Theoretical and numerical Green's function field solution in

a plane multilayered medium

F. R. DiNapoli and R. L. Deavenport
New LondonLaboratory,Naval UnderwaterSystemCenter,New London, Connecticut06320
(Received2 October 1978; acceptedfor publication4 October 1979)

An explicit generalform is derived for the depth-dependentGreen's function occurringin the integral
solution to the Helmholtz wave equationfor range-independent layered media. This representation
permits arbitrary locationof the sourceand receiver.In addition, a technique,the Fast Field Program
(FFP), for the evaluation of the integral solution is delineated.Examplesof the use of both the
formulationand the FFP to the problemof modelingunderwateracousticpropagationlossversusrange,
where the source/receiverare in air/water, in water/bottom, and in a cross-layersurface duct, are
discussed.

PACS numbers:43.30.Bp, 03.40.Kf, 43.20.Bi

INTRODUCTION
the former is straightforward, since the index of re-
fraction is independent of range. The result for the
Wave motion in a plane stratified medium has been depth-dependent Green's function is complicated due to
studied in many diverse fields. The techniques devel- the piecewise nature assumed for the index of refrac-
oped in one field, however, are often applicable to tion.
others. This is not surprising, since the waves (wheth-
Eigenfunction expansion solutions to this integral
er they are electomagnetic, acoustic, seismic, etc).
have common mathematical denominators. Phenomena havebeenformulated.
1-6 Kutschale
5 givesa complete
wave solution in terms of normal modes and branch
associated with wave propagation in a medium with non-
line integrals for homogeneous
layers, andStickler?
uniform characteristic properties are of particular in-
provides the complete solution when the square of the
terest. Although they are, in general, a function of all
index of refraction in each layer is a linear function of
spatial coordinates and time, the case of arbitrary var-
depth. There are times, however, when it is computa-
iation in only one spatial direction is a sufficiently ac-
tionally easier to deal directly with the integral solu-
curate assumption for many applications.
tion, especially as new numerical integration tech-
It is easy to express the formal solution for the field niques become available. Solutions of this nature re-
produced by a point monochromatic source imbedded in quire the explicit formulation provided in Sec. I. One
sucha mediumas a Fourier-Bessel transformt or, such method is the Fast Field Program (FFP) conceived
equivalently,a Green's functionconvolution.
2 However, by Marsh8 in 1967andextended
by DiNapoli,9whichhas
the explicit general form for the kernel, which results proved useful in applications to underwater acoustic
when the index of refraction is a piecewise continuous propagation. This technique is briefly summarized and
function and, in addition, the source and field point used in conjunction with the results of Sec. I to evaluate
depths are arbitrary, has not appeared in the literature several examples.
to our knowledgeø Previous treatments have considered
either a specific variation in the index of refraction or In Sec. II, the depth-dependent Green's function so-
lution is derived when the index of refraction is a piece-
have used source and field points that were within the
wise continuous function of z. The Green's function is
samelayer. Wait,3 for example,usestheFourier-Bes-
constructed from fundamental solutions of the classical
sel method to generalize the Sommerfield problem to
Sturm-Liouville differential equation with discontinuous
the case of m-homogeneous layers. Harkrider4 and
Kutschale 5 havealso givenintegral solutionsfor this coefficients by use of the matrizant (propagator) method.
case. Felsen andMarcuvitz,2Wait,3 andBrekhovskikh 6
give excellent accounts of the electromagnetic field I. FORMAL SOLUTION
within general stratified media, but their explicit re-
A given stratified medium is approximated by N- 1
sults hold only when the source and field points are
,inhomogeneous layers sandwiched between two homo-
within the same layer.
geneous half-spaces as shown in Fig. 1. A point source
The formal G reen's function integral to the reduced of angular frequencyw [time factor of exp(-iwt) has
wave equation in cylindrical coordinates is given in beensuppressed]is locatedat (0,Zs) in the LSth layer,
Sec. I for the case of piecewise layered media, and ar- where 0•< LS •<N. The field point is located at (r,z) in
bitrary source and receiver depths. The stated for- the LRth layer, where 0•< LR •<N. It is assumed that
malism pertains to the acoustic case but can be used to z >•Zs. When z •<zs, reciprocity is used.
describe other types of wave propagation when the
The Helmholtz reduced wave equation for a point
change in variables describes the characteristic pro-
source located at {s in an inhomogeneous medium is
perties of the medium. The integrand is defined as a
given by
product of a range, r-dependent Bessel function, and a
depth, z-dependent Green's function. The derivation of V2G.--I--
•2eff(g)(.•
= -/.O,),D1
/ 2(z$)S•(•(•'
- •'$). (1)
92 J. Acoust.
Soc.Am.67(1),Jan.1980 92

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 IMPEDANCE
LOCATION

J'•'C• 0(SEMI-INFINITE)
DEPTH
[o(z)
ffz
(o-•
• ) +F(z)-
•"]
O(z,z•;
•)
1 Zl-'O
z2
1 = - i•o(z•)•(z - z•), (•)
where •2 is the separationconstant. G,(r, •) is givenby
iSa/4timesthe HankelfunctionH•)(•r), andG(z,zs;•)
z3 represents the depth-dependent Green's function.
,,.,k
The integral solution to the above boundary value pro-
Z•zZkI:-I zk

z k+l
blem can be given by the Fourier-Bessel transform,

S••• G(z,z•;•)Jo(•r)•d•,
m(r,z,z•)=• (8)
first usedby Sommerfeld
ll andLambix or by Green's
function convolution,
ZN -1
'"'N

_.•_zZ
i-1 N-1 zrl • f•.. G(z,z•;•)n•)(•r)•d•
v(r,z,z•)=4v ' (9)
first describedby Titc•arsh. •
N (SEMI-INFINITE)
FIG. 1. Environmental description of stratified media.
Equations (8) and (9) represent the formal solution to
our problem. Either representation can be used, since
they may be transformed into one another.

