EARTH FILL LOAD (DL2)

Earth fill load is the load over the footing due to the earth that is backfilled. The
pressure or earth fill load is considered by using the below formula.

Load of soil (pressure, kN/m2) = Density ` of soil (kN/m3) x soil height above footing slab (m)
Using different fill earth fill heights for external and internal face of the wall.
Select D
Internal wall:
Density of soil, ρI = 18 (kN/m3)
Soil height above footing slab,hI = 2.4 m
External wall:
Density of soil, ρE = 18 (kN/m3)
Soil height above footing slab hE = 3.4 m

Load on soil pressure in Internal wall =ρI x hi = 18 x 2.4

43.2 (kN/m3)

Load on soil pressure in External wall =ρE x hE = 18 x 3.4

61.2 (kN/m3)

EARTH PRESSURE (EH)

The lateral earth pressure exerted by soil on a structure, occurring when the soil is allowed to yield
sufficiently to cause its internal shearing resistance along a potential failure surface to be
completely mobilized.

Internal friction angle of the external soil,ɸE = 18 °

Density of soil, ρE = 18 kN/m3
Thickness of soil (External),h1 = 3.4 m

Rankine’s coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka = (1 – sin ɸE)/(1 + sin ɸE)

= (1 - sin18°) / (1 + sin18°)
= 0.53

Active Earth pressure HE (bottom of culvert) = Ka x soil density x thickness of soil

(External)

= 0.53 x 18 x 3.4
= 32.44 kN/m3

Internal friction angle of the in ternal soil,ɸI = 18 °

Density of soil, ρI = 18 kN/m3
Thickness of soil (External),h1 = 3.4 m
Rankine’s coefficient of passive earth pressure, Ka = (1 + sin ɸI)/(1 - sin ɸI)
ɸ = 18 ° = (1 + sin18°) / (1 - sin18°)
= 1.89
Passive Earth pressure HI1 (bottom of culvert) = Ka x soil density x thickness of soil
(External)
= 1.89 x 18 x 3.4
= 115.67 kN/m3

The lateral earth pressure from the soil fill on the external face is the worst case and hence the
lateral earth pressure due to the soil fill from internal face is not considered.
CHECK FOR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Hook Design:
Saturated soil density,ρsat = 20 kN/m3
Water Pressure = 16 mm

LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE (LS)

A surcharge load is any load such as spoil embankments, streets or highways, construction
machinery which is imposed upon the surface of the soil close enough or distance to the excavation.
This load causes a lateral pressure to act on the system in addition to the basic earth pressures.

LS – Live Load surcharge due to fill due to vehicular loading

Density of soil, ρ = 18 kN/m3
Thickness of soil ,h = 0.9 m
Live Load surcharge = 1/2 x ρ x h
= 0.5 x 18 x 0.9
= 8.1 kN/m2
The lateral earth pressure due to live load surcharge is estimated by replacing the actual
highway loads with a 900 mm layer of backfill:
0.9m is equivalent height taken from AASHTO LRFD Tables 3.11.6.4-1 & 2

TRUCK LOADING (LT)

HL-93 is a type of theoretical vehicular loading proposed by AASHTO in 1993. It is used as the
design loading for highway structures in USA and other countries where AASHTO code is followed.
AASHTO HL-93 vehicular live load is a combination of three different loads as explained below.

a) HL93
i. Truck + Lane Load (LT1 / LT2)
ii. Tandem + Lane Load (LT3/LT4)
b) TSV
c) Truck in shell document

It is analyzed that HL93 is the controlling load among all live loads for bearing pressure calculation
part and structural design. The comparison is shown at last calculation.

Refer to AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications Cl 3.6.1.2

HL93 - Truck Load
Design Truck consists of three axles, front and two rear axles with front axle weighing 8kip (35 kN)
and two rear axles weighing 32kip (145 kN). The distance between front and rear axle is 14’ (4.3m)
and that of two rear axles can be varied between 14’ (4.3m) to 30’ (9.0m) to obtain the worst design
force. The tyre to tyre distance in any axle is 6’ (1.8m).
Generally, Center of truck wheels must be at least 2’ (600mm) from the edge of a design lane and 1’
(300mm) from the deck overhang. Minimum tail to nose distance between two successive trucks in a
lane is 50’ (15m).
For Truck and Tandem, the design contact area of tyre is assumed to be a single rectangle of
with 20” (510mm) and length 10” (250mm). The tyre pressure is assumed to be uniform over
the contact area.

For maximum sagging moment For Rear wheel

Max. Axle Load = (145 kN x 1.5) x 1.0 = 217.5 kN x 1.0 = 217.5 kN per 1 axle (An axle is a rod or
shaft that rotates the wheels and supports the weight of your vehicle. Axles are essential
components of any vehicle and come in three main types: front, rear, and stub.)

No. of loaded lanes = 2 Nos.

Multiple presence factor. = 1.0
Max. Axle Load = 217.5 kN
The factored Max. Load per 1 wheel = 217.5/2
= 108.8 kN
Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel = 108.75/1.5
= 72.50 kN
The Tire width is 510 mm and the contact length are 250 mm. Refer to clause 3.6.1.2.5 of
AASHTO LRFD
Tire Width = 0.51 m
Contact length = 0.25 m
Contact Slope = 0.36 m

The distribution due to the vehicle wheel area in contact with the road.
Distribution width = Tire Width + Contact slope = 0.51+ ( 2x 0.36)
= 1.23 m
Distribution length = Contact length +Contact slope = 0.25+ ( 2x 0.36)
= 0.97 m

Distributed load by wheel = Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel

Contact area
= 72.5/(1.23x0.97)
= 60.77 kN/m2
For maximum sagging moment For Front wheel
Max. Axle Load = (35kN x 1.5) x 1.0 = 52.5 kN x 1.0 = 52.5 kN per 1 axle
No. of loaded lanes = 2 Nos.
Multiple presence factor. = 1.0
Max. Axle Load = 52.5 kN
The factored Max. Load per 1 wheel = 52.5/2
= 26.3 kN
Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel = 26.25/1.5
= 17.50 kN

Distributed load by wheel = Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel

Contact area
= 17.5/(1.23x0.97)
= 14.67 kN/m2

HL93 – Tandem
HL-93 Design Tandem consist of twin axles spaced 4’ (1.2m) apart, weight of each axle is 25kip (110
kN). The distance between the tyres in an axle is 6’ (1.8m).
For maximum sagging moment

Max. Axle Load = (110kN x 1.5) x 1.0 = 165 kN x 1.0 = 165 kN per 1 axle
No. of loaded lanes = 2 Nos.
Multiple presence factor. = 1.0
Max. Axle Load = 165.0 kN
The factored Max. Load per 1 wheel = 165/2
= 82.5 kN
Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel = 82.5/1.5
= 55.00 kN

Distributed load by wheel = Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel

Contact area
= 55/(1.23x0.97)
= 46.10 kN/m2
HL93 – Lane Load As per AASHTO LRFD Code
Lane load is used to account for the live load on the bridge superstructure and substructure due to
vehicular traffic. The lane load is uniform load, which is a uniform line load that is placed across
the entire structure. Lane load is distributed uniformly over a 10.0’ (3m) width.

