t!b!d!o!p!c!b!s!p!!!!n!b!t!b!m!b!

Tfnplmfcvmj!hbnsbwmfcjt!gpsnvmfcj!

1. a 2 − b 2 = (a − b )(a + b ) ;
(
2. a 3 − b 3 = (a − b ) a 2 + ab + b 2 ; )
3. a + b
3 3
= (a + b ) (a 2
− ab + b ) ;
2

4. (a ± b )2 = a 2 ± 2ab + b 2 ;
5. (a ± b )3 = a 3 ± 3a 2b + 3ab 2 ± b3 ;
6. (a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc ;
!
qspqpsdjfcj!
a c d c a b d b a±b c±d
1. Tu = , maSin a ⋅ d = b ⋅ c; = ; = ; = ; = ;
b d b a c d c a b d
a±b c±d a+b c+d
= ; = .
a c a−b c−d
a a a c a1 ± a2 ± L ± a n c
2. Tu 1 = 2 = L = n = , maSin = .
b1 b2 bn d b1 ± b2 ± L ± bn d
!
qspdfouj!

ak
1. a ricxvis k % tolia -is.
100
100
2. ricxvi, romlis k % aris b , tolia b ⋅ -is.
k
a a
3. a ricxvi aris b ricxvis nawili, anu ⋅ 100 procenti.
b b
4. a ricxvis rTuli n %-iT gadideba, ramodenime etapad,
niSnavs: yovel momdevno etapis dasawyisSi wina etapze
miRebul ricxvs daematos misive n %. Ggamomdinare aqedan Ak
ricxvi, romelic warmoadgens a ricxvis misi rTuli n %-iT
Tanmimdevrulad k -etapad gadidebuls, gamoiTvleba
formuliT

428
 k
⎛ n ⎞
Ak = a⎜1 + ⎟ .
⎝ 100 ⎠

ybsjtyj!

1. a n = a1⋅2 3a; sadac n ∈ N ;

a... 2. a 0 = 1; a ≠ 0 .
n −jer

1
3. a −n = , n ∈ N , a ≠ 0.
an
m
4. a n = n a m , m ∈ Z n ∈ N da a > 0.

a + a2 − b a − a2 − b
5. a± b = ± , a > 0, b > 0, a 2 > b .
2 2

!
nprnfefcfcj!ybsjtyfc{f!
n
⎛a⎞ an
1. (ab )n = a n b n ; 2. ⎜ ⎟ = n , Tu b ≠ 0 ;
⎝b⎠ b

3. a m ⋅ a n = a m+ n ; 4.
am
a n
= a m −n ; ( )
5. a m
n
= a mn .

ebnpljefcvmfcb!tbTvbmp!bsjUnfujlvmtb!eb!
tbTvbmp!hfpnfusjvmt!Tpsjt!

a1 + a2 + L + a n n
≥ a1a2 L a n ,
n
sadac a1 ≥ 0, a 2 ≥ 0,K, a n ≥ 0. tolobas adgili aqvs maSin da
mxolod maSin, roca a1 = a2 = L = an .

lwbesbuvmj!hboupmfcjt!bnpobytoUb!gpsnvmb!

Tu ax 2 + bx + c = 0 da D = b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0, maSin
− b ± b 2 − 4ac − k ± k 2 − ac
a) x1,2 = ; b) x1,2 = , Tu b = 2k .
2a a
!
429
 wjfujt!Ufpsfnb!

Tu x1 da x 2 aris ax 2 + bx + c = 0 gantolebis amonaxsnebi, maSin

b c
x1 + x2 = − , x1 ⋅ x2 = . !
a a
!
!
lwbesbuvmj!tbnxfwsjt!ebTmb!xsgjw!nbnsbwmfcbe

Tu x1 da x2 aris ax 2 + bx + c kvadratuli samwevris amonaxsnebi,

maSin
ax 2 + bx + c = a( x − x1 )(x − x2 ) .

bsjUnfujlvmj!qsphsftjb!

a n = a1 + (n − 1)d ;
a1 + an 2a1 + (n − 1)d 2an − d (n − 1)
Sn = n, Sn = n, Sn = n;
2 2 2

a1 + a n = a2 + a n−1 = K = a k + a n−k +1 ;
a n −1 + a n +1
an = .
2

hfpnfusjvmj!qsphsftjb!

bn = b1q n−1 ;
b1 (q n − 1) b q − b1
Sn = , Sn = n , (q ≠ 1);
q −1 q −1
b1 ⋅ bn = b2 ⋅ bn−1 = K = bk ⋅ bn−k +1 ;
bn2 = bn −1 ⋅ bn+1 .
!
!
!