The'effective
wavenumber
keff(g
) iSdefined
in termsof There are many ways by which Eqs. (8) and (9) can
the usual wavenumberk(z•=w/sound speedvariation be integrated. We will discuss only three. The first
c(z)] according to and most popular is the so-called residue method. In
this method, Cauchy's residue theorem is used to eval-

- az•.([p(z)]•/•
)' (•)
uate the basic integral. The poles are given by the
zeros of the Wronskian of the independent solutions used
where, for acoustics, p(z) is the density. In electro- to construct G(z,z,; •). By using the residue theorem,
magnetics, p(z) may be either the dielectric parameter the basic integral can be written as a summation over
e(z) or the permeability •(z); in seismology, p(z) is the the residue contributions minus line integrals around
Lam• parameter•-•(z), for SH prop•ation. any branch points. The residue contriubtions yield the
eigenfunction expansion usually referred to as normal
By the simpletransformation
•=•, Eq. (1) may modes. This method has been very valuable in many
be rewritten as '
wave propagation problems;for example, Lambt• and
V•&+k2(z)&-Vp'•/p=-i•p(z• •5(•-L) , (3) SommerfeldTMusedit in their pioneeringworks, and
additionalinsighthas beenprovidedby Brekhovskikh,•
where • represents the pressure at some point r due to Tolstoy,TM
Wait,• and FelsenandMarcuvitz• in their
the point source, and S• is the source strength defined books.
by Morse andIngard.•ø If cylindrical coordinates
(r, •, z) are assumed with azimuthal symmetry, the fol- The multipath expansion technique is another method
lowing equation is obtained: used to evaluate the basic integral solution. Van der
Pol andBremmer •s seem to have beenthe first to study
the expansion
in detail, althoughDebye• hadusedit
far • +p(z) • +•(z)• earlier. Wait • extended the method to allow for caustic
regions and more recently further extensions to the
=-i•p(z•)
2vr
s•(r)•(z- z•). (4) basic work of Van der Pol and Bremmer have been made
by BatorskyandFelsen,•sLeibiger,•sandWeinberg.
xø
The vertical depth coordinate z varies from -• • z The latter workers have also developed computer pro-
+ • •d the range coordinate r varies from 0 < r < •. grams utilizing the multipath expansion.
The boundary conditions imposed on Eq. (4) are that
must satisfy radiation conditions for In the multipath expansion method, the denominator
of G(z,zs; f•) is expanded in a Taylor series which allows
r-• and z- •, (Sa)
for the basic integral to be broken up into a series of
simpler integrals which sometimes can be identified
.
zwp& and & (Sb) with certain ray paths. These ray path integrals are
then generally evaluated by using stationary phase tech-
must be continuous across all interfaces which are
niques or numerical schemes. The multipath method
sumed to be parallel in the r direction. Equation (4) can represents an approximate method when the series is
be separated as truncated, and the effect of layering is only partially
allowed for in the integration.
• +• •(r,•)- • (•) The last method for evaluating the basic integral will

93 J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol. 67, No.1, January1980 - F.R. DiNapoliandR. L. Deavenport:

Green's
functionfieldsolution 93

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 be the Fast Field Program (FFP). The FFP was de- satisfied at the source depth zs.
velopedby Marsh andDiNapoli8'9andmakesuseof the The notation used in this article was instituted to con-
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to directly integrate
serve spaceø Although compact, it is unorthodox, and
Eq. (8). The first step in this method consists of re-
will be explained whenever it is felt that confusion might
placing the Bessel function in the integral solution of
arise. The symbol U without a subscript or superscript
Eq. (8) with the Hankel function associated with outward
is an abbreviation for the depth-dependent particle ve-
propagation.[The integralinvolvingH•2)(•r) doesnot
locity U=(dF/dz)/[i•op(z)], for z > zs. When it appears
contribute significantly and is neglected. An example
with a subscriptandsuperscript,e.g., U•q the sub-
comparing the results from Eq. (8) with those obtained
script (k) refers to the layer in which F is defined. The
from usingonlyH•1)is providedin Appendix
B, Ex- superscript (k+l) refers to the depth (zkq, see Fig. 1)
ample B2.] If the first term in its asymptotic expan-
at which the operation is evaluated. Thus
sion,

H•l
)(•r)•_
(•.•)l
/2<•.)]/2, (10) k --icopn(z)dz

is then substituted, Eq. (8) may be written as

and as such rr•*l is the depth-dependentparticle velocity
in the kth layer evaluated at the depth Zkqo If the sub-
(p(r,z ,zs)-• •4• O(z,zs;•)ei•' d• . (11)
script is absent and the superscript is z, then U' is the
depth-dependent particle velocity in any layer (LS •< k
Next, let the horizontal wavenumber • and the horizon-
•<N-1) evaluated at any depth (z,< z •<zs). The depth-
tal range r be evaluated at the discrete values.
dependent
particlevelocity[• =(dP/dz)/[iw9(z)] for
•m=•0+rnA•, rn=ro+nAr , z < z• is abbreviated similarly. Functions other than
the depth-dependent pa•icle velocity will appear with a
(re,n) = 0,1,2,... ,L - 1, (12)
subscript and superscript (e.g., y• ). The meaning of
with the added restriction that the subscript and superscript when it occurs with these
functions will be exactly the same as that explained
ArAi=2•/L , (13)
above for U, unless otherwise stated.
where L is equal to 2 raised to some integer power.
Terms of the form (df/dz)Aiwp(z)] and (dg/dzAiwp(z)]
Equation (11) is then given by
appeared frequently throughout the analysis and have
been abbreviated as (Dr) and (Dg), respectively. Thus
cP(r,,
z,z,)-•
A•(•'•)
•/2S•e{•ør"
•'•
• m-0
, (14)

where the input to the FFT is 1 df•• .

E•=O(z,zs; •)•Xei•ro a• . (15) Although closely related to the depth-dependent par-
ticle velocity U•q, they differ from it becausethe func-
Equation (14) is now in a form that is directly amen-
tion being operated on is not the total depth-dependent
able to the FFT. The result of the application of the
FFT is the value of the field at each of the n discrete
pressure, but one of the linearly independent (funda-
mentaD solutions used to form F.
ranges which are obtained essentially simultaneouslyø
This format is thus ideally suited for the rapid calcul- The equation for the depth-dependent pressure F,
ation of the field as a function of range, and proceeds z > %, may be written as
very rapidly oncethe input [Eq. (15)] is obtained. d 1