No. of loaded lanes = 2 Nos.

Multiple presence factor. = 1.0
Lane Load = 4.65 kN/m2
Lane Load/m = 4.65 kN/m
SEISMIC LOAD (E)
Internal friction angle of the soil,ɸ = 30 °
Density of soil, γt = 18 kN/m3
Thickness of soil (External),h1 = 3.4 m

At rest earth pressure, Ko = 1 – sin ɸ

= (1 - sin30°)
0.5
Rankine’s coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka = (1 – sin ɸ)/(1 + sin ɸ)
= (1 - sin30°) / (1 + sin30°)
= 0.33

Surcharge load = 8.1 kN/m2

Height of the wall at above soil level,h1 = 0m
Height of the wall at below soil level,h2 = 4.4 m

-Earth pressure due to surcharge load

P1 = Ko x Surcharge load = 0.5x8.1
= 4.05 kN/m2
-Earth pressure at rest = 18 x 0.5 x 0
P2 = γt x Ko x h1 = 0 kN/m2
-Earth pressure at rest
P3= γt x Ko x h2 = 18 x 0.5 x 4.4
= 39.6 kN/m2
The dynamic response of even simplest type of retaining wall is quite complex. Wall movement and
pressure depends on the response of the soil underlying the wall, the response of the backfill, the
inertial and flexural response of the wall itself, and the nature of the input motions. Most of the
current understanding of the dynamic response of retaining wall has come from the model test and
numerical analyses.

To calculate the dynamic earth pressure on this project have used Mononobe-Okabe Seismic
Coefficient Analysis as per AASHTO LRFD specification.

cos2 (ɸ - θ - β)
Kae =
( sin (ɸ+δ) x sin (ɸ - θ - i)
cosθ x cos2β x cos(δ+β+θ) x { 1 + √ ( )
cos (δ + β + θ ) x cos ( i - β)

Horizontal ground accelerations,Kh = ( 0.4 xSds) = 0.21

Vertical ground accelerations,KV = 0 (Neglect)
Seismic inertial angle,θ = tan-1{Kh / 1 -K v)}= tan-1{0.21/(1- 0)= 11.86 °
Slope of wall to the vertical,β = 0°
Angle of internal friction between soil and wall,δ =ɸ/2 = 30/2 horizontal and v
= 15 °
Backfill slope angle,i = 0°
 = 0.5755517 -0.118539 -0.84072 3.322775
0.994980448 18.14 -0.155825
0.46 -0.39388

-Active Earth pressure

Pa= Ka x γt x h2 = 0.33 x 18 x 4.4
= 26.14 kN/m2

-Dynamic active Earth pressure (Included static pressures)

qae= Kae x γt x h2 x (1+Kv) = 0.46 x 18 x 4.4 x (1+0)
= 36.432 kN/m2

-Active Earth pressure (Resultant force)

Po'= 1/2 x Pa x h2 = 1/2x26.136x 4.4
= 57.50 kN/m
-Dynamic active Earth pressure (Resultant Force)
Pae= 1/2 x qae x h2 = 1/2x36.432x 4.4
= 80.15 kN/m
-Pure dynamic active Earth pressure
△ Pae= Pae Po' = 80.15-57.5
= 22.65 kN/m
-Distribution on STAAD Pro. (Inverted Triangular distribution )
△ qae= 2 x Pae / h2 = (2 x22.65) / 4.4
= 10.30 kN/m2
DESIGN OF SLAB THK = 0.6 m

Required Reinforcement (Same Size for Top & Bottom). Considering both Hogging and Sagging
moment are same, as the slab is designed for the max bending moment. Also, there can be reversal
of stresses due to vehicle movement. Hence slab to be designed for max moment and reinforcement
arrived is provided for both top and bottom

Slab length = 6.76 m

Slab Width = 7m

Value Load Combination Plate No

Max. moment (Mu1) -34.815 102 52

Design moment (Mu) -34.815 102 52

Mu = -34.815 kNm/m, d = 525 mm
b = 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 600 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

K' = 0.156
K = Mu / ( b x d2 xfcu)
= -34.815x 10^5)/(1000x525x525x40)
= 0.0032 < 0.156 OK

2
The Ratio , K = Mu / ( b x d xfcu) Refer section 3.4.4.4
= -34.815x 10^5)/(1000x525x525x40)
= 0.0032

Lever arm, Z = d{0.5+sqrt(0.25-K/0.9)}

= 525x(0.5+√(0.25-(0.0032/0.9)))
= 523.12665 mm

Lever arm maximum,Zmax = 0.95 x d

= 498.75 mm
Design value of lever arm, Z = 498.75 mm

Area of steel required,Ast reqd = Mu / 0.95 x fy x Z

= -34.815x10^5/(0.95* 460*498.75)
= 159.74 mm2

Min Area of steel ,Ast min = 0.13 % bD

= (0.13/100) x 1000 x 600
= 780 mm2

Provided reinforcement details .= dia of rod 16 150 mm,Spacing

Area of steel for design provided Ast pro = 1339.73 > 780 mm2
= OK

The area of steel calculated from the no. of bars required for per m width multiplied by area of the
rebar bar diameter.

Provide T16 @ 150 top and bottom for the Slab of 600 mm thick
Checking of One-Way Shear stress – Slab.

The slab is designed for one-way shear stress as the critical shear shall be very close to the support.
Therefore, the slab is checked for one-way shear a distance d from the support. Two-way shear is
not applicable as the support in this case is the culvert wall/abutment which is linear and there is no
punching happening due to the support.

Plate
Load Shear (1) Design Shear
Plate No. Combination Slab Depth (2) (m) Nos(3) Σ(1)*(2)*(3) (kN/m)
(kN/m/m)
(ea)
52 102 275.822 0.6 165 165.49
Vu = 165.49 kN d = 525 mm
b = 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 600 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

Critical Section - 1.0 x d from thw wall edge

Design shear stress V = Vu / b x d

= 165.49x1000/(1000x525)
= 0.32 N/mm2

2
Min. design shear stress at section Vmin = 0.8 √fck or 5 N/mm > V
= 3.16 or 5N/mm2

Vmin = 3.16 N/mm2 > 0.32 N/mm2

Hence Design shear stress is less than the above values

Concrete Shear stress as per table 3.8 BS-8110-Part 1

Vc = 0.79*(100*As/(b*d)1/3 * (400/d)1/4 / (1.25* (40/25)1/3

0.79*(100*I499)/(G525*G524)1/3*(400/G524)1/4 /(1.25*(40/25)1/3
0.067199
Crack width calculation for flexure - Slab

