Chemistry Booklet # 2

Unit: Pharmaceutical calculations and considerations

 Key Concept: Relationships

 Related Concepts: Balance

Consequences

 Global Context: Fairness and development

Exploration: an exploration of the environmental and equity issues in the
pharmaceutical industry.

 Statement of Inquiry: Balance is an inevitable consequence of chemical

reactions and understanding of calculations related to pharmaceutical
industry allows development of strategies for providing equity in access to
medicines.

 Approaches to Learning skills (ATL):

Communication: Communication skills
Research: Information-literacy skills

 Objective(s) /Summative Assessment(s):

Objective A: Written Exam
Objective B (Inquiring and designing): Lab Investigation
Objective C (Processing and Evaluation): Lab Investigation
Objective D (Reflecting on the impacts of science): Essay

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 Material(content):
- Names and formulas of ionic compounds.
- Names and formulas of covalent compounds.
- Understand what is meant by one mole of a substance.
- Determine the number of particles and the amount of substance in moles.
- Understand what is meant by molar mass.
- Calculate the mass of one mole of a substance.
- Calculate the number of moles in a specified mass of a substance.
- Work out the number of particles in a specified mass and a mass of a molecule.
- Apply simple stoichiometric calculations on chemical equations.
- Solve problems involving limiting and excess reactants in chemical reactions.
- Calculate the theoretical and percentage yield in a reaction.
- Calculate atom economy in a reaction.
- Understand what is meant by empirical and molecular formulas.
- Calculate empirical and molecular formulas.
- Define the term solution.
- Discuss components of solutions.
- State examples on solute /solvent combinations for solutions.
- List types of solutions (Acidic, alkaline and salty solutions).
- Discuss the meaning of acidic solution.
- Define the term acid.
- State names and formulas of common acids such as: hydrochloric, hydrofluoric,
hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, nitrous, perchloric, sulfuric, sulfurous, carbonic,
phosphoric, methanoic and ethanoic acid.
- Classify the above mentioned acids as strong and weak acids. Also discuss the
difference between strong and weak acids.
- Write ionization equations of common strong and weak acids.
- Classify acids as monoprotic, diprotic, or polyprotic.
- Discuss briefly the properties of acids.
- Discuss the meaning of alkaline solution.
- Define the term alkali.
- Identify common strong and weak alkalis. Also discuss the difference between strong
and weak alkalis.
- Write ionization equations of common strong and weak alkalis.
- Discuss briefly the properties of alkalis.
- Differentiate between bases and alkalis.
- Discuss the meaning of salty solution.
- Explain what a salt is.

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- Describe rules of solubility of salts.
- Write ionization equations of salts.
- Give the general rules for reactions of acids with metal, bases, alkalis and carbonates.
State the type of each reaction.
- Write word, balanced molecular and ionic equations including state symbols for
different reactions of acids with metal, bases, alkalis and carbonates.
- Distinguish between strong and weak acids (or alkalis) experimentally.
- Discuss the importance of pH scale.
- Explain what is meant by the term concentration.
- Solve problems involving solutions.
- Apply stoichiometric calculations on equations with solutions.

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 Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds:
Ionic Compounds are made up from positive ions bonded to negative ions.

Positive ions:

a) Metallic positive ions:

Positive ions of metals have the same name as the metal.

Positive ions of transition metals have more than one charge therefore the positive
charge is indicated by Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the metal.

Positive ion Name

Na+ Sodium ion
Mg2+ Magnesium ion
Al3+ Aluminium ion
Fe2+ Iron (II) ion or ferrous ion
Fe3+ Iron (III) ion or ferric ion
Cu+ Copper (I) ion or cuprous ion
Cu2+ Copper (II) ion or cupric ion

b) Polyatomic positive ions:

Positive ions formed from non-metallic atoms bonded together with a positive overall
charge.

NH4+ ammonium ion

Negative ions:
a) Monatomic negative ions:
The names of monatomic negative ions end with the suffix –ide.

Negative ion Name

H- Hydride ion
F- Fluoride ion
Cl- Chloride ion
Br- Bromide ion
I- Iodide ion
O2- Oxide ion
S2- Sulfide ion

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 N3- Nitride ion
P3- Phosphide ion

b) Polyatomic negative ions:

Negative ions formed from atoms bonded together with a negative overall charge.

Negative ion Name

with 1- charge
NO3- Nitrate ion
NO2- Nitrite ion
ClO4- Perchlorate ion
ClO3- Chlorate ion
ClO2- Chlorite ion
ClO- Hypochlorite ion
HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate ion
HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate ion
H2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate
ion
MnO4- Permanganate ion
OH- Hydroxide ion
CN- Cyanide ion
CH3COO- Ethanoate or acetate ion

Negative ion Name

with 2- charge
CO32- Carbonate ion
SO32- Sulfite ion
SO42- Sulfate ion
Cr2O72- Dichromate ion
CrO42- Chromate ion
C2O42- Oxalate ion
HPO42- Hydrogen phosphate ion

Negative ion Name

with 3- charge
PO43- Phosphate ion
PO33- Phosphite ion

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 Naming and writing chemical formulas of ionic compounds.
ATL skills: Thinking; Transfer: Combine knowledge, understanding and skills to
create products or solutions.