II. DEPTH-DEPENDENT GREEN'S FUNCTION •(F)=• w•(z)•' +q(z)F-0' (17)

From Eq. (7), the depth-dependent Green's function where F is subject to the continuity conditions of Eq.
G(z ,z s) must satisfy
(5b) for z > z,. In the matrizant method, Eq. (17) is
written as the two equations
I dF dU
œ(O)=•z
co•(z)
dz +q(z)O:-õ(z-z,), (16) dz; +q(z)r=o
U(z)-iwp(z) dz '
whereq(z)=[k2(z)- •2]/[{cop(z)].The differentialop-
erator œ is defined as or equivalently as the matr• equation

,
d(•1 d)+q(z)
' where
dz

The solution of Eq. (16) is found by using the matri-

zant method of Refs. 21-24 to obtain two linearly in-
dependent
functions,/• andF, whichsatisfyEq. (16) for
z < zs and z > zs and the respective continuity conditions
v(z)J q(z) o '
of Eq. (5b) on G and(dG/dz)/iwp(z), {=G'(z)/[iwp(z)]} in
The solution of Eq. (19) satisfying initial conditions at
those regions. These functions represent the depth-de-
z• is given by
pendent pressure and are unique, up to an arbitrary
constant, which may be chosen such that Eq. (16) is also ,z,) , (20)

94 J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 67, No. 1, January1980 F.R. DiNapoliandR. L. Deavenport'Green'sfunctionfieldsolution 94

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 where/4(z,z •) is the fundamentalmatrix (matrizant, The Green's function solution to Eqo (16) can now be
propagator, state transition matrix, etc.) which satis- constructed from the following two matrizant equations:
fies the matrix equation.

dM(z,zt)'-A(z
)]•(z,zi)' (21)
dz (z)/[ioo•(z
) =•(z
)=•O(z
)
suchtha• M(z•,z•)=I, whereI is the identitymatrix. =•(v',v'•)3(z•), (z•-• z < z.),
Whenthe entire interval [z 1,zN] is consideredas a
single layer the matrizant can be calculated by various
techniques, such as Volterra's product integral,
23,24
or (z)/[
iwp(z
) =•(z
)=LU(z
the Peano-Bakerexpansion. 21'25An alternatemethod
for evaluating]•r is to subdividethe total interval[zl,zN] =•(•',•'•') •(z•), (z, < z • z•), (2•)
intoN - 1 subintervals,(zl < z2<... < z• < z•.t <. ßß< z•)
where z• and zn represent the lower and upper bound-
as in Fig. 1o Within each subinterval k(z) is replaced
aries (see Fig. 1), respectively, of •o homogeneous
by a continuousfunctionk•(z) which is a goodapproxi-
half-spaces between which the index of refraction is
mationto k(z) over [zt,zt4]. The functionkt(z) is cho-
low ed be a piecewise continuous function of z. The ini-
sen such that fundamental solutionsf(y •) and g(y •) of
tial values are •hus known up to some muRiplicative
œ(')=0 over [zt,ztq] canbe expressedin terms of
constants, a0 and an, respectively, since
known solutions. The known solutions satisfy a linear
second-order differential equation whose independent
variable 7s[=y(z)] is a functionof z. The matrizant •(z)=ao - -• P(z), z<z
e-•(•q), U(z)-wOo(Z)

M(z [Q(¾
,z•)--M(v•,y
q)--LS•,•'•')P(Y',Y"))]
(V,,Vq)
R(V,,V
q (22) F(z)=ane • ) F(z), z>z
•-'•'• , U(z)-wO•,(z
over somearbitrary subinterval[z,za] may then be ex- where g0 and • are the z components of the wavenum-
(•)

pressed as bers k0 anak•, respecUve•y,anaIra{g0}ana Im{•} > 0

are required •o satisfy the radiation conditions of Eq.
=[f(•)
g(Y•)][f(Y•')g(yq)]-I (•a).
In what follows it is usefulto rewrite 3(z) and •(z) in
The use of the argument •,' is intended as a visual re- terms of the impedance• abovethe sourceandZ below
the source defined as
minder that f and g are to be expressed in terms of
known solutions. The matrizant for the entire interval
can then be obtained by making use of its group property - F(z)
Z(z)=
• and F(z),
Z(z)-•) (28)
since the terminal impedances
(24)
andM-•(y•,y q)-M(yq , y . From Eq. (23), the elements Z• _wp•,andg•= 'w•O (29)
of Eq. (22) are
[•(y•)(Og)
q -(Df)qg(y are known uniquely. The convention adopted is that the
q(v',v'•)=•(v'•)(og)
'•- (of)'•g(v'•)]' superscript always refers to the depth at which Z is
evaluated and the subscript to the layer where the eval-
Q(yq,yq)- 1, uation t•es place. Then the impedance an•here above
the source can be written uniquely in terms of its term-
R(V•
'Yq)=[f(y
[-(Vf)•g(yq)
q)(Dg)q+(Vg).•(yq)]
- (Df)qg(y
q)] inal impedance
i• by usingthegrouppropertyof Eqo
(24) to obtain

(25)

[••] •,V
=
•) M
o(
b,a
[i •-•
• s•tv•,v•)
' ' +R•(v•,
•= -1

' v•)]• [/•_,s•(•

k1J
, •) +n•(b
, •)]

(30)

and similarly below the source

MdyL¾• •"'•[
, II M•(a
,b
(31)
N-I

95 J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 67, No. 1, January1980 F.R. DiNapoliand R. L. Deavenport'Green'sfunctionfield solution 95

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 at theupperandlow- v•.•[• •.•s,(•,•)+n,(•, •)]
wherea =•,•, b=•,•+lare evaluated
er boundaries of the pth layer, respectively. The sym- , LS+ITLS•
bols a, b will be used as abbreviations for the arguments _Ur.
--sS.•r.s.•Sr.
L$sO'r.s
, ' ø (38)
throughout, except where explicitly noted to the con- I •.iS•(b,a).Rr(b,a)]
p--•+l
trary. The continuity of impedance at the boundaries
between zl and z•. is automatically satisfied from the Similarly, if continuity of F. and U. is to hold every-
imposed condition that M(zi,zi) be the identity matrix. where below the source,

The matrix •(z) in the kth layer abovethe sourcemay

now be expressed as or

•(•)=•(•,• ) • , (s•.) Ui•+i= •+1 , '

This may be written in terms of the source constant as
where z• < z•< z•.l for 1•< k•< LS-1, and ZLS•<Z< Zs for U• s+•
U• q _ s.• LS + 1 •<k•<N-1 .
k =LS, the sourcelayer. ApplyingEqo(24) over [z•.l,
z•.l] yields z •*• ,b)]
p=LS+1