Effective depth,d = 525 mm

Steel ratio,p = Astpro / b x d
= 1339.73/1000*525
= 0.0026
Elastic Modulus of steel,Es = 2.00E+05 N/mm2
Elastic Modulus of concrete,Ec = 2.80E+04 N/mm2
Modular ratio,α = Es/(Ec/2)
= 200000/(28000/2)
= 14.29
Ratio,p x α = 0.0026 x14.29
= 0.04
Ratio, x/d = α*p (sqrt(1+2/(α*p))-1)
= 0.04*(1+2/(0.04)-1
= 0.246
Depth of Neutral axis,x = 525 x 0.246
= 129 mm
Lever arm,z = d - x/3
= 525-(129.15/3)
= 482 mm
Tensile stress on steel,fs = Mu / z As
= 34.815x10^5/(481.95*1339.73)
= 53.92 N/mm2
Concrete compressive stress,fcb = 2 Mu / z b x
= (2 x 34.815x10^5)/481.95*129.15x1000
= 1.12 N/mm2
Permissible tensile stress on steel,0.8x fy = 0.8x460
= 368 N/mm2 > fs
Permissible compressive stress on concrete,0.45fcu = 0.45x40
= 18 N/mm2 > fcb
Elastic strain at surface,E1 = (( D - x ) x fs ) / (( d - x ) x Es )
= (600-129.15)x53.92/(525-129.15)x200000
= 3.20E-04
Stiffening effect of concrete,Se = b x (D - x )^2 / 3 x Es x Ast x ( d - x ))
= 1000x(600-129.15)^2/3x200000x1339.73
x(525-129.15)
= 7.00E-04
Average strain,Em = E1-Se
= 0.00032-0.0007
= -3.80E-04

Design surface crack = (3acr x Em ) / ( 1 + 2 (( acr-cmin) / ( D - x ))

acr = (((s/2)^2+(cc+dia/2)^2)^(1/2)-dia/2)
Max.bar spacing,S = 150 mm
acr = (((150/2)^2)+(150+(16/2)^2))^0.5)-(16/2)
= 166.89711
Design surface crack = -0.178 < 0.3 mm
Hence crack width is found less than 0.3 mm, hence Ok
Check Deflection of Slabs:
The method of checking the deflection of the slabs are like the checks of beam deflection. Checking slab
deflection is included in the beam design section of BS 8110 Part 01. Refer to Table. 3.9

Span / Depth Ratio = 20

Span of the slab = 6.76 m

Depth of the slab = 0.6 m

Deflection = 6.76/0.6
11.266667 < 20

Hence culvert slab is safe in deflection

 1.5

1.25
Select Design code check : ASD AISC 2005

1.1

3.85

Minimum sling breaking load, = 4 * Fstat 0.00 MT

266.7
 Ā
Ā
Ā
P
i
ĀĀ n
ĀSt
iffe h
ner Ā o
Ā l
Ā e
M
ai
n
pl
at
e Ā
Ā
Ā
F
fa 8 fip fop fa fip fop
+ ( +
Fa 9 Fip Fop )
≤ 1. 0 +( +
2Fa Fip Fop )≤ 1.0
zontal and vertical seismic coefficients kh and kv
EARTH PRESSURE (EH)

The lateral earth pressure exerted by soil on a structure, occurring when the soil is allowed to yield
sufficiently to cause its internal shearing resistance along a potential failure surface to be
completely mobilized.

Internal friction angle of the external soil,ɸE = 18 °

Density of soil, ρE = 18 kN/m3
Thickness of soil (External),h1 = 3.4 m

Rankine’s coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka = (1 – sin ɸE)/(1 + sin ɸE)

= (1 - sin18°) / (1 + sin18°)
= 0.53

Active Earth pressure HE (bottom of culvert) = Ka x soil density x thickness of soil

(External)

= 0.53 x 18 x 3.4
= 32.44 kN/m3

Internal friction angle of the in ternal soil,ɸI = 18 °

Density of soil, ρI = 18 kN/m3
Thickness of soil (External),h1 = 3.4 m
Rankine’s coefficient of passive earth pressure, Ka = (1 + sin ɸI)/(1 - sin ɸI)
ɸ = 18 ° = (1 + sin18°) / (1 - sin18°)
= 1.89
Passive Earth pressure HI1 (bottom of culvert) = Ka x soil density x thickness of soil
(External)
= 1.89 x 18 x 3.4
= 115.67 kN/m3

The lateral earth pressure from the soil fill on the external face is the worst case and hence the
lateral earth pressure due to the soil fill from internal face is not considered.
 266.7

fa 8 fip fop fa fip fop

+ ( +
Fa 9 Fip Fop )
≤ 1.0 +( +
2Fa Fip Fop )≤ 1.0
CHECK FOR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Hook Design:
Saturated soil density,ρsat = 20 kN/m3
Water Pressure = 16 mm
e
l
o
h

n
i
P
fa fip fop
( )
Ā
Ā + + ≤ 1.0
Ā
2Fa Fip Fop
LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE (LS)
A surcharge load is any load such as spoil embankments, streets or highways, construction
machinery which is imposed upon the surface of the soil close enough or distance to the excavation.
This load causes a lateral pressure to act on the system in addition to the basic earth pressures.

LS – Live Load surcharge due to fill due to vehicular loading

Density of soil, ρ = 18 kN/m3
Thickness of soil ,h = 0.9 m
Live Load surcharge = 1/2 x ρ x h
= 0.5 x 18 x 0.9
= 8.1 kN/m2
The lateral earth pressure due to live load surcharge is estimated by replacing the actual
highway loads with a 900 mm layer of backfill:
0.9m is equivalent height taken from AASHTO LRFD Tables 3.11.6.4-1 & 2

TRUCK LOADING (LT)

HL-93 is a type of theoretical vehicular loading proposed by AASHTO in 1993. It is used as the
design loading for highway structures in USA and other countries where AASHTO code is followed.
AASHTO HL-93 vehicular live load is a combination of three different loads as explained below.

a) HL93
i. Truck + Lane Load (LT1 / LT2)
ii. Tandem + Lane Load (LT3/LT4)
b) TSV
c) Truck in shell document

It is analyzed that HL93 is the controlling load among all live loads for bearing pressure calculation
part and structural design. The comparison is shown at last calculation.

Refer to AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications Cl 3.6.1.2

HL93 - Truck Load
Design Truck consists of three axles, front and two rear axles with front axle weighing 8kip (35 kN)
and two rear axles weighing 32kip (145 kN). The distance between front and rear axle is 14’ (4.3m)
and that of two rear axles can be varied between 14’ (4.3m) to 30’ (9.0m) to obtain the worst design
force. The tyre to tyre distance in any axle is 6’ (1.8m).
Generally, Center of truck wheels must be at least 2’ (600mm) from the edge of a design lane and 1’
(300mm) from the deck overhang. Minimum tail to nose distance between two successive trucks in a
lane is 50’ (15m).
For Truck and Tandem, the design contact area of tyre is assumed to be a single rectangle of
with 20” (510mm) and length 10” (250mm). The tyre pressure is assumed to be uniform over
the contact area.

