TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

PHILOSOPHY, SETTING & PERFORMANCE

ANUCHIT SOMJUNTR
Control and Protection System Division
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
TYPE OF TRANSFORMER IN EGAT
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
1. LOADING TRANSFORMER
(115kV/22kV, 33kV)
DY1, YYd1
2. TIE TRANSFORMER
(500kV/230kV, 230kV/115kV, 69kV)
YYd1
TRANSFORMER FAULT / PROTECTION
Fault Type Protection Used
Primary winding Phase-phase fault Differential; Overcurrent
Primary winding Phase-earth fault Differential; Overcurrent
Secondary winding Phase-phase fault Differential
Secondary winding Phase-earth fault Differential; Restricted Earth Fault
Interturn Fault Differential; Buchholz
Core Fault Differential; Buchholz
Tank Fault Differential; Buchholz; Tank-Earth
Overfluxing Overfluxing
Overheating Thermal
 PROTECTION FOR LOADING TRANSFORMER

51
51T
51G
87K
51T = High Side Phase OC relay
87K = Transformer Differential relay 51 = Low Side Phase OC relay
51G = Low Side Ground OC relay
PROTECTION FOR 230/115 KV TIE TRANSFORMER

51GB1
51T 51
51TG 51GB2 51G
87K
87B = Bus Differential relay 87K = Transformer Differential relay
51T = High Side Phase OC relay 51TG = High Side Ground OC relay
51 = Low Side Phase OC relay 51G = Low Side Ground OC relay
51GB1,2 = Ground Backup OC relay
 PROTECTION FOR 500/230 KV TIE TRANSFORMER

51GB1
51T 51
24T 51TG 51GB2 51G
87K-S

87K-P

87B = Bus Differential relay 87K-P = Pri. Transformer Diff. relay

87K-S = Sec. Transformer Diff. relay 51T = High Side Phase OC relay
51TG = High Side Ground OC relay 51 = Low Side Phase OC relay
51G = Low Side Ground OC relay 51GB1,2 = Ground Backup OC relay
24T = Overfluxing Relay
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Considerations
- Phase correction
- Filtering of zero sequence currents
- Ratio correction
- The effect of magnetizing inrush during initial energization
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• CT. Ratio
- Main CT ratio = 150% FOA rating of transformer
- 20 times of primary current of the selected CT ratio must
higher than maximum busbar fault current
- Secondary current must lower than relay rating current
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Check CT performance
- CT must not be saturated when a maximum external fault
occurs
Vk = IF max x (RCT + 2 RL+RT) /N
Where :
Vk = Required CT Knee point voltage (volts)
IF max = Maximum value of fault current (A)
RCT = CT secondary winding resistance (Ohms)
RL = Single lead resistance from CT to relay (Ohms)
RT = Effective impedance of interposing CT
N = CT turn ratio
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
Without interposing CT
- Use star connected CT on delta windings of the transformer
- Use appropriated delta connected CT on star windings of the
transformer to ensure that the transformer primary and
secondary currents, as measured by the relay, are in phase
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
Without interposing CT

Y D
D Y

87K
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
Without interposing CT
D Y
Y D

87K
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
Without interposing CT
D D
Y Y
D

87K
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
With interposing CT
- Use star connected CT on all windings of the transformer
- Compensate for the winding phase shift by interposing CT
- Use star/star connected interposing CT on delta windings of the
transformer
- Use star/delta connected interposing CT on star windings of the
transformer
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
With interposing CT

Y Y
Y D

Y D Y Y
87K
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
With interposing CT

Y Y
D Y

Y Y D Y
87K
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
With interposing CT

Y Y
Y Y
D
Y D D Y
87K
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
Numerical and Digital relay
- Use star connected CT on all windings of the transformer
- Compensate for the winding phase shift by software
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Phase correction
Numerical and Digital relay

Y Y
D Y

Numerical
Transformer
Differential relay
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Ratio correction
- Calculate interposing CT ratio at normal tap of transformer
- Percent mismatch of CT must be lower than 5 %
- Percent mismatch of CT can be calculated from

Percent mismatch = [[ II toto relay (HS) – I to relay (LS) ] x 100 %

relay (HS) + I to relay (LS) ] / 2
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• Differential current setting ( I diff > )
- I diff > must be greater than
CT mismatch + CT error + % Tap change
• Percent slope setting
- Set as the relay manufacturer’s recommendation
- Consider that relay will not operate when a maximum external
fault occurs
- Generally lower slope = 20-30% , upper slope = 70-80%
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay
• High-Set Differential current setting ( I diff >> )
- I diff >> must be greater than maximum inrush current
(about 15 time transformer rating current)
• Harmonic stabilization
- Inrush restraint ratio (2nd harmonic) = 12% I2fN/IfN
- Activate cross-block function
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
1. Transformer Differential Relay

Differential current (*Id)