"*• •_,[•_,S.(b a) +R.(b a)] a =7".andb Thetwoconstants

•-x and•Ls+• are determined by
integrating Eq. (16) between the limits z
(33)
•d taking the limit as ( goes to zero. This is equiva-
Thus Eq. (32) may be written as lent to satisfying the source conditions,

•(z)
=M•(•,•q)
'
••*•][O•_l(•_,S,(b,a) + R•(b,a)]• (34)
la
The superscript S denotesthat the evaluation occurs
L•ewise the matrix •(z) below the source may be ex- the source depthz s. One finds that the aboveconditions
pressed. as will be satisfied if the constants are defined according
to
• _ •+1 ' +1 TT•+I
½•(z)=•(y•,y• ) •.•, (•)
U•S*•=a•./W
S+I ,

where z• • z • z•+• for LS+ 1 • • N-1 andz•s+•• ULS-• , , , (40)

for k =LS. The impedances •+•
• andZ •+• •re [he [er-
wherewithe= YLSS,a=yLLs
s, andb=•LS
minalimpedances
•o andZ• referenced
to thebottomof
the •th layer and may be easily found from Eqs. (30)
and (31). The Green's function in the kth layer for z
< z• may now be written as
a• ,-rs.•kPrs(e,•
G•(z)= [z•
'•+••(•, ' - •+•+ - (41)
a•=[Q•s(e,b)P•s(e,b)][•
J,
x {•:.•[•L• s,(•, •)+•,(•, •)]}. (s•) and the Wronskian is found to be given by
Similarly, the Green's function in the kth layer for z
W: zLS*• •LS.•
•LS+I -•Ls ' (42)
>z s is
the differencebetweenthe terminal impedanceZ
,.•,,., • r, • w, ] •+1 ' (37) referenced up to the level z • Z•s+• and the terminal
The subscripton G,(z) will generally be omitted since impedance
• referenced
downto thatsamelevel. The
the receiver is always located at (r,z) in the LRth la- constants in each layer are then
yer.
[•i-•s•(•,•)+n•(•,•)]•i -•
Thus the Green's functionG(z),z <Zs, may be written
in termsof•,.x andthemultiplicativeconstant : [2• s•(• a)+n•(•a)]
[•.xS,(b,a)+R,(b,a)].SimilarlyG(z),z>zsis givenin
2,.x andthe constantrr,.x ' Since the local ter-
terms of •+1 I•< k•<LS-1, (43)
minal impedances Z "*x
• andZ• *xare uniquelydetermined
+1 and
from Eqs. (30) and (31) in terms of the known half- .

space impedancesZ• andZ•, respectively, the Green's

function G(z) is completely specified upon determina-
U"+•=[•
/ fi [Zt'"'•St,(a
b)+R,b)], 9-,LS+i

tion of the multiplicative constants. LS + 1 •< k• < N- 1. (44)

If continuity
of• and• is toholdever•hereabove Thus G(z ,zs) in any layer can be foundby using these
thesource,then½,(z,)=½,.x(z
•) or, equivalently, constantsin Eqs. (36) and (37). If both the source and
[•.,S,(b,a)+a,(b,a)]=b•
'•. Therelation
tothecon- receiver are in the same layer (i.e., LS = LR), the
stant in the source layer is for 1 • k • LS- 1. Green's functionfor Zr.s•<Z•<zs and 1 •<LS•<N-1 is

(45)
•LS+I -- S

96 J. Acoust.
Soc.Am.,Vol.67, No.1, January
1980 F.R. DiNapoliandR. L. Deavenport:
Green's
functionfieldsolution 96

Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 138.162.0.39 On: Tue, 10 Nov 2015 16:19:26
 The solutionvalid for zs•< z •<ZLs+•is obtainedby interchangingz and z s in the above equation.
If thereceiveris belowthe sourceandin a differentlayer (i.e., LR>LS), the Gre,en's
functionfor zz•<z •<zz•+•,
LS + I •< LR •< N-1 is

/•+1 ,
G(z
zs)= •'•)+p•(y•
[Z•.•Qm(yiR z •
•'•)][•'•Q•s(yfs
y•]'•)+P•s(y•%,•
'•) • (46)

where

a•s., [Z Sga b)+•(a b) .

•= 1

The form of the solution for G provided above is the
familiar way of expressing the Green's function solu-
tion. FelsenandMarcuvitz2 andalso Coddington and
Levinson26providesolutionswhichare identicalinLR form
to Eq. (46), except for the absence of the factor
This factor is absent if both the source
are in the same layer (LS =LR), as can be seen by ex-
amining Eq. (45). Thus the above result represents an
extension of this earlier work in that
ceiver may be in different layers in a piecewise layered
media. The results for either LS or LR equal to zero
or N are special cases from a notational standpoint
only. The Green's function for these cases is provided
each of the L equispaced, discrete L values •m(rn -0, 1,
2,... ,L - 1) of the horizontal component of the wave-
number. This calculation represents the major portion
of the required execution timeø Thus the particular
manner in which fk,gk depend upon • will have a strong
and receiver bearing upon the ease with which G can be found as a
function of •m. Consideration of a few possible choices
for the fundamental solutions will illustrate the point.
the source and re- Trigonometric
functions:Ck(z)=a•,z•< z•< z•q
f •(9'•, • •) = sin9,•, gk(T' • •) = cost f
where

in Appendix A.
2- ]'/2.
The Green's function in.the LRth layer may be ex-
pressed in various alternative forms, using the rela- The evaluation of a square root and a trigonometric
tions provided in this section. One such form which function is required for each of the L values of
displays the dependence on the known terminal impe-
dancesZ•: and1• explicitlyis foundto be Airy function' C•(z)=an + bk(zk-z) ,zk•<z •<z•+,

-- Z o)/•1 'rLS'rLR.'LR+
1 f•(v•, •)=A•(T•, gk(v•,•,•)= Ba(V•),
G(z ,zs)= , (47) where

(1_,•,[)K•'-],
[g'[
] I,.1

The Airy functions must be recalculated L times.

where z•;R•<z•< z•;•q for LS + 1•<LR •<N- 1 and Zs•<z
•<Z•sq. All the terms in the above expression are ma- In contrast to the above, allow the sound speed to
trices. In pa•ieular, vary exponentially within each layer according to