For maximum sagging moment For Rear wheel

Max. Axle Load = (145 kN x 1.5) x 1.0 = 217.5 kN x 1.0 = 217.5 kN per 1 axle (An axle is a rod or
shaft that rotates the wheels and supports the weight of your vehicle. Axles are essential
components of any vehicle and come in three main types: front, rear, and stub.)

No. of loaded lanes = 2 Nos.

Multiple presence factor. = 1.0
Max. Axle Load = 217.5 kN
The factored Max. Load per 1 wheel = 217.5/2
= 108.8 kN
Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel = 108.75/1.5
= 72.50 kN

The Tire width is 510 mm and the contact length are 250 mm. Refer to clause 3.6.1.2.5 of
AASHTO LRFD
Tire Width = 0.51 m
Contact length = 0.25 m
Contact Slope = 0.36 m

The distribution due to the vehicle wheel area in contact with the road.
Distribution width = Tire Width + Contact slope = 0.51+ ( 2x 0.36)
= 1.23 m
Distribution length = Contact length +Contact slope = 0.25+ ( 2x 0.36)
= 0.97 m

Distributed load by wheel = Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel

Contact area
= 72.5/(1.23x0.97)
= 60.77 kN/m2
For maximum sagging moment For Front wheel
Max. Axle Load = (35kN x 1.5) x 1.0 = 52.5 kN x 1.0 = 52.5 kN per 1 axle
No. of loaded lanes = 2 Nos.
Multiple presence factor. = 1.0
Max. Axle Load = 52.5 kN
The factored Max. Load per 1 wheel = 52.5/2
 = 26.3 kN
Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel = 26.25/1.5
= 17.50 kN

Distributed load by wheel = Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel

Contact area
= 17.5/(1.23x0.97)
= 14.67 kN/m2

HL93 – Tandem
HL-93 Design Tandem consist of twin axles spaced 4’ (1.2m) apart, weight of each axle is 25kip (110
kN). The distance between the tyres in an axle is 6’ (1.8m).

For maximum sagging moment

Max. Axle Load = (110kN x 1.5) x 1.0 = 165 kN x 1.0 = 165 kN per 1 axle
No. of loaded lanes = 2 Nos.
Multiple presence factor. = 1.0
Max. Axle Load = 165.0 kN
The factored Max. Load per 1 wheel = 165/2
= 82.5 kN
Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel = 82.5/1.5
= 55.00 kN

Distributed load by wheel = Unfactored Max load per 1 wheel

Contact area
= 55/(1.23x0.97)
= 46.10 kN/m2
HL93 – Lane Load As per AASHTO LRFD Code
Lane load is used to account for the live load on the bridge superstructure and substructure due to
vehicular traffic. The lane load is uniform load, which is a uniform line load that is placed across
the entire structure. Lane load is distributed uniformly over a 10.0’ (3m) width.

No. of loaded lanes = 2 Nos.

Multiple presence factor. = 1.0
Lane Load = 4.65 kN/m2
Lane Load/m = 4.65 kN/m
SEISMIC LOAD (E)
Internal friction angle of the soil,ɸ = 30 °
Density of soil, γt = 18 kN/m3
Thickness of soil (External),h1 = 3.4 m

At rest earth pressure, Ko = 1 – sin ɸ

= (1 - sin30°)
0.5
Rankine’s coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka = (1 – sin ɸ)/(1 + sin ɸ)
= (1 - sin30°) / (1 + sin30°)
= 0.33

Surcharge load = 8.1 kN/m2

Height of the wall at above soil level,h1 = 0m
Height of the wall at below soil level,h2 = 4.4 m

-Earth pressure due to surcharge load

P1 = Ko x Surcharge load = 0.5x8.1
= 4.05 kN/m2
-Earth pressure at rest = 18 x 0.5 x 0
P2 = γt x Ko x h1 = 0 kN/m2
-Earth pressure at rest
P3= γt x Ko x h2 = 18 x 0.5 x 4.4
= 39.6 kN/m2
The dynamic response of even simplest type of retaining wall is quite complex. Wall movement and
pressure depends on the response of the soil underlying the wall, the response of the backfill, the
inertial and flexural response of the wall itself, and the nature of the input motions. Most of the
current understanding of the dynamic response of retaining wall has come from the model test and
numerical analyses.

To calculate the dynamic earth pressure on this project have used Mononobe-Okabe Seismic
Coefficient Analysis as per AASHTO LRFD specification.

cos2 (ɸ - θ - β)
Kae =
( sin (ɸ+δ) x sin (ɸ - θ - i)
cosθ x cos2β x cos(δ+β+θ) x { 1 + √ ( )
cos (δ + β + θ ) x cos ( i - β)

Horizontal ground accelerations,Kh = ( 0.4 xSds) = 0.21

Vertical ground accelerations,KV = 0 (Neglect)
Seismic inertial angle,θ = tan-1{Kh / 1 -K v)}= tan-1{0.21/(1- 0)= 11.86 °
Slope of wall to the vertical,β = 0°
Angle of internal friction between soil and wall,δ =ɸ/2 = 30/2 horizontal and v
= 15 °
Backfill slope angle,i = 0°

= 0.5755517 -0.118539 -0.84072 3.322775

0.994980448 18.14 -0.155825
0.46 -0.39388

-Active Earth pressure

Pa= Ka x γt x h2 = 0.33 x 18 x 4.4
= 26.14 kN/m2

-Dynamic active Earth pressure (Included static pressures)

qae= Kae x γt x h2 x (1+Kv) = 0.46 x 18 x 4.4 x (1+0)
= 36.432 kN/m2

-Active Earth pressure (Resultant force)

Po'= 1/2 x Pa x h2 = 1/2x26.136x 4.4
= 57.50 kN/m
-Dynamic active Earth pressure (Resultant Force)
Pae= 1/2 x qae x h2 = 1/2x36.432x 4.4
= 80.15 kN/m
-Pure dynamic active Earth pressure
△ Pae= Pae Po' = 80.15-57.5
= 22.65 kN/m
-Distribution on STAAD Pro. (Inverted Triangular distribution )
△ qae= 2 x Pae / h2 = (2 x22.65) / 4.4
= 10.30 kN/m2
DESIGN OF SLAB THK = 0.6 m

Required Reinforcement (Same Size for Top & Bottom). Considering both Hogging and Sagging
moment are same, as the slab is designed for the max bending moment. Also, there can be reversal
of stresses due to vehicle movement. Hence slab to be designed for max moment and reinforcement
arrived is provided for both top and bottom

Slab length = 6.76 m

Slab Width = 7m

Value Load Combination Plate No

Max. moment (Mu1) -34.815 102 52

Design moment (Mu) -34.815 102 52

Mu = -34.815 kNm/m, d = 525 mm
b = 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 600 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

