ILLUMINATION

In general ILLUMINATION means ‘L I G H T ’ but technically the two terms are

different.
LIGHT is the cause
ILLUMINATION is the effect

The MOON illuminates the Earth by the light obtained from the SUN
SUN is the greatest source of NATURAL LIGHT.
 ILLUMINATION
❑Artificially LIGHT can be created by passing Current through
a Resistor,
❑By passing current heat is produced and the temperature
increases at high temperature the resistance [R] becomes
red hot and emits INFRA RED rays [Higher wave length] on
further heating the resistance becomes white hot then it
starts emitting white light or ULTRA VOILET rays[ Smaller wave
length].
 LIGHT
 LIGHT : It may be defined as the Radiant Energy
Which produces a sensation of vision upon the
human eye.
It is also said that when a body is heated its
temperature increases and it radiates out energy
in the form of light.
8
Velocity OF Light = 3 x 10 M/Sec
 LIGHT

RELATIVE SENSITIVITY: the wave length which can produce the

sensation of sight lies between 4000Å – 7000Å or 400nm –
700nm
The sensitivity of the eye to lights of different wavelengths
varies from person to person and according to age
The Image shows an average relative sensitivity according to
which sensitivity decreases for lesser and more wavelength .
The human eye is most sensitive for a wave length of 5000Å
(Å= Angstrom , 1Å=10- 8 Cm or 10-10 M) or 500nm (nm=micro
meter)
RELATIVE SENSITIVITY
DEFINITIONS
LUMINOUS FLUX: It is defined as the light energy
radiated per second from the luminous body or
source. The measurement of flux is called
luminous Flux .The unit of flux is LUMEN

LUMINOUS INTENSITY: Luminous intensity in any

particular direction is the luminous flux emitted
by per unit solid angle by point source and is
denoted by ( I )
I= f/w
luminous Intensity= lumens / candle
 DEFINITIONS
LUMEN: It is the unit of flux and is defined as the
luminous flux per unit solid angle from a source of 1
candle power. Therefore total flux emitted by the
source of 1CP is 4P lumens.

ILLUMINANCE: When the light falls on a surface it is

illuminated , the illuminance is defined as the luminous
flux received per unit area.
LAWS OF ILLUMINATION

1.THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF LIGHT

It is defined as the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional

to the square of the distance of the surface from the source of
light.
It is true only if the source is a point source.
2.LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW OF LIGHT
The illumination of a surface at any point is dependent upon the
cosine of the angle between the line of flux and the normal at the
point.
 Design Of Lighting Scheme/Factors
Considered for good lighting scheme
 For Designing a lighting scheme the following factors should be
taken into account
 i) Space – Height Ratio:
 It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between the lamps
and the mounting height of the lamps
 Space – Height Ratio = The Horizontal distance between Lamps
Mounting Height of Lamps
 In order to have uniform illumination, reflectors are used
 When reflectors are used, the value of this ratio is given between 1
and 2 and height of the source should be between 2.2m to 2.4m
From ground level.
 Design Of Lighting Scheme/Factors
Considered for good lighting scheme
 2] Utilization Factor or Co-efficient of utilisation : The total light flux radiated
out by the source is not utilized on the working planes and its value is given
as
 Utilization Factor = Total Lumens utilized on working planes
Total Lumens radiated by lamp
The value of this co-efficient depends upon the following conditions:
❖ The area to be illuminated,
❖ Height at which lamps are fitted
❖ The colour of surrounding walls, ceiling fittings etc.,
❖ The types of lighting- direct or indirect
The value for direct light varies from 0.25 – 0.5 and for indirect light the
values various from 0.1-0.3
 Design Of Lighting Scheme/Factors
Considered for good lighting scheme
3] Depreciation Factors: When the lamps are covered with dust, dirt and
smoke, they do not radiate out same amount of flux as when they do at
the time of fitting new lamps.
Similarly, after some time the walls an surrounding in which lamps are
fitted are covered with dirt and dust, so they do not reflect the same
amount of light as compared with the initial conditions.
The depreciation factor takes into account all such loss of flux

Depreciation Factor = Illumination under normal working conditions

illumination when everything is clean
Basic Types Of Lighting
 Three are three basic types of lighting that work together in your home:

Ambient (general lighting)