3
Operate

1
Restrain
Setting range
(0.1-0.5Id)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Effective bias (*In)

Tripping characteristic of Transformer differential relay

 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
2. Phase and Ground Overcurrent Relay
• CT. Ratio
- Main CT ratio = 150% FOA rating of transformer
• Minimum Pick up Current
- Phase overcurrent relay = 150% FOA rating of transformer
- Ground overcurrent relay = 30% FOA rating of transformer
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
2. Phase and Ground Overcurrent Relay
• Time Characteristic Curve
- 115/22KV Loading transformer = Normal inverse
- 230/115kV Tie transformer = Normal inverse
- 500/230kV Tie transformer = Very inverse
• Operating Time
- Co-ordination time interval between low side and high side
overcurrent = 0.5 sec at maximum fault
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
2. Phase and Ground Overcurrent Relay
• Operating Time
115/22kv Loading and 230/115kV Tie Transformer
- High side phase overcurrent (51T) = 2.0 sec at Maximum 3 Ph.
Fault Current Contributed to Low Side Busbar
- High side ground overcurrent* (51TG) = 2.0 sec at Maximum
SLG Fault Current Contributed to Low Side Busbar
Note * High side ground overcurrent for Tie Transformer only
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
2. Phase and Ground Overcurrent Relay
• Operating Time
115/22kv Loading and 230/115kV Tie Transformer
- Low side phase overcurrent (51) = 1.5 sec at Maximum 3 Ph.
Fault Current Contributed to Low Side Busbar
- Low side ground overcurrent (51G) = 1.5 sec at Maximum
SLG Fault Current Contributed to Low Side Busbar
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
2. Phase and Ground Overcurrent Relay
• Operating Time
500/230kV Tie Transformer
- High side phase overcurrent (51T) = 1.5 sec at Maximum 3 Ph.
Fault Current Contributed to Low Side Busbar
- High side ground overcurrent (51TG) = 1.5 sec at Maximum
SLG Fault Current Contributed to Low Side Busbar
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
2. Phase and Ground Overcurrent Relay
• Operating Time
500/230kV Tie Transformer
- Low side phase overcurrent (51) = 1.0 sec at Maximum 3 Ph.
Fault Current Contributed to Low Side Busbar
- Low side ground overcurrent (51G) = 1.0 sec at Maximum
SLG Fault Current Contributed to Low Side Busbar
• Instantaneous Unit
- Block
 10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
1000 1000
700 700
500 500
400 400
300 300
1. KT2A_51T MCGG-SI CTR=400/5
200 200
Tap=4.75A TD=0.400 No inst.

100 2. KT2A_51 MCGG-SI CTR=1800/5 100

70 Tap=5.5A TD=0.300 No inst. 70
50 3. KT2A_51G MCGG-SI CTR=1800/5 50
40 40
Tap=1.1A TD=0.700 No inst.
30 30
20 3 20
1
S 10 2 10
E 7
C
3PH FAULT 7
O 5 5
N 4 SLG FAULT 4
D 3 3
S 2 2

1 1
.7 .7
.5 .5
.4 .4
.3 .3
.2 .2

.1 .1
.07 .07
.05 .05
.04 115 / 22KV 51 .04
.03 .03
51T KT2A
.02 51G .02

.01 .01
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)

Overcurrent Relay Time Curve

 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
3. Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay (Tertiary winding)
• CT. Ratio
- CT ratio = Use maximum ratio in tertiary winding
- Connect all 3 phases in parallel to relay
iOT 2iOT 3iOT

51GB1

51GB2

IOT
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
3. Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay (Tertiary winding)
• Minimum Pick up Current
- Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay No.1 = 100% OA rating of
tertiary winding
- Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay No.2 = 200-300% OA
rating of tertiary winding
Note – The value will be multiply by 3 because of the three CT in
tertiary winding connected in parallel
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
3. Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay (Tertiary winding)
• Time Characteristic Curve
- Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay No.1 = Long time inverse
- Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay No.2 = Very inverse
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
3. Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay (Tertiary winding)
• Operating Time
- Time characteristic curves of both relay must be lower than
transformer thermal damage curve
- Operating Time = 1.5 sec. at maximum circulating current
(3IOT) in tertiary winding when SLG fault occurs at low voltage
side of the transformer
• Instantaneous Unit
- Block
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
3. Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay (Tertiary winding)
Time (sec.) 51GB1
LI
8
6 51GB2
VI
4
Damage Curve
2

3IOT Current (A)

Overcurrent Ground Back-up Relay Time Characteristic Curve
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
4. Overfluxing Relay for 500/230kV Tie Transformer
- Set time characteristic curves of overfluxing relay so that
relays always operate before transformers reach the overfluxing
limit
- Time margin = 1-2 sec.
 RELAY SETTING CRITERIA
4. Overfluxing Relay for 500/230kV Tie Transformer
Time (sec.)
70
60
50
Transformer Overfluxing limit Curve
40
30
20
10 Overfluxing Relay
Time Curve

1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 Overfluxing in PU.

Overfluxing Relay Time Curve
PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
YEAR CORRECT OPERATION UNNECESSARY OPERATION
Tie Loading Total Tie Loading Total
2001 4 43 47 0 0 0
2002 4 44 48 0 1 1
2003 6 37 43 0 0 0
New relay maloperation
2004 Old relays
6 (age
36 > 15 years)
42 1 2 3
2005 6 34 40 2 1 3
Total Number of Transformer = 588 Units (Tie = 36% , Loading = 64%)
Correct / Unnecessary Operation Of Transformer Differential Relay
PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

230/69kV Transformer KT6A at NB sub. Date 19/06/2004

B-C fault (Short turn) Clearing time = 96 ms. Relay type MBCH (GEC)
 PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

230/115kV Transformer KT3A at SR2 sub. Date 14/09/2005

C-G fault (Low side bushing explode) Clearing time = 90 ms. Relay type HU (ABB)
 PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

230/115kV Transformer KT2A at LPR sub. Date 16/09/2005

A-B-C-G fault (Flash over at LA 22kV) Clearing time = 108 ms. Relay type D202 (BBC)
 PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

230/115kV Transformer KT4A at HY2 sub. Date 10/11/2005

B-G fault (High side bushing flashover) Clearing time = 64 ms. Relay type MBCH (GEC)