I
- LSk'•LS
• • S
•TLS
LS+I
C•(Z)=a•f½•-•)/Hk;Z••<z•< z•q, 1•< k•<N-1 ,
where a• is the sound speed at the top of the kth layer,
LR • TLR
which need not equal C•_•(z•), and H• is an arbitrary
scale factor. The fundamental solutions are then found
to be '
•,1•,. (48)
f•(9'•' •(9'• g•(9'•;•) =V'(. (49)

The expression for G(z,Zs) valid above the source is that is, cylindrical functions of complex order
obtained from Eq. (47) by interchanging LS and.LR,
also z s and z. (v•)m-•( •,nHn- i(•H•) ,

III. NUMERICAL CONSIDERATIONS where a represents the value for attenuation in the me-
dium and real argument
The only restriction imposed uponthe matrizant of
Sec. II was that the soundspeed variation Ck(z) associ-
ated with the known solutions be a good approximation 9'•=•; av;
_ '
az--H• (50)
to the given soundspeedvariation within the subinterval
zk•< z•< zaq. The solutionfor the pressure field by The dependence upon • can then be efficiently found by
meansof the FFT [Eq. (14)] necessitatesthe evaluation evaluating Eq. (49) once for a pair of starting values,
of the depth-dependent
Green's function[Eq. (47)] for say (v•)0, (•)•, and utilizing the recurrence relations

97 J.Acoust.
Soc.Am.,Vol.67,No.1,January
1980 F.R.DiNapoli
andR.L.Deavenport:
Green's
function
fieldsolution 97

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 Since the minimum value of • should be zero and we
can showthat G(z,zl; •) decayswhen •> co/Crotn,
where
C,•ta is the minimum sound speed within the region zl
•< z •< z$, we find that the number of sample points L
needed is approximately

L ~ (•/C mi.)I-'Ima.
xß (55)
a5
TypicallyHma•
'• 10.5; hencenot onlydoesthe numberof
calculations increase at high frequencies but also the
=- ++ available core storage may be exceeded. A technique
hasbeenimplemented
28for rigorouslycircumventing
+[(v
+1)•]P,+,,
P• Pb (51) the core storage problem when it arises. Although the
execution time and storage requirements increase with
where p•=i•H•(z•), pb=i•H•p•(z•+l), and the argu- increasing frequency, the solution remains equally val-
id and accurate.
ments of the ma•rizant elements, which have been sup-
pressed for notational convenience, are as in Sec. II, The only remaining point involves the accuracy of re-
a =y , b =y• . placingthe Hankelfunction
H•(•r) withthefirst term in
its asymptotic expansion, which was introduced without
The recurrence relations [Eq. (51)] are stable except justification in the Introduction. A discussion of this
whenthe ]v [ falls betweenthe argumentsa, b. A dis- approximation is provided in Appendix B.
c•sion of their use in this situation is provided by
D• apoli and Powers.•• IV. EXAMPLES

The wavenumber domain sampling distance
found to be
u•n noting that the recurrence relations require that
the change in u be unity. The fact that the FFT requires
equispacedvalues of •m is in conflict with Eq. (52),
since H• is different for each of the (N - 1) possible lay-
ers. Then let Af equal the reciprocal
scale [actor
In this section, the results for the pressure field,
plotted in terms of propagation loss versus range, are
provided for three examples. The source and receiver
(52)
locations have been purposely chosen at unusual depths
in two of the examples to illustrate the generality of
the formalism given in Sec. II. For the third example,
the source is in a surface duct; the receiver is below
the duct; and a relatively high frequency has been cho-
of the largest sen to illustrate the general applicability of the FFP
algorithm.

= (53) The same environmental description is used for all

three examples. A plot of sound speed versus depth is
and restric• the remaining scale factors •o some ar-
provided in Fig. 2, with additional information given in
bitrary integer multiple p• of this value, i.e.,

k = 1,2,... ,N - 1. (54)
This restriction limits the ability to approximate the 338 1480 1510 1540
-lOO.OO
given sound speed variation arbitrarily dose but leaves
enough flexibility to model most cases of interest in
o.oo
lol .94
--F/ I AIR
I I
•de•ater acoustics. Then if the discrete values of 123.30 •
256.83
are given by

•m=f0 +mA•, m=0,1,2,...,L-1, WATER

they yield the discrete values of the order oi the cylin-

drical functions in each layer

( - + m = 0,1,2,... - 1, 1001.20
l•k•N-1.

The condition that the change in u• be unity can be sat-

isiied ii p• pairs oi star•ing values are calculated and
used in the recurrence relations.

1550 1650
The required computer memory for each layer with I _
1799.54
exponential sound speed is then 2p• complex values of
BOTTOM
P(,)• andp• complexvaluesfor bothQ(,)• and
[Thevaluesfor S(,)•canbeobtained
fromEq. (26).] 2099.54

For somem, the appropriatevaluesof P(u•)m'

andR(,•)m(where1• k• N - 1) are selectedandusedto
calculate Eq. (48). That result is stored in a complex SOUND SPEED (m/s)
array oi size L and Eqs. (51) are used again for m + 1. FIG. 2. Sound speed profile for examples i and 2.

98 J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 67, No. 1, January1980 F.R. DiNapoliand R. L. Deavenport:Green'sfunctionfield solution 98

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 TABLE I. Environmental and related FFP values, examples 1-3.

Depth (m) Depth (rn) Sound speed Sound speed Sound speed type
top of bottom (m/s) (m/s) (1--exponential Hk or pk
Layer layer of layer top of layer bottom of layer 2= constant) [Eq. (54)] Density

o XT,-,•- ,-,.-,.-,14,,-.,-,1-,1,-, n -- fl flfll OOO O A

-- •0- ooo '"0 '"'-'"'
1 z1 z2= 101.934 Cl (zl) = 1538.72 Cl(z2)=1540.83 1 pl=2 pl=l
2 z2 z3= 123.304 C2(Z2)-'1540.83 C2(Z3)-'1539.06 1 i02= 8 P2= 1
3 z3 z4= 256.824 C3(z3)= 1539.06 C3(z4)=1525.31 1 P3= 10 P3= 1
4 z4 zs= 1001.21 C4(z4)--1525.31 C4(z5)= 1487.62 1 i04=5 P4=l
5 z5 z6= 1799.54 C5(zs)= 1487.62 C5(z6)=1495.62 1 i05=Hma• /)5= 1
= 0.148 762 05 x 106
6 z6 z?= 2099.54 C6(z6)= 1550 C6(z?)=1646.67 1 P6= 30 P6= 1.6
7 z? zs=• C?(z?)=1828.8 C?(oo)=
1828.8 2 Not applicable p?= 2.0