Q1) Write the correct chemical formula for the following compounds:

1. Silver bromide ………………………………………………………

2. Sodium carbonate ………………………………………………………

3. Potassium oxide ……………………………………………………….

4. Iron (III) oxide ………………………………………………………

5. Chromium (III) chloride ………………………………………………………

6. Calcium hydroxide ………………………………………………………

7. Aluminium nitrate ………………………………………………………

8. Potassium sulfate ……………………………………………………….

9. Lead (II) oxide ……………………………………………………….

10. Sodium phosphate …………………………………………………….…

11. Zinc hydrogencarbonate ………………………………………………………

12. Ammonium sulphate ………………………………………………………

13. Gallium hydroxide ………………………………………………………

14. Strontium selenide ……………………………………………………….

15. Radium sulfate ……………………………………………………….

16. Sodium nitride …………………………………………………….….

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17. Chromium (III) chlorite ……………………………………………………….

18. Platinum (II) fluoride …………………………………………………….…..

19. Vanadium (V) oxide ………………………………………………………

20. Cobalt (II) hydroxide ……………………………………………………….

21. Magnesium astatide ……………………………………………………….

22. Sodium acetate ………………………………………………….……

23. Magnesium chlorate ……………………………………………………...

24. Iron (III) nitrate ………………………………………………………

25. Ammonium sulfite ………………………………………………….…...

26. Calcium perchlorate ……………………………………………………….

Q2) Write the name of the following compounds:

1. KBr ………………………………………………………………………………….…

2. Al(OH)3 ………………………………………………………………………………

3. CuCO3 ………………………………………………………………………………

4. Mg3N2 ………………………………………………………………………………

5. NH4Cl ………………………………………………………………………………

6. K2Cr2O7 ..................................................................................

7. FeSO4 ………………………………………………………………………………

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8. NH4OH …………………………………………………………………………….

9. LiHSO4 ………………………………………………………………………………

10. ZnCl2 …………………………………………………………………………………….

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 Names and Formulas of Covalent Compounds:
 How to name a covalent compound?

1) State the name of the first non-metal.

2) State the name of the second non-metal after adding the suffix -ide.
3) Number of atoms must be indicated using mono, di, tri, tetra, penta ……etc.

For example:
P4O10: Tetraphosphorus decoxide.
NCl3: Nitrogen trichloride.

 Exercise:
ATL skills: Thinking; Transfer: Combine knowledge, understanding and skills to
create products or solutions.
Q1) Write the name of the following compounds:

- N2F6: ……………………………………………………….

- P2S3: ………………………………………………………..

- CO: ………………………………………………………….

- SF6: ………………………………………………………….

Q2) Write the correct chemical formula for the following compounds:

- Carbon dioxide: ……………………………………………………………………

- Sulfur trioxide: …………………………………………………………………….

- Sulfur dichloride: …………………………………………………………………

- Dinitrogen pentasulfide: ……………………………………………………..

- Tetrasulfur hexaoxide: ………………………………………………………..

- Dinitrogen monoxide: ………………………………………………………….

- Bromine pentafluoride: ……………………………………………………….

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Questions on Chemical calculations:
All questions and exercises are designed to develop the following approaches to learning skills
(ATL):

ATL skills: Communication; communication: Understand and use mathematical notation.

Q1) How many moles are in 1.2×1024atoms of silver?

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Q2) Analytical chemists can detect amounts of amino acids as small as 3.00×10-21mol of
molecules. How many molecules does this represent?

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Q3) Calculate the total number of atoms present in 0.0250mol of Na2S2O3.

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Q4) Calculate the total number of ions present in 3.0mol of aluminium carbonate.

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Q5) How many atoms of hydrogen are in 0.50mol of CH3OH molecules?

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Q6) The equation below represents the reaction between zinc oxide and diluted sulfuric acid:

ZnO (S) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 ( ) + H2O (l)

a. Give the state of ZnSO4 and explain your answer.

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b. How many moles of sulfuric acid are needed to react with 4.05g of zinc oxide?

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c. What is the maximum mass of zinc sulfate which could be formed from 4.05g
of zinc oxide?

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 d. The formula of zinc sulfate crystals is ZnSO4.x H2O.

A maximum mass of 14.35g of zinc sulfate crystals can be obtained from 4.05g of zinc
oxide. How much of the mass of the crystals is due to the water of crystallization?

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e. Calculate x in the formula ZnSO4.x H2O.

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f. Define the term acid.

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g. Write an equation for the dissociation of dilute sulfuric acid.

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h. Write an equation for the dissociation of zinc sulfate.

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 i. State two physical properties for each zinc oxide and dilute sulfuric acid.

