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Universitas Indonesia: Report Assignment 3
Universitas Indonesia: Report Assignment 3
Report Assignment 3
BIO-02
GROUP PERSONNEL:
AMALIA OKTAVIANI (1806150036)
ANDIKA MARDIANTO (1806207362)
DENNIS CHAN (1806207431)
FATHARANI ALIFAH FADHIAH (1806207564)
MORLY HOLAW (1806150111)
SUFFA HAFIZAHAQ (1806207646)
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LIST OF CONTENTS
I. Product Specification
1. Background (Dennis)
2. Product Final Specification (Andika & Rani)
3. Product Composition (Suffa Amal)
II. Product Design Communication and Visual
1. Brand (Dennis)
2. Logo (Morly)
3. Tagline (Dennis)
4. Product Prototype Design (Morly
5. Packaging Prototype Design (Morly)
III. Product Manufacturing
1. Market Analysis (Dennis)
2. Market Segmentation (Dennis)
3. Determining Production Capacity (Dennis)
4. Ingredients (Amal dan Morly)
5. Block Flow Diagram (Amal dan Morly)
6. Equipment (Amal dan Morly)
Mass and Energy Balance (Suffa dan Fatharani)
7. Plant Scheduling (Suffa dan Fatharani)
8. Plant Location (Dennis dan Andika)
9. Plant Layout (Dennis dan Andika)
IV. Conclusion (Together)
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LIST OF FIGURES
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LIST OF TABLES
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CHAPTER 1
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
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1.2 Product Ingredients
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transfer of energy needed for bacterial metabolism (Cushine and Lamb, 2005). The
content of flavonoid compounds, saponins, polyphenols as antibacterial compounds
in cabbage is very potential to be used as a therapy against bacterial infections
including E. coli.
The results of the research conducted by Maryuni (2008) showed that the
increasing concentration of the ethanol extract of cabbage leaves also increased the
diameter of the inhibition zone. The higher the extract concentration, the greater the
number of antibacterial compounds released, so that the ability of these compounds
to inhibit bacterial growth also increases. This antibacterial activity is thought to be
related to the active compounds contained in cabbage leaves, including flavonoids,
polyphenols, saponins and tannins (Rusmiati, et al., 2007).
Flavonoids have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonellatyphimurium, and
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Several theories suggest that the mechanism of
action of flavonoids as antibacterials is by inhibiting DNA synthesis, disrupting the
function of the cytoplasmic membrane and inhibiting the transfer of energy needed
for bacterial metabolism (Cushine and Lamb, 2005). Polyphenols have a
mechanism of inhibiting bacterial growth by interfering with the formation of cell
walls and cell membranes. Tannins are able to inhibit the activity of enzymes in
bacteria, namely by binding and depositing proteins in mucus and mucosal
epithelial cells. Saponin compounds can carry out an inhibitory mechanism by
forming complex compounds with cell membranes through hydrogen bonds so that
they can destroy the permeability of the cell wall and eventually cause cell death
(Noer and Nurhayati, 2006).
In another study conducted by Tahira Zamir (2013) also showed that
cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.capitata L) has antibacterial properties with the
disc diffusion method, in several bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus, and Proteus with various
concentrations of 10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml. 40 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml.
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Figure X. E. coli growth inhibition at various concentrations of cabbage extract
(Source: Wahyuni, L. S. 2014)
1.2.2.2 Protease
The microbial cells of biofilm are embedded into a self-produced
extracellular matrix comprising of polymeric substances such as polysaccharides,
proteins, lipids and DNA. As proteins are one of the major constituents of biofilms,
the proteases are considered to be the most potential enzymes for biofilm removal
(Lister and Horswill, 2014). Proteases such as aureolysin, proteinase K, spl
protease, staphopain A and B produced by staphylococcal strains help in
degradation of biofilms (Fleming and Rumbaugh, 2017).
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at 37℃ after preincubation of protease at 60°C. It can be seen that activity of
protease was stable at 60°C as it retained 95% and 57% of its activity after
incubation at this temperature for 1 and 2 hours. Picture C shows the effect of pH
to the activity of protease, it can be seen that protease showed its maximum activity
at pH 12 and 60°C when the reaction mixture was incubated at pH varying from 6
to 12.