Table I. The density is assumed constant within each slightly less than that associated with the sound speed
layer; hence, n,•,(•)
eft reduces to the usual depth-dependent in air.

wavenumber. The soundspeedvariation betweenz•

The propagation loss versus range is shown in Fig. 4.
and z 6 is representative of conditions found during the
It behaves as might be expected for a bottom-limited
winter in the vicinity of the Bahama Islands. The water
depth of 1799.54 m is neither deep nor shallow. The
120
environmentalparameters used in the bottom (z >z 6)
are not necessarily realistic. 108

The propagation loss was calculated from the ratio of

the time-averaged intensity at the source, assuming
that it is in a "free field" to the time-averaged intensi-
ty at the receiver. If the radial particle velocity and
the pressure are approximately related by the plane
wave characteristic impedance, the expression for
propagation loss referenced to 1 m is

z• : k(z2)
s,, lo'"{'
P•(z)C•(z!i
) -
z 36
k (i5)

• 24 I
A. Example 1--Air to water
12
A 16-Hz cw source was located at -100 m in air
0
(z <Zo, LS=0) andthe receiver was put at 15.2 m (zo ko i i i i i i

•<z •<z•, LR = 1). The pertinentparameters for the o.o.o, .oh.o; .ol .o, .,;, .o,' .,, .,, '.;,
FFP were WAVENUMBER

Ali= 1/Hm..'- 0.67221445 x 10's• •0= Af 120

-
Ar=l14.09906m, ro =At. 108 -

The numberof samplesrequired, Eq. (55)with Cmtn

= 338, is about44000whichexceedsthe maximum •
AIR TO WATER
computer array size. This problem was circumvented '•o 84- Z s = -100 m Z - 15 2 m
by collapsing28the required number of samples, which x f= 16Hz
uJ 72-
need not be a power of 2, down to a manageable array z
size of 8192ß A collapsing factor of 20, i.e., (20 "'
¾
u. 60-
x 8192) total points, was used. This was excessive o
since a collapsing factor of 6 would have sufficed . A "'
r• 48 _ k (AIR)
/
partialplotof G(zs,z;•)•/2 versus• is shown
in •
Fig. 3. Each peak in this plot corresponds to the pres- o a6
ence of a singularity of G at some complex value (due •
inpartto attenuation)
of •. Thewavenumbers
associa- •4
ted with the sound speeds in the water column lie be- 1•
tweenk(z•.) and k(z•). which are marked on the figure.
0
It is evident that the trapping of energy within the water I I

column itself plays an insignificant role and that the

bottombouncecontribution[0•<• •<k(z6)] dominates. WAVENuMBER

The solitary peak to the right occurs at a wavenumber FIG. 3. Magnitude of kernel versus wavenumber for example 1.

99 J. Acoust.
Soc.Am.,Vol.67, No.1, January
1980 F.R. DiNapoliandR. L. Deavenport'
Green's
functionfieldsolution 99

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 AIR TO WATER
Z s=-100 rnZ =15.2rn
f= 16Hz

110

FIG. 4. Propagation loss

•130 versus range for example 1.

150

170 I I I I I
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
RANGE (km)

situation, except for the high initial loss due to the
mismatch in impedance between air and water.
B. Example 2-Water to bottom ,
In this case the 16-Hz cw source is located
surface duct zs TM15.2 m, LS = 1. The receiver is placed
in the bottom at z = 1850 m, LR = 6 where a sound speed
gradient exists.
The distinguishing feature of the kernel versus
wavenumber plot, Fig. 5, is the absence of the peak
correspondingto the wavenumber in air. Figure 6 offers
an examination of the propagation loss versus range
for this source and receiver configuration. The figure
reveals no significant difference from what would be
obtained if the receiver were in the water column,
with the exception of the high initial loss at close
ranges.
WATER TO BOTTOM
Z s = 15.2 Z = 1850 rn
C. Example 3--Cross layer
The source has once again been placed in the surface
duct (LS = 1) at zs= 15.2 m, but in this instancethe re-
ceiver is located just below the duct (LR = 2) at z = 110
in the rn; the frequency has been increased to 1000 Hz. The
resulting propagation loss versus range is given in
Fig. 7, where the unusually low propagation loss in the
bottom bounce region is due to the unrealistic nature of
the bottom at this frequency.
v. SUMMARY
An explicit general representation for the depth-de-
pendent Green's function occurring in the integral solu-
tion to the wave equation has been derived. This rep-
resentation permits the monochromatic point source
and receiver to be located at any two depths in a plane
multilayered medium. An example of its use to under-
water acoustics is provided by modeling the sound
speed within the air, water, and bottom with a combi-

4ø
I f=16Hz nation of layers which have either constant or ex-
ponential sound speed variation. In addition, a tech-
nique for the evaluation of the integral solution, the
Fast Field Program (FFP), has been delineated and
applied to obtain answers for the propagation loss ver-
sus range resulting when:
z 24 (a) The source is in the air and the receiver is in
the water;
u. 20
0 (b) The source is in the water and the receiver is in
the bottom;
• 16
z (c) Both source and receiver are in the water in a
(D 12- cross-layered juxtaposition.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by the Naval Sea Systems

Command (Code SEA 06H1-4, A. P. Franceschetti,
WAVENuMBER Program Manager)under Navy Subproject
FIG. 5. Magnitude of kernel versus wavenumber for example 2. # SF 52 552 601-19325.

100 J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 67, No. 1, January1980 F.R. DiNapoliand R. L. Deavenport:Green'sfunctionfield solution 100

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 40- WATER TO BOTTOM
Zs-15.2mZ =1850m
f= 16Hz

FIG. 6. Propagation loss versus

8o range for example 2.

lOO

120[ I I I
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
RANGE (km)

APPENDIX A: SPECIAL CASES FOR G(z, zs) NOT Case 3. LS=O, LR=N,(N> I)
COVERED BY EQ. (46)

Explicit results for the depth-dependent Green's func-

tion are given for the case of either the source or re-
,
C(z Iie
'ioø
•s
1ei[•
N
(z'z
z•)=L t•o --•--i-•
(z•-2o) N)
--N
Z NA•;s.•.