K' = 0.156
K = Mu / ( b x d2 xfcu)
= -34.815x 10^5)/(1000x525x525x40)
= 0.0032 < 0.156 OK

2
The Ratio , K = Mu / ( b x d xfcu) Refer section 3.4.4.4
= -34.815x 10^5)/(1000x525x525x40)
= 0.0032

Lever arm, Z = d{0.5+sqrt(0.25-K/0.9)}

= 525x(0.5+√(0.25-(0.0032/0.9)))
= 523.12665 mm

Lever arm maximum,Zmax = 0.95 x d

= 498.75 mm
Design value of lever arm, Z = 498.75 mm

Area of steel required,Ast reqd = Mu / 0.95 x fy x Z

= -34.815x10^5/(0.95* 460*498.75)
= 159.74 mm2

Min Area of steel ,Ast min = 0.13 % bD

= (0.13/100) x 1000 x 600
= 780 mm2

Provided reinforcement details .= dia of rod 16 150 mm,Spacing

Area of steel for design provided Ast pro = 1339.73 > 780 mm2
= OK

The area of steel calculated from the no. of bars required for per m width multiplied by area of the
rebar bar diameter.

Provide T16 @ 150 top and bottom for the Slab of 600 mm thick
Checking of One-Way Shear stress – Slab.

The slab is designed for one-way shear stress as the critical shear shall be very close to the support.
Therefore, the slab is checked for one-way shear a distance d from the support. Two-way shear is
not applicable as the support in this case is the culvert wall/abutment which is linear and there is no
punching happening due to the support.

Plate
Plate No. Load Shear (1) Design Shear
Slab Depth (2) (m) Nos(3)
Combination (kN/m/m) Σ(1)*(2)*(3) (kN/m)
(ea)
52 102 275.822 0.6 165 165.49
Vu = 165.49 kN d = 525 mm
b = 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 600 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

Critical Section - 1.0 x d from thw wall edge

Design shear stress V = Vu / b x d

= 165.49x1000/(1000x525)
= 0.32 N/mm2

2
Min. design shear stress at section Vmin = 0.8 √fck or 5 N/mm > V
= 3.16 or 5N/mm2

Vmin = 3.16 N/mm2 > 0.32 N/mm2

Hence Design shear stress is less than the above values

Concrete Shear stress as per table 3.8 BS-8110-Part 1

Vc = 0.79*(100*As/(b*d)1/3 * (400/d)1/4 / (1.25* (40/25)1/3

0.79*(100*I499)/(G525*G524)1/3*(400/G524)1/4 /(1.25*(40/25)1/3
0.067199
Crack width calculation for flexure - Slab

Effective depth,d = 525 mm

Steel ratio,p = Astpro / b x d
= 1339.73/1000*525
= 0.0026
Elastic Modulus of steel,Es = 2.00E+05 N/mm2
Elastic Modulus of concrete,Ec = 2.80E+04 N/mm2
Modular ratio,α = Es/(Ec/2)
= 200000/(28000/2)
= 14.29
Ratio,p x α = 0.0026 x14.29
= 0.04
Ratio, x/d = α*p (sqrt(1+2/(α*p))-1)
= 0.04*(1+2/(0.04)-1
= 0.246
Depth of Neutral axis,x = 525 x 0.246
= 129 mm
Lever arm,z = d - x/3
= 525-(129.15/3)
= 482 mm
Tensile stress on steel,fs = Mu / z As
= 34.815x10^5/(481.95*1339.73)
= 53.92 N/mm2
Concrete compressive stress,fcb = 2 Mu / z b x
= (2 x 34.815x10^5)/481.95*129.15x1000
= 1.12 N/mm2
Permissible tensile stress on steel,0.8x fy = 0.8x460
= 368 N/mm2 > fs
Permissible compressive stress on concrete,0.45fcu = 0.45x40
= 18 N/mm2 > fcb
Elastic strain at surface,E1 = (( D - x ) x fs ) / (( d - x ) x Es )
= (600-129.15)x53.92/(525-129.15)x200000
= 3.20E-04
Stiffening effect of concrete,Se = b x (D - x )^2 / 3 x Es x Ast x ( d - x ))
= 1000x(600-129.15)^2/3x200000x1339.73
x(525-129.15)
= 7.00E-04
Average strain,Em = E1-Se
= 0.00032-0.0007
= -3.80E-04

Design surface crack = (3acr x Em ) / ( 1 + 2 (( acr-cmin) / ( D - x ))

acr = (((s/2)^2+(cc+dia/2)^2)^(1/2)-dia/2)
Max.bar spacing,S = 150 mm
acr = (((150/2)^2)+(150+(16/2)^2))^0.5)-(16/2)
= 166.89711
Design surface crack = -0.178 < 0.3 mm
Hence crack width is found less than 0.3 mm, hence Ok
Check Deflection of Slabs:
The method of checking the deflection of the slabs are like the checks of beam deflection. Checking slab
deflection is included in the beam design section of BS 8110 Part 01. Refer to Table. 3.9

Span / Depth Ratio = 20

Span of the slab = 6.76 m

Depth of the slab = 0.6 m

Deflection = 6.76/0.6
11.266667 < 20

Hence culvert slab is safe in deflection

fa 8 fip fop fa fip fop
+ ( +
Fa 9 Fip Fop)≤ 1.0 +( +
2Fa Fip Fop )≤ 1.0
zontal and vertical seismic coefficients kh and kv
SEISMIC LOAD (E)
Internal friction angle of the soil,ɸ = 30 °
Density of soil, γt = 18 kN/m3
Thickness of soil (External),h1 = 3.4 m

At rest earth pressure, Ko = 1 – sin ɸ

= (1 - sin30°)
0.5
Rankine’s coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka = (1 – sin ɸ)/(1 + sin ɸ)
= (1 - sin30°) / (1 + sin30°)
= 0.33

Surcharge load = 8.1 kN/m2

Height of the wall at above soil level,h1 = 0m
Height of the wall at below soil level,h2 = 4.4 m

-Earth pressure due to surcharge load

P1 = Ko x Surcharge load = 0.5x8.1
= 4.05 kN/m2
-Earth pressure at rest = 18 x 0.5 x 0
P2 = γt x Ko x h1 = 0 kN/m2
-Earth pressure at rest
P3= γt x Ko x h2 = 18 x 0.5 x 4.4
= 39.6 kN/m2
The dynamic response of even simplest type of retaining wall is quite complex. Wall movement and
pressure depends on the response of the soil underlying the wall, the response of the backfill, the
inertial and flexural response of the wall itself, and the nature of the input motions. Most of the
current understanding of the dynamic response of retaining wall has come from the model test and
numerical analyses.

