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So = a ot = TContents 4 APPLICATION. . . 2 SPECIFICATIONS. 3 STANDARD EQUIPMEN 4 DESIGN AND OPERATING PRINCIPLI 4.1 Theodolite. 4,2 Support. . 4.3 Eyepiece caps. 6 SAFETY MEASURES. 7 PRELIMINARIES OF OPERATION. . 8 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE. 8.1 Reading of goniometric circle indications. 8,2 Measurement of angles. . 8.3 Measurement of distances and elevations. 8.4 Measurement of magnetic azimuths. 8.5 Packing. : 9 MAINTENANCE. . .19 9.1 General hints. -19 9.2 Technical condition check. . 9.3 Adjustment of theodolite. 9.4 Cleaning of optical surfaces. . 10 STORAGE. 11 TRANSPORTATION 12 ACCEPTANCE CERTIFICATE.Since the Manufacturer is continuously endeavouring towards improvement of _ the article there may be some discrepancies in design of the actual articie which are not specifed within this certificate. 1 APPLICATION The theodolite 4T15N1 is designed for measuring an- gles in thecdolite traverses, for use in control of horizon- tal and vertical survey networks, for measurement of dis- tances with the help of a cross-wire range finder of a tel- escope as well as for level control by a horizontal ray using the telescope level and for determination of mag- netic azimuths. Operating temperature range is from minus 40 to plus 50°C. 2 SPECIFICATIONS RMS error in one-set measurement" of: horizontal angle ......... 15"(5 mgon) zenith distance .......... 30"(10 mgon) Magnetic azimuth measurement errors: systematic™®. «sce sce es ba 30'(0.5 gons) CASUAl am ien rae heW enw is Ps an 10'(0.2 gon) Range of measuring of zenith distances ..... 30...145° Telescope IMAQS isc:ccsns nice aomamie see ee oats seco eo me erect MaQuiheations ei aunesnesiewaine os tt teoma men 20" Angdlar Tel «is icenseqssnading os wees ¥eeeH 2 Minimum distance of sighting, m,...........- 1.5 Entrance pupil diameter, mM ..........0005 30 Cross-wire range finder factor K peo. Addition constant C.........00sss0% 60) Range of sighting, m...........- » Al2ivee: Objective mount diameter, mm.......... + 38 * Without considering the check method error. ** Parameter'adjusted in the course of service.Readout device Value of dial division. ........... 10° (0.5 gon) Value of micrometer scale division ...... 10"(10 mgon) Error of dial reading ..................... 5" (5mgon) Levels Value of division of alidade level.............. 45" Value of division of telescope level .............. 20" Mass, kg: Theodolite with support................. 2.4 GaSE! oc nam icte mesenger een memen naked 1.5 Wipod oe eee eee 58 Overall dimensions, mm: Theodolite (with support)... 0.2... 110x157x225 Caserta ad 285x245x220 Folded#ripod .2 aearasmreen near 140x140x1000 banter ir manag tease Sal emmn 62x59x18,5 3 STANDARD EQUIPMENT TWHEOGONS srs comecegas i cmbas salto pue ioe a SUPP: « . a: ano os wee ee Meee EMR ee SHOE eS 1 OWE] FOr TOSS CODE oo, oe ey once sec sgyes: sousty ae wen aye ware od 1 Eyepiece caps: for BlescOpes ca cw ux is eh ey 1 we ee geeeunuanne a for microscope. . Stud... . Oiler with oil . . . Certificate Additional accessories Box compass... . Tripod. Plummet with plate . Objective lens caps 1 Objective prism caps ....... 2... 0c cece cece eee rf PANE: ae 2.6 eed ed ow, neh ys 2 wey oo eel Note: The list of accessories is to be stipulated in agreement between the Customer and the User.4 DESIGN AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE 4.1 Theodolite Main features of theadolite 4T15N1: - one-side reading of dial indications with the use of a micrometer ensuring a high accuracy of reading; - little mass and small size; - precise centering above a point due to the optical centering device; - level control by a horizontal ray with the help of the telescope level; - orientation of the theodolite relative to the mag- netic meridian and detemination of directional azimuths with the use of the box compass. The direct image telescope with inner focusing 19 (Fig. 1) is placed on column 21 and made one-eighty by its both ends. Focusing for the target is made with the help of rack-and-pinion 10. Preliminary guidance for the target is performed with the help of collimator-type opti- cai sighting device 20. In the course of using the sighting device the observer's eye should be 25-30 cm away from it. By turning diopter ring 1 the telescope eyepiece is adjusted to eye so as to obtain a sharp image of the reticle. The reticle whereon the target image is imposed in the course of guidance and focusing of the telescope is a cross with a double bottom line (bisector). 