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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1-Physical-Properties-of-Propylene-Glycol-
Monick-1968_tbl1_305366517
https://farmasetika.com/2020/06/24/kegunaan-dan-kebutuhan-propilen-glikol-
sebagai-eksipien-sediaan-likuid/
https://repository.usd.ac.id/16773/2/038114122_Full.pdf
1.2.2.4 Rhamnolipid
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Figure x above shows the effect of temperature on surface activity of
rhamnolipid (50 mg/l in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2). It shows that there
was no reduction in surface activity upon exposure to 100°C for up to 1 h. It also
can be seen that autoclaving at 121°C for 10 min did not reduce surface activity to
any degree. Surface activity was expressed in terms of percentage reduction in
surface tension.
1.2.2.5 Sorbitol
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Chemical structure of Sorbitol
(Source: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/39-Biochemical-Properties-of-Sorbitol-
Solution_tbl16_305374629
1.2.2.7 Water
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Water is used to adjust the viscosity of the mixture to the desired level so
that the appropriate concentration is obtained. Water is a chemical compound
consisting of two atoms of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen. The stable phase
of water is known as cold, and vapor is considered the gas phase.
1.3.1 A
1.3.2 B
1.3.3 C
1.3.4 D
1.3.5 E
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Brand
A brand of a product acts as an identity and a value for customers to
purchase a product because the interaction between the product and the consumers
is achieved by how the company creates the brand for its product. Branding is a
process that involves creating simple yet memorable name and image for a product,
mainly for advertising campaigns and products to the society. The aim is to establish
a significant and unique presence in the market to then be able to attract and retain
customers on purchasing the company’s product.
The brand for our Anti-Biofilm product is ‘Ozy+’. The word Ozy stands
for the combination of the 2 base materials for our product, that are Brassicacea
oleracea var. acephala (Kale) and Protease which is an enzyme for the product.
From the word Ozy, we expect customer to know the base materials that are used,
which is a combination between enzyme and natural ingredient. The ‘+’ means that
our product acts both as a Biofilm Inhibitor as well as an EPS Penetrator to the
structure of biofilms in pipelines. As a whole, we want our brand to highlight the 2
in 1 benefit of our product, while using natural ingredient as our unique selling
point.
2.2 Logo
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2.3 Tagline
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CHAPTER 3
PRODUCT MANUFACTURE
- Demographic
From the previous survey, the highest demand for Anti-Biofilm product is
for FMCG and Water and Waste Treatment Industries, due to both
companies have higher risk of microbial contamination.
- Geographic
- Psychometric
- Behavioral
3.1.2 Demand Approximation
a. Benchmark: PT Kevin Chemindo
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- Companies that uses Oxyquart : 89
- Amount of Oxyquart sold per month : 84016 L
- Estimate the amount of oxyquart for each companies per month : 944 L
- Operation Days : 27 days
- Production Capacity per day : 3111,702 L
- Our Chosen Production Capacity : 1555,851 L
b. Demand Driven
3.1.3.1 A
3.1.3.2 B
3.1.3.3 C
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3.1.3.4 D
3.1.4 D
3.1.4.1 A
3.1.4.2 B
3.1.4.3 C
3.1.4.4 D
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3.2.1 Raw Material Supply
Brassicaceae
Extract (Brassica
oleracea L. var. Xi’an Ceres Biotech
Capitata L.) Co., Ltd.
$5.00/kg
Formula:
Xi’an Leader
Rhamnolipid Biochemical
Formula: Engineering Co., Ltd.
$20.00/kg
Dalian Future
Propylene Glycol International Co., Ltd.
Formula: $800/metric ton
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Sorbitol
Formula: C6H14O6
Fustate Nutrition Co.,
Density at 1.489
Ltd $1.80/kg
g/cu cm 20°C
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3.2.2 Block Flow Diagram
Before proceeding with the raw materials following the process shown
above, we need to prepare each of the different raw materials to make sure that it’s
ready to proceed. Each of the raw materials is stored in different storage tanks, for
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example, the raw materials in form of powder are put in the SILO tank and the ones
with liquid form are stored in liquid storage tanks before being delivered into the
process.
Another initial step to take is to prepare the feed flowing into the very first
process which is to weigh the desired amount of product in the feed. The accurate
weighing of raw materials is conducted by the formulation of the given ratio
decided in the beginning. This step is very important because otherwise, the final
product will be different from what is desired. After the weighing is done, the next
step is to carry out raw materials from the storage room into the operation
equipment by using centrifugal pump and pipe from storage tank to mixing tank.
3.2.3.3 Mixing
At the start of the process two mixing tanks are used to make two different
mixtures. The machine used is a static mixer / interface surface generator which is
defined as a static device that mixes the liquid with the fluid passing through the
interface surface generator. In this process temperature plays an important role
because it will affect the homogeneity of the antibiofilm product.