To calculate the dynamic earth pressure on this project have used Mononobe-Okabe Seismic
Coefficient Analysis as per AASHTO LRFD specification.

cos2 (ɸ - θ - β)
Kae =
( sin (ɸ+δ) x sin (ɸ - θ - i)
cosθ x cos2β x cos(δ+β+θ) x { 1 + √ ( )
cos (δ + β + θ ) x cos ( i - β)

Horizontal ground accelerations,Kh = ( 0.4 xSds) = 0.21

Vertical ground accelerations,KV = 0 (Neglect)
Seismic inertial angle,θ = tan-1{Kh / 1 -K v)}= tan-1{0.21/(1- 0)= 11.86 °
Slope of wall to the vertical,β = 0°
Angle of internal friction between soil and wall,δ =ɸ/2 = 30/2 horizontal and v
= 15 °
Backfill slope angle,i = 0°
 = 0.5755517 -0.118539 -0.84072 3.322775
0.994980448 18.14 -0.155825
0.46 -0.39388

-Active Earth pressure

Pa= Ka x γt x h2 = 0.33 x 18 x 4.4
= 26.14 kN/m2

-Dynamic active Earth pressure (Included static pressures)

qae= Kae x γt x h2 x (1+Kv) = 0.46 x 18 x 4.4 x (1+0)
= 36.432 kN/m2

-Active Earth pressure (Resultant force)

Po'= 1/2 x Pa x h2 = 1/2x26.136x 4.4
= 57.50 kN/m
-Dynamic active Earth pressure (Resultant Force)
Pae= 1/2 x qae x h2 = 1/2x36.432x 4.4
= 80.15 kN/m
-Pure dynamic active Earth pressure
△ Pae= Pae Po' = 80.15-57.5
= 22.65 kN/m
-Distribution on STAAD Pro. (Inverted Triangular distribution )
△ qae= 2 x Pae / h2 = (2 x22.65) / 4.4
= 10.30 kN/m2
 fa 8 fip fop fa fip fop
+ (
+
Fa 9 Fip Fop
≤ 1.0 ) +( +
2Fa Fip Fop )≤ 1.0

horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients kh and kv

DESIGN OF SLAB THK = 0.6 m

Required Reinforcement (Same Size for Top & Bottom). Considering both Hogging and Sagging
moment are same, as the slab is designed for the max bending moment. Also, there can be reversal
of stresses due to vehicle movement. Hence slab to be designed for max moment and reinforcement
arrived is provided for both top and bottom

Slab length = 6.76 m

Slab Width = 7m

Value Load Combination Plate No

Max. moment (Mu1) -34.815 102 52

Design moment (Mu) -34.815 102 52

Mu = -34.815 kNm/m, d = 525 mm
b = 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 600 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

K' = 0.156
K = Mu / ( b x d2 xfcu)
= -34.815x 10^5)/(1000x525x525x40)
= 0.0032 < 0.156 OK

2
The Ratio , K = Mu / ( b x d xfcu) Refer section 3.4.4.4
= -34.815x 10^5)/(1000x525x525x40)
= 0.0032

Lever arm, Z = d{0.5+sqrt(0.25-K/0.9)}

= 525x(0.5+√(0.25-(0.0032/0.9)))
= 523.12665 mm > 0.95xd
Ok
Lever arm maximum,Zmax = 0.95 x d
= 498.75 mm
Design value of lever arm, Z = 498.75 mm

Area of steel required,Ast reqd = Mu / 0.95 x fy x Z

= -34.815x10^5/(0.95* 460*498.75)
= 159.74 mm2

Min Area of steel ,Ast min = 0.13 % bD

= (0.13/100) x 1000 x 600
= 780 mm2

Provided reinforcement details .= dia of rod 16 150 mm,Spacing

Area of steel for design provided Ast pro = 1339.73 > 780 mm2
= OK

The area of steel calculated from the no. of bars required for per m width multiplied by area of the
rebar bar diameter.

Provide T16 @ 150 top and bottom for the Slab of 600 mm thick
Checking of One-Way Shear stress – Slab.

The slab is designed for one-way shear stress as the critical shear shall be very close to the support.
Therefore, the slab is checked for one-way shear a distance d from the support. Two-way shear is
not applicable as the support in this case is the culvert wall/abutment which is linear and there is no
punching happening due to the support.

(1) Plate
Load Design Shear
Plate No. Combination Shear Slab Depth (2) (m) Nos(3) Σ(1)*(2)*(3) (kN/m)
(kN/m/m)
(ea)
52 102 275.822 0.6 165 165.49
Vu = 165.49 kN d = 525 mm
b = 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 600 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

Critical Section - 1.0 x d from thw wall edge

Design shear stress V = Vu / b x d

= 165.49x1000/(1000x525)
= 0.32 N/mm2

2
Min. design shear stress at section Vmin = 0.8 √fck or 5 N/mm > V
= 3.16 or 5N/mm2

Vmin = 3.16 N/mm2 > 0.32 N/mm2

Hence Design shear stress is less than the above values

Concrete Shear stress as per table 3.8 BS-8110-Part 1

Vc = 0.79 x (100 x Ast / (b x d) 1/3 x (400/d)1/4 / (1.25 x (40/25)1/3

= ((0.79*(((100*1339.73)/(1000*525))^(1/3))*((400/525)^(1/2)))/1.25)*((40/25)^(1/3))
= 0.409 N/mm2

Vc x b x d = (0.409*525*1000)/1000
214.725 kN > Vu

Concrete shear stress Vc > Vu. Hence safe in shear

Hence shear reinforcement is not required.

Crack width calculation for flexure - Slab

Effective depth,d = 525 mm

Steel ratio,p = Astpro / b x d
= 1339.73/1000*525
= 0.0026
Elastic Modulus of steel,Es = 2.00E+05 N/mm2
Elastic Modulus of concrete,Ec = 2.80E+04 N/mm2
Modular ratio,α = Es/(Ec/2)
= 200000/(28000/2)
= 14.29
Ratio,p x α = 0.0026 x14.29
= 0.04
Ratio, x/d = α*p (sqrt(1+2/(α*p))-1)
= 0.04*(1+2/(0.04)-1
= 0.246
Depth of Neutral axis,x = 525 x 0.246
= 129 mm
Lever arm,z = d - x/3
= 525-(129.15/3)
= 482 mm
Tensile stress on steel,fs = Mu / z As
= 34.815x10^5/(481.95*1339.73)
= 53.92 N/mm2
Concrete compressive stress,fcb = 2 Mu / z b x
= (2 x 34.815x10^5)/481.95*129.15x1000
= 1.12 N/mm2
Permissible tensile stress on steel,0.8x fy = 0.8x460
= 368 N/mm2 > fs
Permissible compressive stress on concrete,0.45fcu = 0.45x40
= 18 N/mm2 > fcb
Elastic strain at surface,E1 = (( D - x ) x fs ) / (( d - x ) x Es )
= (600-129.15)x53.92/(525-129.15)x200000
= 3.20E-04
Stiffening effect of concrete,Se = b x (D - x )^2 / 3 x Es x Ast x ( d - x ))
= 1000x(600-129.15)^2/3x200000x1339.73
x(525-129.15)
= 7.00E-04
Average strain,Em = E1-Se
= 0.00032-0.0007
= -3.80E-04