Task
Accent
 A good lighting plan combines all three types to light an area according to
function and style
 Ambient light means the light that is already present in a scene,
before any additional lighting is added. It usually refers to
natural light, either outdoors or coming through windows etc. It
can also mean artificial lights such as normal room lights.
 Ambient lighting provides an area with overall illumination. Also
known as general lighting, it radiates a comfortable level of
brightness without glare and allows you to see and walk about
safely. In some spaces such as living rooms, the ambient lighting
also serves as the primary source of task lighting.
 It can be accomplished with chandeliers, ceiling or wall-
mounted fixtures, recessed or track lights and with lanterns
mounted on the outside of the home. Having a central source of
ambient light in all rooms is fundamental to a good lighting plan.
 Task lighting refers to increasing luminance to better
accomplish a specific activity. However, the luminance level is
not the only factor governing visibility. Contrast is also
important, and a poorly positioned light source may cause
contrast reduction, resulting in loss of visibility.
 Task lighting helps you perform specific tasks, such as reading,
grooming, preparing and cooking food, doing homework,
working on hobbies, playing games and balancing your check
book. It can be provided by recessed and track lighting,
pendant lighting and under cabinet lighting, as well as by
portable floor and desk lamps.
 Task lighting should be free of distracting glare and shadows
and should be bright enough to prevent eye strain.
 Accent lighting focuses light on a particular area or object. It is
often used to highlight art or other artefacts. Common types
of accent lights include wall sconces, floodlights, recessed lights,
tor track lighting. The brighter light from the accent lamp creates
visual interest to a room.
 Accent lighting adds drama to a room by creating visual interest.
As part of an interior design scheme, it is used to draw the eye to
houseplants, paintings, sculptures and other prized possessions. It
can also be used to highlight the texture of a brick or stone wall,
window treatments or outdoor landscaping.
 To be effective, accent lighting requires as least three times as
much light on the focal point as the general lighting surrounding
it.
 Accent lighting is usually provided by recessed and track lighting
or wall-mounted picture lights
SYSTEMS OF LIGHTING

Direct Lighting:
Semi direct lighting
Diffusing or diffuse lighting
Indirect lighting
 SYSTEMS OF LIGHTING
 Direct Lighting: in this method 90-100% of the light is directed downwards and 0-
10% of the light upwards. This should be carefully used to avoid excessive glare,
brightness or harsh shadows.
 Semi Direct: This method has 60-90% of light directed downwards and 10-40%
upwards
 Diffuse Lighting: This arrangement gives a uniform light distribution and is pleasing
 Indirect Lighting: Here not less than 90% light is upwards. The fitting have no
shadows and glare is avoided. The method is costly as light is upward
 CONSIDERATION POINTS FOR PLANNING A
LIGHTING INSTALLATION
 Selection of light source and reflective surfaces for Good
illumination
 Suitable colour of lighting which creates better ambience for
spaces
 Proper and right choice of lighting source and fittings
 Spatial distribution of light which includes combination of diffused
and directional light adjustment of the direction of incidence,
distribution of luminosity and avoidance of glare.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF A GOOD
LIGHTING SCHEME FOR INTERIORS
 Provision of adequate illumination level
 Uniform illumination
 Colour of Light
 Shadow less illumination
 Glare free illumination
 Mounting Height
 Space Height Ratio
 Utilization Factor
 Depreciation Factor
 Efficiency of lamps
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF A GOOD
LIGHTING SCHEME FOR INTERIORS
 Provision of adequate illumination level : This is the most important factor, Different
spaces need different lighting schemes depending on the functionality of that space,
similarly moving objects need more illumination and the light should give proper
colour scence of the object
 Uniform illumination: The space or room should get uniform illumination at its every
nook and corner. This reduces unnecessary fatigue. Concentrated light should be
provided at the work and general lighting for the remaining space. The brightness
level ratio between the place of concentrated light and the general light should not
be more than 3:1.
 Colour of Light: The illumination should provide original colour sense. The colour of
object is same as the colour of light for ex: if the colour of light is green the objects in
the room looks green, to observe original colour of the objects white fluorescent light
should be used which gives day light effect.
 Shadow less illumination: There should be no shawdow in the room, other wise the
illumination is used to be defective. The shadow can be avoided by using more
number of lamps, and by ensuring no glare. General lighting system is the best.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF A GOOD
LIGHTING SCHEME FOR INTERIORS
 Glare free illumination: There should be no glare in the room, the glare may be direct
from the light source or it may be through reflection from glossy surface of object
placed in the room. Both the glares have to be avoided as it gives a discomfort to
eyes. Glare can be eliminated by proper designing of the illumination.
 Mounting Height: It is an important factor in the designing. the mounting height should
be kept about 2.7m from the ground the light should be installed at a horizontal run of
the wiring which is kept about 3.00m , otherwise they should be hanged from the
ceiling so that height of the lamp is not more than 3.00M in any case.
 Space Height Ratio: This is the ratio between spacing of two successive lights and the
mounting height of the lights. Proper designing permits this ratio between 1 and 1.5.
for example if the height of the room is 3M, the spacing between light may be either
3M or max as 4.5m.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF A GOOD
LIGHTING SCHEME FOR INTERIORS
 Utilization Factor: the all light emitted from a lamp is not utilized but some is wasted
through door, windows. Light is also wasted by absorption by ceilings, floor, curtains,
distemper etc. This factor is taken as 50% for calculation purposes. In other words
only 50% light is utilized and remaining 50% is wasted.
 Depreciation Factor: there is considerable loss of light emitted by a source with time
or when it is covered by dust or dirt. The factor is taken as 80% for calculation
purposes. In other words there is 20% of depreciation in light with time. This is due to
weakening of lamp filament, Blackening of interior surface of the lamp etc.,
 Efficiency of lamps:The efficiency of a lamp to convert input power in lumen is
called the efficiency. It is measured in lumens per watt. If a lamp has a efficiency of
10 Lm/watt, a 100w lamp will exit 1000Lm, and 1000w lamp will emit 10000Lm and so
on . This data is also helpful in designing lighting.
 GLARE
 Glare is difficulty seeing in the presence of bright light such as direct
or reflected sunlight or artificial light such as car headlamps at night.
 Glare is the brightness within the field of vision
 Glare is experienced, when Lamps, Windows, Luminaries, other
areas are brighter than general brightness in the environment. Glare
may be Direct and Reflected. Direct glare results from bright
luminaries in the field of vision. Reflected glare arises due to
reflection of such a source from a glossy surface ,it is more annoying
than direct glare, can be avoided by appropriate choice of
interiors.
 Effects of glare : • injures the eye • disturbs the nervous system •
causes annoyance, discomfort & fatigue • reduces efficiency of
work • interferes with clear vision • risk of accident increases.
 Types of glare : • Direct Glare • bright luminaries in the field of vision
• Reflected Glare • reflection from a glossy surface
 Glare from windows can be prevented by using :
 • curtains
 • blinds
 • louvers