Case 4. LS = LR = O
ceiver in the zero or Nth half-space. These results
are derived in the same manner used to obtain Eq. (46)
but that result does not reduce to the equations below
because of an indexing inconsistency. In each instance,
G(z,z•)=
k •o [ie"•o•s][Z•cos(•oZ)-•
(Z•-2•)/(iwpo) '
Case 5. LS = LR = N
it is assumed that z >zs and the quantities are as de-
fined in Sec. II. .
a(•'•,)=[2•.•cos•(•-•)+
(z•-2•.,)/(i•p•)
•s•(•,-•)]
Case 1. LS = O, I •<LR •<N-1.

L•--'/.,,R
+!Qz•(a, t•)+Pz•(a, t•
fie-,ao
c(z,z•)=L •o•s
1 (z,•_2•)/(iWpo) ß
X •N '
whered=7•s , e=7•s , andb=-•s• in the abovespecial
Case 2. I•LS•N-2,LR=N c•ses.

G(zz,)=• •s Q•s(e
b)+P•s(e,b)]e•"m'"•)Z•a
•
%• LS+z -- • LS
N •S+•

APPENDIX B: AN ALTERNATIVE NUMERICAL

C•se 2•. LS =N- l, LR = N EVALUATION SCHEME FOR BESSEL TRANSFORMS

The observation that the Fast Fourier Transform

(FFT) algorithm could be used to evaluate Bessel

40÷ CROSS LAYER

Z s- 15.2 rnZ - 110 rn
f- 1000 Hz

60

FIG. 7. Propagationloss
8O versus range for example 3.

100

15 3O 45 6O 75 9O 105 120
RANGE (km)

101 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 67, No. 1, January 1980 F. R. DiNapoli and R. L. Deavenport' Green's function field solution 101

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 transforms was first made by H. W. Marsh in 1967. In and v is a theoretically arbitrary constant, except for
his approach, the Hankel function is replaced by its the restriction that Re(v)> 0. Next, we introduce the
large argument (•r) asymptotic expansion. Small val- Fourier Integral Transform pairs
ues of r correspond to close proximity to the source.
Small values of • may result from either a very low A(z ,z 2; X)= õ(z,z 2; •) e'•"'ud•
frequency or from angles that are close to 90ø, mea-
sured from the horizontal. and (B2)

Recently, Tsang et al.,2ø evidently unaware of the õ(z,z 2; •)= A(z ,z2; X)e•"'udX.
work of Marsh, have proposed a different scheme for
the evaluationof t•esseltransforms,whichalsoutili- The solution for the pressure field is then
zes the FFT algorithm. The advantage of their ap-
proach is that it is exact for all values of •r. The ma-
jor disadvantage is that it requires considerably more (•(r,z
2,z
)=•.•A(z
,z2;X)I(v,
X,r)dX, (B3)

execution time, if results are desired for more than where

one value of horizontal range. Their approach is used
in this appendix to obtain results for the pressure field I(v ,X,r)= e'(V'i"'•Jo(•r)• d•
for small values of •r, which are then compared with
FFP answers. (v- i2•rX)
First, we summarize the T sang approach. The Bes-
[(v- i2•x)"+r"]•/" '
sel transform for the pressure field is Evaluationof Eq. (B3) at the discrete pointsX,= naX
yields
ß(r,z•,z)=• •(z ,z•; •)•o(•r)••, (B1)
(•(r,z,z2)-•aX y•. A(naX)I(v,naX,r)
,
which is recast into the equivalent form n.-L /2

where it has been tacitly assumed that contribution

•(r,z2,z)=• •(z,z2;•)e'ø•do(•r)•
d•, fromtheintegralscorresponding
to valuesof InI> L/2
where
can be safely neglected. Assuming that A(nAX) will be
foundfrom an FFT evaluationof Eq. (B2), the pressure
õ(z ,z 2; •)= G(z,z 2; •) ev• field may be written as

(•(r,z,z2)•ax
(0)(v,.+r2)3/,.
+A [(v+i•LaX)2+r"]
3/ aX [A(naX)I(v,r,naX)+A(L-n•aXP/"I*(
(e•)

where the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate. The depth-dependent Green's function is
Equation (B4) is valid for any r, but for each different
r it must be recalculated.
G(z,z 2; •)= ie•'•2•/2• ,
where
1. Example BI' Inverse solution for direct path (infinite
cw)

The simplest problem in underwater acoustics is to

•=t•+i•,.,•o>(•"+a"P/•'
{•,.+i•, •o<(•"+
,
solve for the pressure field produced by a point mono-
chromatic source located in an infinite constant sound
speed ocean. The inverse of this problem from Eq.
(B1) is
/•'=/• ' /•= 2
Substitution into Eq. (B5) yields
c(z,z•; •)-c*(z,z•; •) e-B2(Z-Zs)
,.),/,.
[cos•,(z-z•)-½],
ko>
-- fo'(I
mimp2---•--•
So•(•(r
,z,z2))Jo(•r)rdr
, (BS) -- fo'sin(koR)e
R '• Jø(•r)rdr
where
,. ,. ,/,. - ½], ko<(• + a (B6)
(•+•.) '
P(r,z,z2)=
ioopS•.
4•
e•o
R
• where

and, to an excellent approximation, • = •an'•(••./•).

ko- ko+ ia. The integral on the right of Eq. (B6) has been evalua-

102 J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 67, No. 1, January1980 F.R. DiNapoliand R. L. Deavenport:Green'sfunctionfield solution 102

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 180 DIRECT PATH INVERSE SOLUTION

200

140 EXACT ANSWER ] I i ',

150
SOLUTIONOF TSANGet al. I . .
100
100
I I, i1111111 50

o 60 __•4
, F.FP
I
.[ II millill
II II1 IIIIIIII
i: rx -- 'A' 'h f
• I •, ,• It I1'IIIIIIIII - u. O0
x
--•b•j '• ii I III II IIIIIil
z •,, • • • II ! I]
-50
o_ 20 . x,c, .... t _-__ t-, ,,,,,,,, --
• I I I. 'l' II I IIIIIIl!
400
\ II i 1' ',11
I III I!1111
0 -20
, ,
\
,;
/i
i
,, ,,, ,,,,till[
\ill
k/!
'
' !]1i '•
I tli !
Ill II
]•1 Ilfill]
- -"-'
-150

-20½
<
x
-60
.......
•, !'!
ß • i I ? 'lJ !• IIIIIII
•. '. '.". ILl I!!!!.1![ -- O0 .010 .020 .030 .040 .050 .O60
I '• ' I I I ', [ I , ' ! i I' I IIII!i t
I ', ' ] ' ] ! ] I ; I,'' I ! I!11', HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS OF WAVE NUMBER
-lOO ' ' ' i ! [ I •, [ [ ' ! • I I III11
FIG. B2. Direct path inverse solution.