430
 usjhpopnfusjb!

lvUyjt!hsbevtvmj!{pnjt!hbebzwbob!sbejbofcTj!eb!qjsjrjU!

a° α
α= π , a° = 180° ( α - radianuli zomaa, a - gradusi)!
180° π
!
usjhpopnfusjvm!!gvordjbUb!ojTofcj!
!

!!!!!!!!sinusi kosinusi tangensi

usjhpopnfusjvmj!gvordjfcjt!nojTwofmpcbUb!dysjmj!
{phjfsUj!bshvnfoujtbUwjt!

α π π π π 3π
0 = 00 = 30 o = 45 o = 60 o = 90 o π = 180 0 = 270 0
6 4 3 2 2

1 2 3
sin α 0 1 0 -1
2 2 2

cos α 3 2 1
1 0 -1 0
2 2 2

tgα 0
3
1 3 - 0 -
3

ctgα - 3 1
3
0 - 0
3

431
 ebnpljefcvmfcb!fsUj!eb!jhjwf!bshvnfoujt!
usjhpopnfusjvm!gvordjfct!Tpsjt!
sin α
1. sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1; 2. tgα = ;
cosα
cosα
3. ctgα = ; 4. tgα ctgα = 1;
sin α
1 1
5. 1 + tg 2α = ; 6. 1 + ctg 2α = .!
cos 2 α sin 2 α
!

psj!bshvnfoujt!kbnjtb!eb!tywbpcjt!
usjhpopnfusjvmj!gvordjfcj!

1. sin (α + β ) = sin α cos β + cosα sin β ;

2. sin (α − β ) = sin α cos β − cosα sin β ;
3. cos(α + β ) = cosα cos β − sin α sin β ;
4. cos(α − β ) = cosα cos β + sin α sin β ;
tgα + tgβ
5. tg (α + β ) = ;
1 − tgα tgβ
tgα − tgβ
6. tg (α − β ) = .
1 + tgα tgβ

psnbhj!eb!tbnnbhj!bshvnfoujt!usjhpopnfusjvmj!
gvordjfcj!

1. sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α ; 2. cos 2α = cos 2 α − sin 2 α ;

2tgα
3. tg 2α = ; 4. sin 3α = 3 sin α − 4 sin 3 α ;
1 − tg 2α
3tgα − tg 3α
5. cos 3α = 4 cos 3 α − 3 cosα ; 6. tg 3α = ;
1 − 3tg 2α
!

432
 obyfwbsj!bshvnfoujt!usjhpopnfusjvmj!gvordjfcj

α
1 − cosα α
1 + cosα
1. sin 2 = ; 2. cos 2 = ;
2 2 22
α 1 − cosα α sin α
3. tg 2 = ; 4. tg = ;
2 1 + cosα 2 1 + cosα
α 1 − cosα
5. tg = .
2 sin α

!!!!!!!!!!usjhpopnfusjvm! gvordjbUb! hbnptbywb! obyfwbsj!

bshvnfoujt!ubohfotjU!

α α α
2tg 1 − tg 2 2tg
1. sin α = 2 ; 2. cosα = 2; 3. tgα = 2 .
α α α
1 + tg 2
1 + tg 2
1 − tg 2
2 2 2

usjhpopnfusjvm! gvordjbUb! obnsbwmjt! hbsebrnob!

kbnbe!
1
1. sin α cos β = [sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β )] ;
2
2. cosα cos β = [cos(α − β ) + cos(α + β )] ;
1
2
3. sin α sin β = [cos(α − β ) − cos(α + β )] .
1
2

!!!!!!!usjhpopnfusjvm! gvordjbUb! kbnjt! hbsebrnob!

obnsbwmbe

α+β α−β
1. sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos ;
2 2
α−β α+β
2. sin α − sin β = 2 sin cos ;
2 2
α+β α−β
3. cosα + cos β = 2 cos cos ;
2 2
α+β α −β
4. cosα − cos β = −2 sin sin ;
2 2

433
 sin (α + β ) sin (α − β )
5. tgα + tgβ = ; 6. tgα − tgβ = ;
cosα cos β cosα cos β
sin (α + β ) sin (β − α )
7. ctgα + ctgβ = ; 8. ctgα − ctgβ = .
sin α sin β sin α sin β

usjhpopnfusjvm!gvordjbUb!{phjfsUj!kbnjt!
hbsebrnob!