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Q7) The following is a list of anions:

PO43- Br- HCO3- NO3- OH- SO42-

From the list give the formula of an anion which:

a. has a relative formula mass of 61 ___________________

b. is present in all alkalis __________________

c. forms an off-white or cream insoluble compound with Ag+(aq) _______________

d. forms soluble salt with all metals ___________________

e. forms an insoluble salt with Ba2+(aq) ____________________

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Q8) A strip of iron metal weighing 2.00 g is placed in an aqueous solution containing 10.00 g
of silver nitrate. The reaction that occurs is:

Fe (s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) 2 Ag( s) + Fe (NO3)2 (aq)

(a)Define the term solution.

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(b) Calculate how many grams of silver will be formed.

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(c) How much of the reactant present in excess is left over?

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Q9) 4.0g of magnesium metal reacted with oxygen .Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide
formed.

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Q10) The relative molecular mass of aluminium chloride is 267 and its composition by mass is
20.3% AI and 79.7% chlorine. Determine is the empirical and molecular formulas of
aluminium chloride.

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Q11) When 5.00 g of crystals of hydrated tin (II) chloride, SnCl 2.xH2O, are heated, 4.20 g of
anhydrous tin (II) chloride are formed. Determine the value of x in SnCl 2.xH2O.

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Q12) One of the most deadly poisons , strychnine , has a molecular mass of 334g.mol-1 and
the composition 75.42 C , 6.63 H , 8.38 N, the rest is oxygen. Calculate the empirical
and molecular formulas of strychnine.

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Q13) An organic compound X, contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. When 1.46g of
compound X burns in excess oxygen; 2.79 g of carbon dioxide and 1.71g of water are formed.

a) What is the empirical formula of X?

b) If the relative molecular mass is 92.16, what is the molecular formula of X?

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Q14) Hydrogen gas is passed over the heated copper oxide until all the copper oxide is
converted to copper .The experimental set-up shown in the diagram below can be used to
determine the empirical formula of copper oxide.

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The following experimental results were obtained.

Mass of empty dish / g 24.58

Mass of dish + copper oxide / g 30.12
Mass of dish + copper at the end of experiment/ g 29.00

Calculate the empirical formula of the copper oxide and write an equation for the reaction.

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Q15) In an experiment to find the value of x in the compound MgBr2.xH2O, 7.30 g of the
compound on heating to constant mass gave 4.60 g of the anhydrous salt MgBr 2. Find the
value of x.

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Q16) An oxide of phosphorus contains 56.4 % phosphorus and 43.6 % oxygen. Its relative
molecular mass is 220. Find both the empirical and the molecular formula of the oxide .

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Q17) Sodium burns in oxygen to give a pale yellow solid X.

1.73 g of sodium reacts with 1.20 g of oxygen.

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of X.

(ii) The molar mass of X is 78g.mol–1. Give the molecular formula of X.
(iii) Write the equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of sodium with
oxygen to produce X.

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Q18) In the manufacture of titanium, what mass of titanium can theoretically be formed
when 0.5 kg of titanium chloride reacts with 0.1 kg of magnesium?
TiCl4 + Mg Ti + MgCl2

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Q19) Write an ionization equation for the following:

a) Phosphoric acid
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b) Nitric acid
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c) Perchloric acid
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d) Barium oxide
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e) Ammonia
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f) Potassium oxide
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g) Calcium acetate
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h) Ammonium iodide
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i) Aluminium nitrate
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j) Zinc sulfate
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Q20) Write word, symbolic, ionic and net ionic equations for the following reactions. State
the type of reaction.

a) Magnesium carbonate and sulfuric acid

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b) Potassium hydroxide and nitric acid

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c) Iron and sulfuric acid

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d) Aluminium carbonate + hydrobromic acid

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e) Beryllium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid.

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Q21) What is the concentration of copper II sulfate solution containing 42.5 g of the salt
(CuSO4.5H2O) in 2 liters?

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Q22) 25.0 cm3 of arsenic acid, H3AsO4, required 37.5 cm3 of 0.100 mol.dm-3 sodium hydroxide
for neutralization.

NaOH (aq) + H3AsO4 (aq) Na3AsO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

a) Find the concentration of the acid in mol.dm-3.

b) Find the concentration of the acid in g.dm-3.
c) Find the mass of salt produced.

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Q23) 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol.dm-3 copper (II) nitrate solution is added to 15.0 cm3 of 0.500
mol.dm-3 potassium iodide. The ionic equation for the reaction that occurs is:

2Cu2+ (aq) + 4I- (aq) 2Cul (s) + I2 (aq)

a) Determine which reactant is present in excess.

b) Determine the mass of iodine produced.

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Q24) 13.8 g of a solid monoprotic acid was dissolved in water and made up to 250.0 cm3.
25.0 cm3 portions of this were titrated against 0.250 mol.dm-3 sodium hydroxide, requiring
23.5 cm3. Calculate the Mr of the acid.

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