8 The telescope is fitted with a cross-wire range finder with two short horizontal lines above and below the hori- zontal line of the reticle. Guide screw 7 after fastening with screw 9 is used for precise elevation guidance of the telescope for the target while guide screw 5 after fastening with screw 12, for precise azimuth guidance. Horizontal and vertical dial images are transferred to the field of vision of the readout microscope. By turning diopter ring 22 the microscope eyepiece is adjusted to eye so as to obtain a sharp,image of the dial lines. By turning handle 17 of the micrometer ine nearest line of the dial is introduced into the middle of the bifilar index whereupon the micrometer scale is read out. Mirror 18 is turned and tilted so as to achieve the best luminance of the microscope field of vision. The theodolite is fitted with a mechanism allowing for rotation of the horizontal circle on finishing the meas- urement round for change of the dial section. For this purpose handle 3 should be pushed inside along the axis of rotation to make the mechanism gears mesh and then the circle should be turned for a calculated angle. When required, the sighting device may be removed from the telescope and replaced by a level to fulfil the levelling jobs. The level is fastened by the same screws as the removed sighting device was.4.2 Support The theodolite is placed on support 4 and fastened by screw 13. Foot screws 14 are used to bring the verti- cal axle of the theodolite to vertical position according to the level. Underneath the support frame an optical centering device is fastened for centering of the theodolite against a point of detail. By turning diopter ring 15 the centring device eyepiece is adjusted to eye and with the use of ring 16 it is focused to the point which is a vertex of the horizontal angle being measured. 4.3 Eyepiece caps The eyepiece caps are used to ease operation with small zenith distances between the targets (less than 45°). The caps are put on the eyepieces of the telescope and the readout microscope. The eyepiece caps refract the sight axis by 80%. A folding dark light filter on the telescope cap makes it possible to orient the theodolite to the Sun. 4.4 Box compass The box compass (Fig. 2) is mounted on the lug in the upper portion of side cover of the theodolite with the help of bracket 2 and secured with screw 1. The magnetic needle of the box compass is placed inside the box. It is fixed on the agathic thrust bearing and is free to rotate on a steel pin point. 10 Position of the magnetic needle is viewed in the mirror which is given the required inclination. The North end of the needle is coloured biue. For balancing the needle a weight is set on its South end. On finishing the operation the needle is arrested by turning screw 3. Hereat the needle is taken off the pin and pressed against the protection glass. 4.5 Case The case is designed for keeping and handling the instrument in the course of service. The case is made of shock-proof plastic and fitted with a strap for carrying. The theodolite is placed on soft beds together with accessories and tools laid in respective seats. Theecase is shut with a lock. Fig. 3 shows theodolite with accessories laid in case. 4.6 Tripod The tripod serves for setting the theodolite over a point of detail which is a vertex of the angle being measured. The theodolite is completed with a folding tripod. The tripod legs are hinged to its head. The smoothness of the legs rotation in the hinges is adjusted by bolts. The height of the tripod can be altered by extension of legs and fixed by the fastening screws at a height suiting the observer's height. The leg end pieces are deepened into the ground by pressing the end piece stops with a foot. The theodolite with the support is secured on the tripod by the attachment screw. 1I For transportation the tripod legs are pushed in till stop, fastened with screws and tightened with a strap of adjustable length which also serves for carrying the tri- pod on shoulder or behind the back. The box provided in the tripod leg is used for accommodation of a wrench for adjustment of the leg tightening. 4.7 Lantern The lantern serves to illuminate the field of view of the readout microscope under adverse visibility conditions. The lantern is mounted into a slot on the side cover of the theodolite, at the place of fastening the orientation compass, and secured with a screw. After the lantern is mounted the illumination mirror should be inclined for 45° (until it thrusts against the lan- tern body). Two cells AA are used as a power source for the lantern. For replacement of the power source undo two screws and remove the lantern cap. 5 SEALING The theodolite comes from the Manufacturing works in sealed case. 6 SAFETY MEASURES When working in field adhere to Safety Regulations in topography and surveying. 