LS1- ENGLISH

 B
  Regular verbs form their past and past participle forms by adding –ed while Irregular
verbs form their past and past participle forms in different ways.
 Figure of speech

o Simile- Simile is a figure of speech in which two dissimilar things are compared
to each other using the terms “like” or “as.”
o Metaphor- A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two different things
without the use of the terms “like” or “as.”
o Personification- Personification is a figure of speech that attributes human
characteristics to something that is not human.
o Paradox- A paradox is a figure of speech that appears to be self-contradictory but
actually reveals something truthful.
o Understatement- Understatement is a figure of speech that invokes less emotion
than would be expected in reaction to something.
o Hyperbole- Hyperbole is a figure of speech that utilizes extreme exaggeration to
emphasize a certain quality or feature.
o Pun- A pun is a figure of speech that contains a “play” on words, such as using
words that mean one thing to mean something else or words that sound alike in as
a means of changing meaning.
o Euphemism- Euphemism is a figure of speech that refers to figurative language
designed to replace words or phrases that would otherwise be considered harsh,
impolite, or unpleasant.
o Oxymoron- An oxymoron is a figure of speech that connects two opposing ideas,
usually in two-word phrases, to create a contradictory effect.
 Punctuation mark and their uses
o The period (.) is placed at the end of declarative sentences, statements thought to
be complete and after many abbreviations.
o question mark (?) to indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a
sentence.
o The exclamation point (!) is used when a person wants to express a sudden
outcry or add emphasis.
o The comma is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure
of a sentence. Additionally, it is used in numbers, dates, and letter writing after
the salutation and closing.
o The semicolon (;) is used to connect independent clauses. It shows a closer
relationship between the clauses than a period would show.
o A colon (:) has three main uses. The first is after a word introducing a quotation,
an explanation, an example, or a series.
o A dash is used to separate words into statements. There are two common types of
dashes: en dash and em dash.
 o A hyphen is used to join two or more words together into a compound term and is
not separated by spaces.
o Brackets are the squared off notations ([ ]) used for technical explanations or to
clarify meaning.
o Braces ({ }) are used to contain two or more lines of text or listed items to show
that they are considered as a unit. 
o Parentheses ( ( ) ) are curved notations used to contain further thoughts or
qualifying remarks.
o An apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a
word, the possessive case, or the plurals of lowercase letters.
o Quotations marks (" ") are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark
the beginning and end of a passage attributed to another and repeated word for
word.
o The ellipsis is most commonly represented by three periods (. . . ) although it is
occasionally demonstrated with three asterisks (***). The ellipsis is used in
writing or printing to indicate an omission, especially of letters or words. 
 B

LS1 FILIPINO

 B
 B
 B
 B
 B

LS2

 The earth is made up of three different layers: the crust, the mantle and the core. 
o Crust- This is the outside layer of the earth and is made of solid rock, mostly
basalt and granite. There are two types of crust; oceanic and continental. Oceanic
crust is denser and thinner and mainly composed of basalt.  Continental crust is
less dense, thicker, and mainly composed of granite.
o Mantle- The mantle lies below the crust and is up to 2900 km thick.  It consists of
hot, dense, iron and magnesium-rich solid rock. The crust and the upper part of
the mantle make up the lithosphere, which is broken into plates, both large and
small. To learn more about these plates see the Plate Tectonics page. 
o Core- The core is the centre of the earth and is made up of two parts: the
liquid outer core and solid inner core. The outer core is made of nickel, iron and
molten rock. Temperatures here can reach up to 50,000 C.
 There are several ways of measuring the rate of photosynthesis in the laboratory. These
include:
o the rate of oxygen output
o the rate of carbon dioxide uptake
o the rate of carbohydrate (glucose) production
 1. The vital organs are those that a person needs to survive. A problem with any of these
organs can quickly become life threatening.
o The brain is the body’s control center. It forms the core of the central nervous
system by creating, sending, and processing nerve impulses, thoughts, emotions,
physical sensations, and more.
o The heartTrusted Source is the most important organ of the circulatory system,
which helps deliver blood to the body. It works with the lungs to add oxygen to
blood and pump this freshly oxygenated blood through the blood vessels and
around the body.
o The lungs work with the heart to oxygenate blood. They do this by filtering the air
a person breathes, then removing excess carbon dioxide in exchange for oxygen.
o The liver is the most important organ of the metabolic system. It helps convert
nutrients into usable substances, detoxifies certain substances, and filters blood
coming from the digestive tract through a vein before it joins venous blood flow
from other parts of the body. Oxygenated blood reaches the liver via an artery.
o The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs, and each is about the size of a fist.
They are located on either side of the back, protected inside of the lower part of
the rib cage. They help filter blood and remove waste from the body.
2. Non-vital organs are those that a person can survive without. However, this does not
mean that conditions affecting these organs are never life threatening or dangerous. Many
infections and cancers in non-vital organs are life threatening, especially without prompt
treatment.
o Small and pear shaped, the gallbladder sits in the right upper quadrant of the
abdomen, just under the liver. It contains cholesterol, bile salts, bile, and bilirubin.
o Located in the upper left portion of the abdomen, the pancreas has two important
roles: It functions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.
o Food begins its journey to the stomach soon after a person swallows. The food
moves down from the throat and into the esophagus. The stomach is located at the
end of the esophagus.
o The intestines are a group of tubes that help filter out waste, absorb water and
certain electrolytes, and digest food.

3. Doctors usually list dozens of organs, though the definition of an organ varies from
expert to expert. Most organs play a role in organ systems, which work together to
perform specific functions.
 o The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, which works to
process and send nerve signals, interpret information, and produce conscious
thought.
o The reproductive system includes the organs that enable a person to reproduce
and experience sexual pleasure. In females, the reproductive system also supports
the growth of a fetus.
o The skin is the body’s largest organ. It is part of the integumentary system, which
includes skin, hair, nails, and fat.

4. The muscular system includes a vast network of muscles.

o Skeletal muscles: These are voluntary muscles, which means that a person can decide
when to move them. The biceps and triceps are examples of skeletal muscles.

o Cardiac muscles: These are involuntary muscles that help the heart pump blood.

o Smooth muscles: These are also involuntary muscles. Smooth muscles line the bladder,
intestines, and stomach.

5. The endocrine system is a network of glands throughout the body. These glands release
important chemicals called hormones, which help regulate the function of virtually every organ
and organ system in the body.
6. The immune system helps the body prevent infections and fights them off when they do occur.

7. The digestive system is the group of organs that digest food, as well as the various structures
within that release substances to aid digestion and absorption.

8. The circulatory system includes the many blood vessels that circulate blood throughout the
body. It includes veins, arteries, capillaries, venules, and arterioles.

 B
 An ecosystem is the basic unit of the field of the scientific study of nature. According to
this discipline, an ecosystem is a physically defined environment, made up of two
inseparable components:

 The biotope (abiotic): a particular physical environment with specific physical

characteristics such as the climate, temperature, humidity, concentration of nutrients or pH.
 The biocenosis (biotic): a set of living organisms such as animals, plants or micro-
organisms, that are in constant interaction and are, therefore, in a situation of interdependence.