Design surface crack = (3acr x Em ) / ( 1 + 2 (( acr-cmin) / ( D - x ))

acr = (((s/2)^2+(cc+dia/2)^2)^(1/2)-dia/2)
Max.bar spacing,S = 150 mm
acr = (((150/2)^2)+(150+(16/2)^2))^0.5)-(16/2)
= 166.89711
Design surface crack = -0.178 < 0.3 mm
Hence crack width is found less than 0.3 mm, hence Ok
Check Deflection of Slabs:
The method of checking the deflection of the slabs are like the checks of beam deflection. Checking slab
deflection is included in the beam design section of BS 8110 Part 01. Refer to Table. 3.9

Span / Depth Ratio = 20

Span of the slab = 6.76 m

Depth of the slab = 600 m

Deflection = 6.76/600
0.0112667 < 20

Hence culvert slab is safe in deflection

fa 8 fip fop fa fip fop
+ ( +
Fa 9 Fip Fop )
≤ 1. 0 +( +
2Fa Fip Fop )≤ 1.0
DESIGN OF WALL THK = 0.6 m

Required Reinforcement (Same Size for Top & Bottom). Considering both Hogging and Sagging
moment are same, as the wall is designed for the max bending moment. Also, there can be reversal
of stresses due to vehicle movement. Hence wall to be designed for max moment and reinforcement
arrived is provided for both top and bottom

Value Load Combination Plate No

Max. moment (Mu1) -151.69 102 52

Design moment (Mu) -151.69 102 52

Mu = -151.69 kNm/m, d = 325 mm
b = 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 400 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

K' = 0.156
K = Mu / ( b x d2 xfcu)
= -151.69x 10^5)/(1000x325x325x40)
= 0.0359 < 0.156 OK

2
The Ratio , K = Mu / ( b x d xfcu) Refer section 3.4.4.4
= -151.69x 10^5)/(1000x325x325x40)
= 0.0359

Lever arm, Z = d{0.5+sqrt(0.25-K/0.9)}

= 325x(0.5+√(0.25-(0.0359/0.9)))
= 311.47311 mm > 0.95xd
Ok
Lever arm maximum,Zmax = 0.95 x d
= 308.75 mm
Design value of lever arm, Z = 308.75 mm

Area of steel required,Ast reqd = Mu / 0.95 x fy x Z

= -151.69x10^5/(0.95* 460*308.75)
= 1124.26 mm2

Min Area of steel ,Ast min = 0.13 % bD

= (0.13/100) x 1000 x 400
= 520 mm2

Provided reinforcement details .= dia of rod 20 150 mm,Spacing

Area of steel for design provided Ast pro = 2093.33 > 520 mm2
= OK

The area of steel calculated from the no. of bars required for per m width multiplied by area of the
rebar bar diameter.

Provide T20 @ 150 top and bottom for the wall of 400 mm thick
Checking of One-Way Shear stress – Wall

The wall is designed for one-way shear stress as the critical shear shall be very close to the support.
Therefore, the wall is checked for one-way shear a distance d from the support. Two-way shear is
not applicable as the support in this case is the culvert wall/abutment which is linear and there is no
punching happening due to the support.

Load Plate
Plate No. Shear (1) Wall Depth (2) (m)
Design Shear
Nos(3) Σ(1)*(2)*(3) (kN/m)
Combination (kN/m/m)
(ea)
52 102 275.822 0.6 165 165.49
Vu = 165.49 kN d = 325 mm
b = 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 400 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

Critical Section - 1.0 x d from thw wall edge

Design shear stress V = Vu / b x d

= 165.49x1000/(1000x325)
= 0.51 N/mm2

2
Min. design shear stress at section Vmin = 0.8 √fck or 5 N/mm > V
= 3.16 or 5N/mm2

Vmin = 3.16 N/mm2 > 0.51 N/mm2

Hence Design shear stress is less than the above values

Concrete Shear stress as per table 3.8 BS-8110-Part 1

Vc = 0.79 x (100 x Ast / (b x d) 1/3 x (400/d)1/4 / (1.25 x (40/25)1/3

= ((0.79*(((100*2093.33)/(1000*325))^(1/3))*((400/325)^(1/2)))/1.25)*((40/25)^(1/3))
= 0.708 N/mm2

Vc x b x d = (0.708*325*1000)/1000
230.1 kN > Vu

Concrete shear stress Vc > Vu. Hence safe in shear

Hence shear reinforcement is not required.

Crack width calculation for flexure - Wall

Effective depth,d = 325 mm

Steel ratio,p = Astpro / b x d
= 2093.33/1000*325
= 0.0064
Elastic Modulus of steel,Es = 2.00E+05 N/mm2
Elastic Modulus of concrete,Ec = 2.80E+04 N/mm2
Modular ratio,α = Es/(Ec/2)
= 200000/(28000/2)
= 14.29
Ratio,p x α = 0.0064 x14.29
= 0.09
Ratio, x/d = α*p (sqrt(1+2/(α*p))-1)
= 0.09*√(1+2/(0.09)-1
= 0.153
Depth of Neutral axis,x = 325 x 0.153
= 50 mm
Lever arm,z = d - x/3
= 325-(49.73/3)
= 308 mm
Tensile stress on steel,fs = Mu / z As
= 151.69x10^5/(308.423*2093.33)
= 234.95 N/mm2
Concrete compressive stress,fcb = 2 Mu / z b x
= (2 x 151.69x10^5)/308.423*49.73x1000
= 19.78 N/mm2
Permissible tensile stress on steel,0.8x fy = 0.8x460
= 368 N/mm2 > fs
Permissible compressive stress on concrete,0.45fcu = 0.45x40
= 18 N/mm2 < fcb
Elastic strain at surface,E1 = (( D - x ) x fs ) / (( d - x ) x Es )
= (400-49.73)x234.95/(325-49.73)x200000
= 1.49E-03
Stiffening effect of concrete,Se = b x (D - x )^2 / 3 x Es x Ast x ( d - x ))
= 1000x(400-49.73)^2/3x200000x2093.33
x(325-49.73)
= 3.50E-04
Average strain,Em = E1-Se
= 0.00149-0.00035
= 1.14E-03

Design surface crack = (3acr x Em ) / ( 1 + 2 (( acr-cmin) / ( D - x ))

acr = (((s/2)^2+(cc+dia/2)^2)^(1/2)-dia/2)
Max.bar spacing,S = 150 mm
acr = (((150/2)^2)+(150+(20/2)^2))^0.5)-(20/2)
= 166.70597
Design surface crack = 0.520 > 0.3 mm
Hence crack width is found more than 0.3 mm, hence Not ok
Check Deflection of Wall:

The wall is designed as cantilever. The wall is considered as propped cantilever because it supports
the culvert slab at the top of the wall. There is a local thickening up to a thickness of 650mm of wall
from below where the slab sits on the wall.