12 7 PRELIMINARIES OF OPERATION 7.1. The instrument should be unpacked and in- stalled as follows: - unfasten the strap tightening the tripod legs and extend them to the required length; - install the tripod above a point of detail and see that its head plane is horizontal and the height suits the observer's height; - open the case and carefully take out the theodolite; - fasten the theodolite on the tripod and use the sup- port foot screws to bring the level bubble to the zero mark; - check adjustment of the level (s. item 9.2.3) and correct if required, as indicated under 9.3.1; - check and adjust, ifrequired, stability of the tripod and support as indicated under 9.2.4, 9.3.2. 138 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE 8.1 Reading of goniometric circle indications The central zone of the field of vision of microscope (Fig. 4) accommodates bifilar lines-indices amidst of which the nearest lines of dials are successively introduced by rotating handle 17 (see fig. 1) after guidance of the tel- escope for the target to read degrees and minutes tens therefrom, while the micrometer scale located in the top portion of the field of vision is used to read minutes and seconds unities. The field of the horizontal circle is marked with letter H while that of the vertical one, with letter V. 8.2 Measurement of angles The least error in horizontal angulation and in deter- mination of zenith distances is ensured by fulfilling com- plete set measurements in two positions of the theodo- lite (with the vertical circle being either on the left or on the right of the telescope). The initial position of the the- odolite is with the circle on the left. The number of sets depends upon the required accuracy of measuring and the effect of environment. In case of horizontal angulation in rounds (in one position of the theodolite) the horizontal circle alidade ec- centricity will distort the results while the results of meas- uring an angle between check objects located at different 14 Zenith distances will be in addition distorted by the effect of collimation error and horizontal axis inclination. In case of making complete set measurements the above instru- mental errors are avoided. Zenith distances are calculated by one of the fol- lowing formulas: L-R + 360(400); PM receintonrerremmseee tigate (1) 2 Zz=L-MZ; (2) zZ=MZ-R+ 360(400), (3) where L and R are readings of the vertical circle posi- tioned either on the left or on the right of the observer; MZ is location of zenith of the vertical circle. Before each measurement of the zenith distance (vertical angle) the bubble of the alidade level should be carefully set fo the zero mark using the foot screws of the support. 8.3 Measurement of distances and elevations The distances are measured by a cross-wire range finder against a centimeter rod set vertically in the follow- ing sequence: - position the theodolite by a level; - set a rod at the point the distance is measured to and see that it is plumb; 15- thoroughly focus the telescope to the rod and determine length L of the rod section contained between range finding lines of the telescope reticle. Considering the range finder factor K = 100 the measured inclined distance is: S'= 100+L, (4) i.e. the number of the rod centimeter divisions and their fractions inscribed between the ranging lines of the reticle checks with the distance measured in meters. Horizontal distance S expressed in meters is cal- culated from the formula S$ =L-sin?z, - (5) where z is the zenith distance measured in the course of guiding to the rod. Elevation h between the picket points can be meas- ured by the method of levelling by a horizontal ray against a vertically set levelling (or tacheometer) rod. For that purpose place a level from the theodolite set on the telescope instead of the sighting device with the theodolite in position “circle on the ieft” and adjust it {item 9.2.12). Levelling is performed against two rods with the the- odolite placed in-between, nearer to the centre. The el- evation between the rods is calculated from the formula h=R-F., (6) 16 nn oT 1 where R, and F_ are indications of the rear and front rod, respectively. If levelling is done with the use of only one rod, then elevation between the theodolite and rod points of view is calculated from the formula h=I-F., 7) where Lis the height of theodolite, i.e. the distance from the view point to horizontal axis (axis of rotation of the telescope). 8.4 Measurement of magnetic azimuths The magnetic azimuths are measured as follows: - centre and level the theodolite over a point which is a vertex of the horizontal angle being measured; - uncage the magnetic needle by the arrester screw 3 (see fig. 2);”' " - turn the alidade to register the Northern end of the magnetic needle with the compass index, then fix the alidade and make specific guidance with the help of the guide screw 5 (see fig. 1); - read Ao of the horizontal circle; - fulfil preliminary guiding of the telescope to the target with the help of optical sighting device 20 with the circle on the left, then fasten the alidade and the telescope by screws 12 and 9 and use guide screws 5 and 7 to make precise guidance of the telescope to the target and read L of the hérizontal circle. 