2/23/2021 »Control of Infectious Laryngotracheitis

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Control of Infectious Laryngotracheitis
June 18, 2020 Posted by Alejandra Colmenares under University Associations , Birds and There are no comments
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The disease, common in areas where birds are concentrated, is included in the list of mandatory notifiable agri-food sector for 2021
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By: Lucas Sara. Veterinary Services Ceva Animal Health Southern Cone
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The laryngotracheitis Infectious (LTI) is a respiratory disease caused by an avian herpesvirus where the
severity of clinical signs and mortality vary widely between outbreaks depending on the pressure of infection
of the virus, been immune from the lot, age of birds , virulence of the strain, co-infections with other
respiratory pathogens and environmental factors that can negatively affect the respiratory system of birds.

The agent

The etiological agent is an avian herpesvirus (not oncogenic) belonging to the same subfamily of Marek's
disease virus . Infectious laryngotracheitis virus is a member of the family Herpesviridae , subfamily
Alphaherpesvirinae , genus Iltovirus , species gallid herpesvirus 1 . Its transmission is only horizontal.

The virus is found almost exclusively in the respiratory tract and can remain latent for long periods in infected
birds since viruses of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily have as a main characteristic the establishment of
latency in neurons of sensory ganglia after acute infection. The ability to establish and subsequently
reactivate latent infections plays a key role in the perpetuation of these viruses in nature . The glycoproteins
that are part of the envelope have fine spicules and are responsible for the stimulation of the humoral and
cellular immune responses.

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2/23/2021 »Control of Infectious Laryngotracheitis

The virus enters the bird's body through the upper respiratory tract and replicates mainly in the
epithelium of the larynx, trachea, conjunctiva and nasal sinuses. Some viral strains can have a high cytolytic
capacity in these tissues, especially in the trachea, resulting in serious damage to the epithelium . There is no
evidence that the virus performs a viremic phase. After replication in the tracheal mucosa, the virus invades
the nerve endings and is transported through retrograde axonal flow to the trigeminal ganglion, where it can
remain dormant for many months.

Clinical picture and injuries

The clinical picture is characterized by respiratory disease with a rapid increase in flock mortality. Birds in one
area of the house show clinical signs and die while other birds in the same flock may show mild signs of
disease.

Outbreaks tend to be more serious in older flocks of chickens than in younger flocks since there is a
natural refractoriness to infection during the first weeks of life . Clinical signs of infection appear 6 to 12 days
after the virus enters the bird's body. The clinical manifestation of the virus infection can vary from a severe
infection to less severe forms.

The acute form of the disease is characterized by severe dyspnea, cough, and expectoration of muco-bloody
exudate. Birds stretch their necks, trying to breathe through their mouths. Mortality rates of up to 70% have
been described, although in general they are between 10% and 40%. The course of the disease varies with
the severity of the injuries, and birds generally recover within 10 to 14 days. The subacute form of ITL can
have variable morbidity and is usually associated with low mortality. Birds have drowsiness, conjunctivitis,
sinusitis, tracheitis, lacrimation, runny nose, inflammation of the infraorbital sinus, rales, growth retardation
and decreased productive performance. In these cases, few birds have characteristic lesions, and the disease
can be confused with other respiratory conditions.

Disease prevention and control

The disease is of worldwide distribution, it is included in the list of diseases of mandatory declaration of the
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and its presentation is frequent in areas of concentration of birds.
As the disease has no treatment, prevention and control are essential to reduce the losses caused. The
management measures adopted in the established biosecurity program are essential to reduce the
spread of the virus from one farm to another and are considered essential in the control of LTI .

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2/23/2021 »Control of Infectious Laryngotracheitis
For years, infection by the ITL virus has been tried to control by using live attenuated vaccines. Vaccination
programs with this type of vaccine tend to have limitations mainly due to the fact that these vaccine strains of
ITL virus could occasionally mutate and cause serious outbreaks, which contributes to the spread of the
disease. Field infection or vaccination with live attenuated ITL viruses often results in the emergence of carrier
animals and therefore it becomes extremely important to avoid contact between vaccinated or recovered
animals with susceptible animals.

There are live attenuated vaccines made in chicken embryos (CEO) and in tissue culture (TCO) . Vaccines
made in chicken embryos are more invasive than those made in cell cultures, but present a higher risk of
reversal of residual pathogenicity, which is why their use was limited in Argentina. Regarding the vaccine
made in cell culture, this vaccine contains attenuated virus with less risk of presentation of reactions, reversal
of pathogenicity and spread of the disease but due to the need for its application individually in birds in
production (eye drop) its use is limited depending on the volume of birds in conventional production systems.

The development of recombinant vaccines for VLTI is a tool for a more efficient and safe control of the
disease.

This type of vectorized vaccines results in an immune response against both agents, therefore it will
generate protection against the vector virus as well as against the antigen included in the vector without the
need to use the live agent causing the disease; for this reason one of the main advantages of this type of
vaccine is that there will be no establishment of carrier birds with latent ITL virus in the body . On the other
hand, with these vaccines there are no post-vaccinal reactions typical of live virus vaccines that may affect
the productive performance of the birds, nor is there a risk of reversal of virulence.

There are 2 types of vectorized vaccines for the control of ITL. In both, the gene for glycoprotein B was
inserted due to the relevance of their antigenic characteristics. Glycoprotein B is necessary for the ITL
herpesvirus to infect cells as it is involved in viral penetration into target cells; on the other hand, it
stimulates the cellular immune response as well as the production of specific antibodies .

The vectors selected for these vaccines are fowl pox virus and turkey herpesvirus (HVT) . The basic
characteristics of each type of vaccine are described below:

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2/23/2021 »Control of Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Since the development of these vectorized vaccines, different strategies have been used, both in chickens (in
ovo and sub-cutaneous vaccination) and in laying and breeding hens (different combinations of both vaccines)
that have been evaluated, either under laboratory conditions. (experimental trials) and in the field. Based on
the knowledge and experiences accumulated in recent years, it is possible to implement plans with LTI
vectorized vaccines (rFP-LT and rHVT-LT) that, when executed in conjunction with adequate biosafety
programs, allow a safe and effective control of the disease .

More information:
www.ceva.com.ar

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