-14o , ,

i ßi I. the value of v is critical to the success of this scheme.

-18o , , l,i ,I i, ., If vr> •R , the Fourier Integral Transform for A(z ,zs,X)
0 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 will not converge. On the other hand, the numerical
HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF WAVENUMBER results become unstable if v is extremely small. For
FIG. B1. Comparison of FFP and Tsang algorithms for evalu-
this case, a value of v= c•/2 worked nicely. Equation
ation of Eq. (B6). (B4), with r and • interchanged, was evaluatedat •m
= mA• to obtain a comparison at more than one point.
The answers for various intervals of •m are plotted in
ted by boththe FFP technique[Eq. (14)] and the Tsang Fig. B2, along with the exact answers. Excellent
algorithm [Eq. (B4)]. For the FFP evaluation, the agreement is observed for all values of •, including
following input values were used' those close to • = 0 as was expected.
L=8192, ko=0.062831853(ft'•),
2. Example B2: Direct solution with multipath (infinite
cw)
a: 10-qN•
ft '
Af=0.306
79616x 10-4(ft-•),
Both approaches are used to evaluate the received
z-zs:lOOft(30.48m), Ar=25 ft(7.62m), pressure field [Eq. (B1)] for a 35-Hz source locatedat
80 ft (24.38 m), LS= 1 and a receiver at 450 ft (137.16
f=50Hz, •o=A•, ro=Ar.
m), LR--2. A pressurereleasecondition,
•--0, has
The FFP answers are plotted along with the exact been imposed at z•= 0. The pertinent environmental .
answers in Fig. B1. It is evident that excellent agree- and related FFP values are listed in Table B1. The
ment exists everywhere, except for small values parameter values for the FFT are
(•< 0.01) of •. This error is due to the assumption
that the large argumentasymptoticapproximationwas L=8192, A•=2/H•.=0.277... xlO'Sx(2),
reasonable for all values of •. Ar=69.029135, •o=A•, r o=Ar/2.
The same values for the parameters listed above The FFP propagation loss (reference to 1 ft)versus
were used in the evaluation of the Tsang algorithm, range,is shownin Fig. B3. The propagationloss ob-
with the exception that r o and •o were set equal to zero. tained by the Tsang approach wiLh v=200 for Lwo range
The FFT provides results for A(z,zs,nAX) at the points intervals is shown in Figs. B4 and B5, where the FFP
X,: hah, where •= (L•r) '•. The proper selectionfor answers for the same range points have also been pro-

TABLE BI. Environmental and related FFP values, example B2.

Depth (ft) Depth (ft) Sound speed Sound speed Sound speed type
top of bottom of (ft/s) top (ft/s) bottom (1= exponential Hk or pk
Layer layer layer of layer of layer 2=constant) [Eq. (54)] Density

_oo zi = 0 Arbitrary Arbitrary Not applicable Not applicable p0= 0

zi z2= 200 ft Ci(zl) = 5040 C1(z2)= 4956.7 i Pt = -30 Pl = 1
z2 z 3= 9000 ft C2(z2)= 4956.7 C2(z3)=5079.4 i H2= Hma x p2= 1
= 3.6 x 105
z3 z4= 9200 ft C3(z3)= 5250 C3(z4)= 5250 2 Not applicable p3= 1.5
z4 oo C4(z4)= 5425 C4(• ) = 5425 2 Not applicable P4-1.5

103 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 67, No. 1, January 1980 F. R. DiNapoliand R. L. Deavenport'Green'sfunctionfield solution 103

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 50-

MED FFP
60 FREQUENCY--35

70
• SREU•FEi/•CE•
•)•LpOTCHI__T4Y;•)
Oft40
ft/s,
80

90

lOO

u. 110 _

n- 120
FIG. B3. Propagation loss versus range
o 130 for example B-2/FFP method.
0 3 6 g 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48

0
-- 80
DENSITY RATIO=1.5
M--13
0
,• 90 2 LAYERS
0
n- 100

110

120

130

140 I i i i i t i i i 1
48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96
RANGE (KYD)

vided for comparison.
The results for Fig. B4 start at the value to= 69.029
ft (21.04 m). The dominant paths, as given by ray
theory at the beginning of the range interval, would be
a direct and a surface-reflected path. The destructive
interference of these two paths is responsible for the
null in the pattern at very close ranges. The angles
associated with these paths are small as measured
from the horizontal. Thus, excellent agreement exists
FFP AND TSANG et aI.(SUMMER
50
between the two solutions. As the range increases, the
two rays merge and a shadow zone develops, which
accounts for the monotonic increases in propagation
loss. The pattern is interrupted at the range where
significant bottom bounce energy reaches the receiver.
This energy is associated with steep angles (i.e.,
small values of •) and a difference is evident between
the two results. This small difference most likely can
be attributed to the introduction of the asymptotic ex-
pansion in the FFP approach.
The results in Fig. B5 correspond to a range interval
MED) where bottom bounce energy predominates. However,

70
FFP AND TSANG et aI.(SUMMER MED)
60

80

• 7o
90-

"' 80
100 -

O
.• 90
110 -

lOO
120 -

110. i I i I j I l 130
0 i 2 3 4 5 6 7 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

RANGE (KYD) RANGE (KYD)

FIG. B4. Propagation loss versus range for example B-2/FFP FIG. B5. Propagation loss versus range for example B-2/FFP
and Tsang methods. and Tsang methods.

104 J. Acoust.
Soc.Am.,Vol.67, No.1, January
1980 F.R. DiNapoliandR. L. Deavenport:
Green's
functionfieldsolution 104

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105 J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol. 67, No. 1, January1980 F.R. DiNapoliandR. L. Deavenport:Green's

functionfieldsolution 105

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