17The magnetic azimuth of Az is calculated as a dif- ference: AZ=L-A, 8) CAUTION! IN THE COURSE OF DETERMINATION OF MAGNETIC AZIMUTHS CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN THAT WITHIN A RADIUS OF 6M THERE ARE NO MAGNETIC MASSES WHICH CAN DISTORT RESULTS OF DETERMINATION AND THAT THE OBSERVER HAS NO FERROMAGNETIC OBJECTS IN THE VICINITY OF THE COMPASS. Repeat determination of azimuth. Results of sta- tion observation should be entered into the log. 8.5 Packing Set the guide screws of the theodolite to the middle position, lay the instrument on the bed supports in the case and the accessories into respective seats of the bed (see fig. 3). Close the case with cover and fasten with lock. The set of the theodolite is shipped from the Manu- facturing Plant having passed preservation treatment and being packed for storage during 4 years. 18 9 MAINTENANCE 9.1 General hints The theodolite should be kept in good order and available for service. Careful handling of the instrument ensures its reliable operation and long service life without overhaul. In the course of service the following rules should be adhered to: the instrument should be protected against precipi- tation and single-side heating by sun rays; to preclude moisture condensation causing contami- nation of optics the instrument should be brought from cold outside to the warm room in case and removed therefrom not earlier than in 1 hour; for operation in cold weather the instrument brought out of the warm room should be removed from its case not earlier than in 1 hour to preclude high local stresses in optical parts causing degrading of the image produced by the telescope. The transportation and storage rules should be adhered as well. 9.2 Technical condition check This check makes it possible to timely detect and eliminate, if any, malfunctions of the theodolite. For list of checking operations and means for tech- nical condition check refer to table 1 below. 19Table 1 Item with method of] Parameter checked Checking) check | remedy means ‘Completeness, appearance, 92.4 94 cleanliness of optical parts Interaction of units 9.2.2 | 9.3-9.5 Perpendicularity of level axis and | 9.2.3 93.4 vertical axis of theodolite Stability of trivod and support 924 9.3.2 Signal Parallelity of sight axis of sighting | 9.2.5 9.3.3 device and vertical axis of | theodolite | Inclination of reticle 9.26 9.3.4 Signal Micrometer run 927 9.3.5 Collimation error 92.8 9.3.6 Signal Zenith location 9.2.9 9.3.6 Signal Inclination of horizontal axis 9210} 9.37 Mark Parallelity of sighting device and | 9.2.11] 9.3.8 Ditto telescope sight axes Parallelity of telescope level axis | 92.12} 93.9 Levelling rod and telescope sight axis (angle i) A Determination of compass error | 9.2.13} 9.3.10 _| Check point with known azimuth 20 9.2.1 Visual inspection The visual inspection is performed to make sure that the theodolite has complete set of equipment (section 3), has no mechanical damages which affect performance, proper metrological characteristics and good state, clean outside surfaces of optical parts and adequate field of vision of the telescope. The theodolite should be free of any defects which can impede its usage for the designated purpose. In case of unsatisfactory results of the visual in- spection the theodolite should be corrected according to items 9.3, 9.4 or sent for repair. 9.2.2. Interaction of units Check the telescope, the horizontal circle alidade, the guide screws, the rack-and-pinion handles, the mi- crometer, the diopter rings, the foot screws of the support for smooth turning and operation of the fastening screws of the telescope, alidade, support ‘and illumination mir- rors by trying-out. “ , Try out operation of the focussing device of the tel- escope and the centring device. Check the sharpness of images of dial lines and micrometer scale, the parallax which should not exceed one division of the micrometer scale. . Check the theodolite case to make sure that its lock is in good order and the instrument is fixed stationarily after closure of the cover. 21'n case of unsatisfactory results of trying out the theodolite should be corrected according to items 9.3- 9.5 or sent for repair. 9.2.3 Check of levels at horizontal circle alidade Check position of the level axis in relation to the vertical axle of the theodolite as follows: Turn the alidade so that the vial axis is parallel to the line connecting two footscrews of the tribrach and turning these screws in opposite directions center the vial bubble. Turn the alidade 90° and use the third screw to center the bubble. Then turn the alidade 180° and evaluate displacement of the bubble from the center posi- tion. If displacement is greater than one division perform adjustment according to item 9.3.1 and repeat the check. 