiment we have to compare the pressure loss coefficient and different bends.

RESULT:

Sr.No. pressure loss coefficient Type Pipe fittings

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

28
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

EXPERIMENT NO. 04
AIM:

Determination of pressure drop vs. flow characteristic curve for different openings of the

gate valve.

OBJECTIVE:

In this experiment we have to draw a graph of pressure drop vs. flow rate for different

openings of the gate valve.

29
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05

SCI-TECH ENGINEERING PRIVATE LIMITED

30
 Pressure Loss In Bends And Fittings Model FM 05
102, Regency, New Link Road, Dahisar (West),
Mumbai 400 068. INDIA. Tel: ++9122 2891 2519 / 2891 3124
Fax: ++ 9122 2891 0566 Website: www.sci-tech.biz
E-mail: sci-tech@sci-tech.biz ; scitechenggpvtltd@yahoo.com

31