Hence the deflection of the wall shall be checked for the slenderness ration of the wall as per
BS:8110 Table:3.23. The condition used is unbraced wall.

Le / h = 30

Clear height of the wall,Le = 4m

Thickness of the Wall ,h = 0.4 m

Deflection = 4/0.4
10 < 30

Hence culvert wall is safe in deflection ;

Hence deflection should be within permissible limits as per clause 3.9.3.8.
fa 8 fip fop fa fip fop
+ ( +
Fa 9 Fip Fop )
≤ 1. 0 +( +
2Fa Fip Fop )≤ 1.0
DESIGN OF FOUNDATION THK = 0.6 m

Required Reinforcement (Same Size for Top & Bottom).

Considering both Hogging and Sagging moment are same, as the footing is designed for the max
bending moment. Also, there can be reversal of stresses due to vehicle movement. Hence footing is
designed for max moment and reinforcement arrived is provided for both top and bottom of the
footing.

Length of the foundation = 7.54 m

Width of the foundation = 3.8 m

Value Load Combination Plate No

Max. moment (Mu2) -87.65 105 15

Design moment (Mu) -87.65 105 15

Mu = -87.65 kNm/m, d = 375 mm
b = 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 450 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

K' = 0.156
K = Mu / ( b x d2 xfcu)
= -87.65x 10^5)/(1000x375x375x40)
= 0.0156 < 0.156 OK

2
The Ratio , K = Mu / ( b x d xfcu) Refer section 3.4.4.4
= -87.65x 10^5)/(1000x375x375x40)
= 0.0156

Lever arm, Z = d{0.5+sqrt(0.25-K/0.9)}

= 375x(0.5+√(0.25-(0.0156/0.9)))
= 368.38325 mm > 0.95xd
Ok
Lever arm maximum,Zmax = 0.95 x d
= 356.25 mm
Design value of lever arm, Z = 356.25 mm

Area of steel required,Ast reqd = Mu / 0.95 x fy x Z

= -87.65x10^5/(0.95* 460*356.25)
= 563.01 mm2

Min Area of steel ,Ast min = 0.13 % bD

= (0.13/100) x 1000 x 450
= 585 mm2

Provided reinforcement details .= dia of rod 16 150 mm,Spacing

Area of steel for design provided Ast pro = 1339.73 > 585 mm2
= OK

The area of steel calculated from the no. of bars required for per m width multiplied by area of the
rebar bar diameter.

Provide T16 @ 150 top and bottom for the Footing of 450 mm thick
Checking of One-Way Shear stress – Footing

Load Plate
Plate No. Shear (1) Slab Depth (2) (m)
Design Shear
Nos(3) Σ(1)*(2)*(3) (kN/m)
Combination (kN/m/m)
(ea)
15 101 339 0.45 1 152.55
Vu = 152.55 kN d = 375 mm
b= 1000 mm
fc = 40 Mpa D 450 mm
fy = 460 Mpa Cc = 75 mm

Critical Section - 1.0 x d from thw wall edge

Design shear stress V = Vu / b x d

= 152.55x1000/(1000x375)
= 0.41 N/mm2

2
Min. design shear stress at section Vmin = 0.8 √fck or 5 N/mm > V
= 3.16 or 5N/mm2

Vmin = 3.16 N/mm2 > 0.41 N/mm2

Hence Design shear stress is less than the above values

Concrete Shear stress as per table 3.8 BS-8110-Part 1

Vc = 0.79 x (100 x Ast / (b x d) 1/3 x (400/d)1/4 / (1.25 x (40/25)1/3

= ((0.79*(((100*0.13 % bD)/(1000*375))^(1/3))*((400/375)^(1/2)))/1.25)*((40/25)^(1/3))
= #VALUE! N/mm2

Vc x b x d = #VALUE!
#VALUE! kN #VALUE! Vu

Concrete shear stress Vc #VALUE! Vu. Hence safe in shear

Hence shear reinforcement is #VALUE!

Crack width calculation for flexure - Slab

Effective depth,d = 375 mm

Steel ratio,p = Astpro / b x d
= 1339.73/1000*375
= 0.0036
Elastic Modulus of steel,Es = 2.00E+05 N/mm2
Elastic Modulus of concrete,Ec = 2.80E+04 N/mm2
Modular ratio,α = Es/(Ec/2)
= 200000/(28000/2)
= 14.29
Ratio,p x α = 0.0036 x14.29
= 0.05
Ratio, x/d = α*p (sqrt(1+2/(α*p))-1)
= 0.05*(1+2/(0.05)-1
= 0.216
Depth of Neutral axis,x = 375 x 0.216
= 81 mm
Lever arm,z = d - x/3
= 375-(81/3)
= 348 mm
Tensile stress on steel,fs = Mu / z As
= 87.65x10^5/(348*1339.73)
= 188 N/mm2
Concrete compressive stress,fcb = 2 Mu / z b x
= (2 x 87.65x10^5)/348*81x1000
= 6.22 N/mm2
Permissible tensile stress on steel,0.8x fy = 0.8x460
= 368 N/mm2 > fs
Permissible compressive stress on concrete,0.45fcu = 0.45x40
= 18 N/mm2 > fcb
Elastic strain at surface,E1 = (( D - x ) x fs ) / (( d - x ) x Es )
= (450-81)x188/(375-81)x200000
= 1.18E-03
Stiffening effect of concrete,Se = b x (D - x )^2 / 3 x Es x Ast x ( d - x ))
= 1000x(450-81)^2/3x200000x1339.73
x(375-81)
= 5.80E-04
Average strain,Em = E1-Se
= 0.00118-0.00058
= 6.00E-04

Design surface crack = (3acr x Em ) / ( 1 + 2 (( acr-cmin) / ( D - x ))

acr = (((s/2)^2+(cc+dia/2)^2)^(1/2)-dia/2)
Max.bar spacing,S = 150 mm
acr = (((150/2)^2)+(150+(16/2)^2))^0.5)-(16/2)
= 166.89711
Design surface crack = 0.275 < 0.3 mm
Hence crack width is found less than 0.3 mm, hence Ok
Check Deflection of Slabs:
The method of checking the deflection of the slabs are like the checks of beam deflection. Checking slab
deflection is included in the beam design section of BS 8110 Part 01. Refer to Table. 3.9

Span / Depth Ratio = 20

Span of the slab = 7.54 m

Depth of the slab = 450 m

Deflection = 7.54/450
0.0167556 < 20

Hence culvert slab is safe in deflection

fa 8 fip fop fa fip fop
+ ( +
Fa 9 Fip Fop )
≤ 1. 0 +( +
2Fa Fip Fop )≤ 1.0