9.2.4 Check of tripod and support stability Perform this check as follows: - fasten the theodolite on the tripod, make the tel- escope horizontal with the help ofa level and guide it toa signal; - shift the target image in the field of vision of the telescope by half the width of the reticle bisector having applied a slight horizontal torsional force to the tripod head; on relieving the force assess the residual shift of the target image; - repeat the check turning the tripod head in the opposite direction. 22 tw — The shift should not exceed double width of the reticle line. In case of presence of residual shifts remove them as indicated under 9.3.2, whereupon check stabil- ity of the support slightly turning its body. If required,, adjust the support according to item 9.3.2. 9.2.5 Check of centring device Check that the sight axis of the centring device is Parallel to the vertical axis of the theadolite as follows: - place the theodolite with the support with its side surface down on the table edge 1.5 m away from the wall; - viewing through the centring device eyepiece mark a point on the wall which checks with the centring device reticle crosshairs; - unfasten the screw and turn the theodolite alidade 180°. If the shift of the reticle crosshairs from the wall point is more than 0.5 mm, perform adjustment of the centring device according to itern 9.3.3. 9.2.6 Determination of inclination of telescope reticle Fasten the theodolite on the tripod and make it hori- zontal with the use of a level. Guide the telescope on a target, register the target image with the left end of the middle horizontal line of the reticle and turning the the- odolite over azimuth watch the target image coming off the right end of the horizontal line of the reticle. If coming off exceeds the triple width of the reticle line make corrections according to item 9.3.4 and repeat the check. 239.2.7 Check of micrometer run This check is performed after making sure that there is no parallax between the dial lines and bifillars of indi- ces, between the micrometer scale lines and readout in- dex or, if any, it is within the admisssible limits. Set the telescope horizontally (approximately) and thoroughly focus the readout microscope eyepiece to the vertical circle dial lines: - set the micrometer scale reading to “10-00” by turning the handle; - introduce any dial line into the middle of the bifillar- index by turning the guide screw of the telescope; - introduce the nearest dial line into the middle of the bifillar-index by turning the micrometer handle; ~ take the micrometer scale reading which should agree with the run value. Repeat determination of the vertical circle run on sections 88, 92° with the circle on the left and on sec- tions 270, 268, 272° with the circle on the right. Calculate the mean arithmetic of the run from six determinations. Similarly determine the horizontal circle run on sec- tions every 60°. Divergence between the run values for different dial sections should not exceed 20". With the mean value of the run exceeding 10" perform corrections according to item 9.3.5 and repeat the check. 24 9.2.8 Determination of collimation error Determine the collimation error (perpendicularity of telescope sight axis and horizontal axis of rotation) as follows: - with the circle on the left of the theodolite, guide the telescope to a target at least 50 m away in horizontal direction within 2° and read L, of the horizontal circle; ~ repeat guiding to the same target with the circle on the right of the theodolite and read R,; - loosen the fastening screw of the support, turn the theodolite 180° and again fasten it on the support; - repeat guiding to the same target with the theodo- lite in two positions and read L, and R, of the horizontal circle. Calculate collimation error ¢ from the following for- mula: c= 0,26(L-R,)+(L,- R,)I; (9) repeat determination of ¢ and calculate the mean arithmetic value. If the latter exceeds 30" perform correc- tions according to item 9.3.6 and repeat the check. 9.2.9 Determination of zenith location Determine the value of the vertical circle zenith lo- cation by the method of sighting'to a remote target with the theodolite in two positions. After each guiding to the target take respective readings L and R of the vertical circle. Before guiding the telescope to the target carefully 25Set the alidade level bubble to the zero mark with the use of the foot screws of the support. Calculate the zenith location according to the formula: MZ =0,5(L + R - 360°). (10) Repeat determination of the zenith location and calculate its arithmetic mean. if the zenith position exceeds 30" make corrections according to 9.3.6 and repeat the check. 