 Techniques for minimization of glare from luminaries :

 • not locating luminaries in forbidden zone
 • increase light from sideways
 • luminaries having large surface area
Types Of Lamps

 Incandescent Lamps
 Fluorescent Lamps or Gaseous discharge lamps /CFL
 HID Lamps or High intensity discharge( Sodium Vapour
lamps, Mercury lamps etc)
 Neon Lamps
 LED’S
INCANDESCENT LAMP
And filled with argon gas
High intensity discharge lamps /HID

1. Sodium Lamp
2. High pressure mercury vapour lamp
 A sodium-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an
excited state to produce light. There are two varieties of such lamps: low
pressure and high pressure. Low-pressure sodium lamps are highly efficient
electrical light sources, but their yellow light restricts applications to outdoor
lighting such as street lamps.[1] High-pressure sodium lamps have a broader
spectrum of light than the low-pressure lamps, but still poorer color rendering
than other types of lamps.[2] Low-pressure sodium lamps only give
monochromatic yellow light and so inhibit color vision at night.
A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp
that uses an electric arc through vaporized
mercury to produce light. The arc discharge is
generally confined to a small fused quartz arc
tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass
bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or coated with
a phosphor; in either case, the outer bulb
provides thermal insulation, protection from the
ultraviolet radiation the light produces, and a
convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc
tube.
Mercury vapor lamps are more energy efficient
than incandescent and most fluorescent lights,
with luminous efficacies of 35 to 65
lumens/watt.[1] Their other advantages are a
long bulb lifetime in the range of 24,000 hours
and a high intensity, clear white light output.[1]
For these reasons, they are used for large area
overhead lighting, such as in factories,
warehouses, and sports arenas as well as for
streetlights. Clear mercury lamps produce white
light with a bluish-green tint due to mercury's
combination of spectral lines
NEON LAMPS
A neon lamp (also neon glow lamp) is a miniature gas discharge lamp. The lamp typically
consists of a small glass capsule that contains a mixture of neon and other gases at a low
pressure and two electrodes (an anode and a cathode). When sufficient voltage is
applied and sufficient current is supplied between the electrodes, the lamp produces an
orange glow discharge. The glowing portion in the lamp is a thin region near the
cathode; the larger and much longer neon signs are also glow discharges, but they use
the positive column which is not present in the ordinary neon lamp. Neon glow lamps are
widely used as indicator lamps in the displays of electronic instruments and appliances,
signage boards advertisements etc.
 Design Consideration for Museum

Bringing in good illumination inside the Museum by providing diffused sky lights and north
light as ambient general lightings inside the gallery spaces as shown in the pictures

Diffused sky light as ambient light North light as ambient light

Positions of openings is done such a way that the direct light does not fall on the paintings or the
Objects placed in the museum
Allow maximum north light in the interiors helps in diffused lighting and also to avoid glare
Artificial lights can be place above the painting by placing track lights which accents the
Object or paintings placed in the museum