1. Mixing 1
In the first tank, 49.5% Brassicaceae Extract as the active agent and 15%
Rhamnolipid which acts as a surfactant were added and mixed until
homogeneous in dry powder form for about 15 minutes to get the mixture A.
2. Mixing 2
In the second tank, 6% propylene glycol and 6% sorbitol which functions as a
stabilizer and are added gradually with 15% deionized water as a solvent. Then
the mixing proceeds as powder dispersion mixing until it is homogeneous and
takes about 4 hours to produce a mixture of B. At this stage it was carried out
by batch heating to 75oC.
3.2.3.4 Blending
The mixture A and B is then pumped into the blending tank and gradually
added sodium bicarbonate into the blender until it reaches the desired pH and stirred
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until it is homogeneous to get the antibiofilm liquid for 5 hours. This is done to mix
the ingredients from the mixing tank 1 and 2 before the cooling process is carried
out, including the process of powder dispersion in the mixer.
3.2.3.5 Cooling
After blending occurred, the flow then is cooled before being blended for
the second time with lower set of temperature. Cooling is needed because there is a
certain raw material that is not resistant to thermal or high temperature in the
operation and require lower temperature to proceed. Mixture is then cooled to room
temperature, around 25oC, for about 20 minutes.
3.2.3.6 Blending
The second period of blending is required only to add enzyme into the
mixture of antimicrobial and biosurfactant blended with specific viscosity acquired.
In this step, proteinase K is added to the mixture in powder form. Blending also
requires emulsion to reach the viscosity of 1000 cP as desired at ambient pressure
and temperature for about 20 minutes.
After all ingredients are blended into the mixture, its then stored
temporarily in a vessel tank in order for the product to remain in a homogeneous
condition and to be inspected for a quality control before being packed becoming
the final product. Temperature and pressure in the storage tank are engineered to be
equal to room condition.
Filling and Packaging is the process in which products are filled into
packages using machine power that can measure exactly how much capacity each
package needs to fill. The next process is to provide a product label that contains
composition, precautions, batch number, expiration date, logo, and manufacturer.
After labeling is complete, the antibiofilm product is ready to be transferred to
storage.
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3.2.3.9 Warehouse
This type of storage tank can be used to store powders including the raw materials
such as Brassicaceae Extract, rhamnolipid, sorbitol and natrium bicarbonate. The
detailed specifications of the storage are stated in the table below.
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Drive Electrical
Power 7.5 kW
Material Stainless Steel
Medium Powder
Capacity 1000L
Dimension (L*W*H) 1140*1140*1615 mm
Price $1000
This type of storage tank can be used to store liquid including the raw materials
such as Propylene Glycol. The detailed specifications of the storage are stated in
the table below.
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Drive Electrical
Power 3 kW
Material Stainless Steel
Medium Liquid
Capacity 1000L
Dimension (L*W*H) 1400*1400*2650 mm
Price $1000
This type of mixer is commonly used in industry to mix powders with different
particle sizes, which in this process is used for the first mixing of Brassicaceae
extract and rhamnolipid. Knowing that both of the ingredients combined construct
more than half of the product composition, mixing of both needs a quite huge
capacity with specifications stated below.
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Brand GUOFENG
Drive Electrical
Power 7.5 kW
Material Stainless Steel
Mixer Type Ribbon
Barrel Volume 1000L
Working Capacity 700yb L
Price $2800
3.3.4 D
3.3.5 E
3.3.6 D
3.3.7 E
3.4.1 A
3.4.1.1 A
3.4.1.2 B
3.4.1.3 C
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3.4.1.4 D
3.4.2 B
3.4.2.1 A
3.4.2.2 B
3.4.2.3 C
3.4.2.4 D
3.4.3 C
3.4.3.1 A
3.4.3.2 B
3.4.3.3 C
3.4.3.4 D
3.4.4 D
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3.4.4.1 A
3.4.4.2 B
3.4.4.3 C
3.4.4.4 D
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CHAPTER 4
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
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REFERENCES
Mendes, A.N., Filgueiras, L.A., Pinto, J.C. and Nele, M. 2015. Physicochemical
Properties of Rham-nolipid Biosurfactant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA1 to
Applications in Microemulsions. Journal of Biomaterials and
Nanobiotechnology, 6, 64-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2015.61007.
Saggu, S.K., Jha, G., and Mishra, P.C. 2019. Enzymatic Degradation of Biofilm
by Metalloprotease From Microbacterium sp. SKS10. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
7:192. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00192
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Maryuni. 2008. Aktivitas Antibakteri Tanaman Bandotan (Agerantum conyzoides
Linn.) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus.Karya Tulis
Ilmiah. IPB. Bandung.
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APPENDICES
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