9.2.16 Determination of horizontal axis inclination Inclination of the horizontal axis (perpendicularity of horizontal and vertical axes) is checked as follows: - set the theodolite 2 or 3 m away from the wall and thorougly make it horizontal with the help of the level at the horizontal circle alidade; - incline the telescope 25-35” (zenith distance of 55-65°) and mark a point on the wall; - guide the telescope reticle crosshairs to the marked point; - turn the telescope to horizontal position’and mark a second point on the wall so that its image registers with the middle of the telescope reticle bisector; - turn the alidade 180° and again quide the telescope to the upper point; - shift the telescope down and determine the value of shift of the image of the earlier marked point from the 26 middle ofthe reticle bisector in fractions of the bisector width; - repeat the check and calculate the arithmetic mean of two determinations which should be within the width of the reticle bisector. The difference in two determinations should not ex- ceed half the bisector width. in case of unsatisfactory results correct the trouble according to item 9.3.7 or send for repair. Note - [f measurements are made in complete rounds (in two positions of the theodolite) the inclination of the horizontal axis does not affect the measurement results. 9.2.11 Check of sighting device Guide the telescope with the help of the sighting device to the target at least 10 m away and determine the value of mismatch of the target image with the reticle crosshairs. The mismatch should not exceed 1/4 of the field of vision. Correct the sighting device position, if nec- essary, according to item 9.3.8. 9.2.12 Check of parallelity of telescope level axis to sighting axis of telescope (angle i) The parallelity check is performed by the method of levelling with the help of a levelling or tacheometric rod as follows: - placa.the levelling rod vertically 80-120 m away from the theodolite; 27- measure height I, of the instrument which is a distance from the ground surface or picket point to the axis of rotation of the rack-and-pinion; - bring the level bubble to the zero mark with the help of the telescope guide screw; - take the rod reading R, ; - interchange positions of the theodolite and the rod; - measure height I, of the instrument; ~ set the level bubbie to the zero mark with the help of the telescope guide screw; - take the rod reading R, . Calculate angle /from the formula: (RR,)-(1, +1) i= 7", (1) 2S where S - is distance to the rod measured by the cross- wire range finder and p “= 200000". With angle /over 30” it should be corrected accord- ing to item 9.3.9 and the check repeated. 9.2.13 Determinaion of box compass error The box compass azimuth error is determined as follows: - set the compass on the terrain away from great magnetic masses and high voltage electric power lines; 28 - make the theadolite horizontal against the ievel; - uncage the compass'needie; - guide the telescope to a check point whose azimuth is known with an error of 10° and measure this check point azimuth with the theodolite under check in twelve rounds. Calculate the arithmetic mean. The calculation result includes a random compo- nent of the magnetic azimuth determination error which depends mainly on the degree of the needle magnitization, on the quality of the articulation (the pivot point, the step bearing), and a systematic component characterizing parallelity of the box compass indices line and the collimation surface of the telescope sight axis. The root-mean-square deviation m from the random component of the error is calculated from the formula: Xv? , (12) where’ Vi is deviation of results of separate measure- ments from their arithmetic mean and n is the number of measurement rounds. If the root-mean-square deviation of the random er- ror is over 5' the box compass should be sent for repair. 29The systematic component of the orientation error should be calculated as a difference between the theodo- lite-measured azimuth value and its known value taken as a true one. If the systematic component of the error does not comply with the accuracy of jobs performed correct the box compass as indicated umder 9.3.10 and repeat the check, 9.3 Adjustment of theodolite 9.3.1 Adjustment of level at horizontal circle alidade is done with the help of adjusting screws 2 (see fig. 1) 9.3.2 Correction of residual shifts of tripod and support To remove residual shifts of the tripod use a wrench to tighten the bolts in the head hinges, the fastening screws joining the extensible strips of legs with their end pieces and the screws fastening the leg bars in the top metal holder. If the support is insufficiently stable, adjust the stroke of the foot screws with the help of screws be- neath the support carrier. If this adjustment is useless undo the foot screws as far as possible and adjust their stroke by adjusting locking screws on cylindrical lugs of the support (the slots of screws are not painted). Before using these screws for adjustment of the foot screws stroke release the screws at the side of the carrier and 30 on finishing adjustment again tighten them so that the foot screw pitch is somewhat increased. 9.3.3 Adjustment of centring device If the check shows displacement of the centring device sight axis over the specified tolerance (0.5 mm) half of displacement of the image of the point being sighted should be corrected with the help of adjusting screws of the centring device reticle and the check repeated. 9.3.4 Correction of telescope reticle inclination To remove inclination of the reticle unscrew cap 8, slightly ioosen four screws between the adjusting screws of the reticle with holes on their heads for stud. Holding by the eyepiece body turn it so that the vertical line of the reticle gets plumb. After adjustment of the reticle fasten the eyepiece again with the four screws and put on the cap. 9.3.5 Correction of parallax and micrometer run The parallax is corrected as follows: - remove the side cover at the vertical circle; - watching through the eyepiece of the readout mi- croscope turn the diopter ring so as to obtain a sharp image of the bifillar indices in the centre of the field of vision; - slightly loosen screw 1 (Fig. 5) and move the lens along the bracket slot so as to obtain a sharp image of the horizontal circle dial lines and fasten the screw; 31- in similar way correct the parallax of the vertical circle dial lines using for this purpose bottom screw 2 located in the depth of the side longitudinal slot of the bracket. = After removal of the parallax check and correct the run. At first the run of the horizontal circle is corrected as that of the vertical circle changes at correction of the hori- zontal circle run whereas correction of the vertical circle run does not change the run of the horizontal circle. Correction of the horizontal circle run is performed by simultaneous shift of the lenses fastened by screws 1, Hereat care should be taken that the parallax remains within the tolerable value. The vertical circle run is corrected by shifting the lenses fastened by screws 2. 9.3.6 Correction of collimation error and vertical circle zenith location This correction is done as follows: - screw out cap 8 (see. fig. 1) closing access to the adjusting screws of the telescope reticle; - guide the telescope to the remote target and take reading L of the horizontal and vertical circles; - calculate corrected indications: for horizontal circle La b= ¢; (13) 32 for vertical circle Loge = L = MZ; (14) ~ set the corrected readout of the horizontal circle (using the micrometer handle set seconds and minutes unities on its scale and using the alidade guide screw make the bifillar accommodate the horizontal circle dial line which corresponds to the values of degrees and tens of minutes); - set the corrected readout of the vertical circle us- ing the micrometer handle and the telescope guide screw; - using the adjusting screws shift the telescope reticle imposing its crosshairs on the same target. WARNING! WHEN CORRECTING THE ZENITH LOCATION BEFORE GUIDING THE TELESCOPE TO THE TARGET AND BE- FORE SHIFTING THE RETICLE WITH THE HELP OF ADJUSTING SCREWS MAKE FINAL CORRECTIONS OF THE ALIDADE LEVEL BUBBLE POSITION AND USING THE SUPPORT FOOT SCREWS, BRING IT TO THE ZERO MARK. 9.3.7 Correction of horizontal axis inclination This correction is made by two adjusting screws 11 located opposite each other on both sides of the right post of column 21. Driving out one of the screws and respec- tively driving in the other the right end of the horizontal axle is inclined either upwards or downwards to make it perpen- dicular to the vertical axle. 339.3.8 Adjustment of sighting device Slightly undo the screws fastening the sighting de- vice to the telescope, guide the telescope to a remote target and turn the sighting device in azimuth until its crosshairs registers with the target. Tighten the sighting device with the screws and repeat the check. 9.3.9 Adjustment of level at telescope The level axis position should be corrected as follows: ~ using results of measuring the values L,, I,R,,R, in the course of check as per 9.1.12 calculate correction 5h from the formula R,+R,)-(L +1 dhe el ; (15) 2 - through inclination of the telescope set the rod reading to R, - 5h, and using the adjusting screws bring the level bubble to the zero mark. 9.3.10 The fault of the magnetic needle is to be cor- rected in specialized repair workshop. The systematic component of the error can be cor- rected as follows: - set the theodolite telescope in the direction of the magnetic meridian using the check point magnetic azi- muth value as a true one; - loosen two fastening screws of bracket 2 (see. fig. 2) and turn the compass body to make its indices register with the magnetic needle ends; - tighten the screws. 9.4 Cleaning of optical surfaces The theodolite is equipped with antireflection optics which is very susceptible to mechanical damages. The outside surfaces of the objective and the eyepiece should be cleaned by first blowing off dust and then careful wip- ing with a dry clean napkin to remove dirt and stains. Grease spots (for example, finger marks) should be re- moved with a cotton wad moistened in spirit and ether mixture (50% of spirit, 50% of ether) whereupon slightly wipe the surface with a soft napkin from the centre to the edge without applying any pressure. The inside optical parts should be cleaned with cotton wrapped on a bone or wooden stick and moistened in spirit or ether. 9.5 Lubrication The theodolite does not need seasonal change of lubricant. Lubrication should be done when necessary only, i.e. in case of obviously heavy rotation of guide screws, alidade, horizontal circle, rack-and-pinion, mi- crometer knob, diopter rings of eyepiece, footscrews if adjustment of the moment of gyration by adjusting de- vices does not help. 35Ifthe theodolite is used under low temperature con- ditions the heavy motion may be caused by increased oil viscosity and hence the need in lubrication can be determined at (20410)°C temperature only. The axle pairs should be oiled, screw pairs, gearings of focusing devices and micrometer, and eyepieces are lubricated with grease ALI1. Lubrication entails partial dismantling of the the- odolite, hence it may be done in specialized repair shops only. In case of heavy motion of the horizontal axle the trouble may be remedied in the field. For this purpose the theodolite should be laid on the side cover and 1-2 drops of oil applied on the butt joint of the horizontal axle with the bearing bushing from the oiler included into the delivery set. The place to be oiled should be prelimi- narily cleaned of dust. Then turn over the theodolite to the other side, clean and oil the other end of the axle. Turn the telescope several revolutions in both directions. If this attempt does not help the theodolite should be sent for repair. 10 STORAGE The theodolite should be stored in a clean room at a temperature from +5 to +40 °C and relative humidity of air within 60%. In case of temperature below 25 °C rela- tive humidity may be 80%. Air in the room should have no impurities which can cause corrosion of metals and deposits on surfaces of the optical parts. Never store accumulators, acids and alkalis which can produce chemically reactive fumes in one room with the compasses. The thecdolites packed in cases should be stowed ‘on racks or in cabinets in one row. The tripods should be stored with legs pushed in, fixed and tightened with a strap at the bottom. Never store a set of the theodolite on the floor near stoves and central heating radiators or hear great mag- netic masses and HV power lines. 37 —11 TRANSPORTATION Transportation of the packed theodolites is performed in closed vehicles of any type according to the cargo car- rying rules valid for the used transport means at a tem- perature of air from minus 50 to plus 50 °C. The theodolites should be protected against sharp jerks and impacts as this can cause their damage and violation of adjustment. All carrying and handling rules should be observed, no throwing and tuming over should be applied. 12 ACCEPTANCE CERTIFICATE It is henge parittied that theodolite 4T15N, Serial No.__7 2 , conforms to the specified re- quirements and is found fit for service. Accepted by 38 aon 1 - diopter ring of eyepiece; 2- adjusting screws of level; 3 - horizon- tal circle rotation handle; 4 - support; 5 - guide screw of alidade: 6 - level at alidade; 7 - guide screw of telescope; 8 - cap; 9 - fastening screw of telescope; 10 - rack-and-pinion; 11 - screws; 12 - fasten- ing screw of alidade; 13 - fastening screw of support: 14 - foot screws; 15 - centring device eyepiece; 16 - focusing ring; 17 - micrometer handle; 18 - mirror; 19 - telescope: 20 - sighting device; 21 - column; 22 - microscope eyepiece *“Fig.1 - Theodolite 391- case; 2 - telescope cap; 3 - microscope cap; 4 - oiler;5 - cerificate; 6 - level; 7 - stud; 8 - small screwdriver; 9 - large screwdriver; 1 - fastening screw, 2 - bracket, 3 - arrester screw 10 - box compass Fig. 2 - Box compass Fig. 3 - Package of theodolite 40 442 Dial readings: a) vertical circle - 91°21'57" b) horizontal circle - 323°55'30" 1 - fastening screws of horizontal circle lenses; 2 - fastening screws of vertical circle lenses Fig. 4 - Field of vision of microscope Fig. 5 - Theodolite with side cover removed 43