1. 1 − cos 2α = 2 sin 2 α ; 2. 1 + cos 2α = 2 cos 2 α ;

3. 1 − 2 sin 2 α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 = cos 2α ;
4. sin α + cosα = 2 sin (α + 45°) = 2 cos(α − 45°) ;
5. sin α − cos α = 2 sin (α − 45°) = − 2 cos(α + 45°) ;
6. sin 4 α + cos 4 α = 1 − 2 sin 2 α cos 2 α ;
7. sin 6 α + cos 6 α = 1 − 3 sin 2 α cos 2 α .
!
Tfrdfvmj!usjhpopnfusjvmj!gvordjfcj

π π
1. y = arcsin x, Tu x = sin y da − ≤ y≤ ;
2 2
2. y = arccos x, Tu x = cos y da 0 ≤ y ≤ π ;
π π
3. y = arctgx, Tu x = tgy da − ; < y<
2 2
4. y = arcctgx, Tu x = ctgy da 0 < y < π ;
5. arcsin(− x ) = − arcsin x ; 6. arccos(− x ) = π − arccos x ;
7. arctg (− x ) = −arctgx ; 8. arcctg (− x ) = π − arcctgx ;
π π
9. arcsin x + arccos x = ; 10. arctgx + arcctgx = .
2 2

vnbsujwft!usjhpopnfusjvm!hboupmfcbUb!bnpobytofcj!
!
1. sin x = a; a ≤ 1, x = (− 1) arcsin a + πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
k

kerZod: a) sin x = 0, x = πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
π
b) sin x = 1, x = + 2πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
2
π
g) sin x = −1, x = − + 2πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
2

434
 2. cos x = a; a ≤ 1, x = ± arccos a + 2πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
π
kerZod: a) cos x = 0, x = + πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
2
b) cos x = 1, x = 2πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
g) cos x = −1, x = π + 2πκ , κ ∈ Z .
3. tgx = a, x = arctga + πκ , κ ∈ Z ;
4. ctgx = a, x = arcctga + πκ , κ ∈ Z .!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
mphbsjUnfcj

1. log a b = x ⇔ a x = b, (a ≠ 1, a > 0, b > 0) ;

2. a = b ; 3. log a 1 = 0 ;
log a b
4. log a a = 1 ;
5. log a (x1 ⋅ x2 ) = log a x1 + log a x2 ;
x1
6. log a = log a x1 − log a x2 ; 7. log a x k = k log a x ;
x2
1 m
8. log a k x = log a x ; 9. log a k b m = log a b ;
k k
log c b 1
10. log a b = ; 11. log a b = ;
log c a log b a
log a x log b x
12. = ; 13. a logc b = b logc a .
log a y log b y

kombinatorika

= n(n − 1)K (n − m + 1) ;
Pn
1. Pn = n! ; P0 = 1 ; 2. Anm =
Pn − m
3. An1 = n ; An0 = 1 ; 4. Anm +1 = (n − m )Anm ;
Anm n! n(n − 1)(n − 2)K (n − m + 1)
5. Cnm = = = ;
Pm m!(n − m )! m!
6. Cnm = Cnn − m ; Cn1 = n ; Cn0 = 1 .

niutonis binomialuri formula

(a + b )n = Cn0 a n + Cn1 a n −1b + L + Cnm a n − mb m + L + Cnnb n .

435
 mbUjovsj!bocboj!
!
A, a _ a N , n _ en
B, b _ be O, o _ o
C , c _ ce P, p _ pe
D, d _ de Q, q _ qu
E, e _ e R, r _ er
F , f _ ef S , s _ es
G , g _ Je T , t _ te
H , h _ haS U, u _ u
I, i _ i V, v _ v
J , j _ Ji W , w _ dubl-ve
K , k _ ka X , x _ iqs
L, l _ el Y , y _ igrek
M , m _ em Z , z _ zet

cfs[ovmj!bocboj!
!
Α, α _ alfa Ν, ν _ niu
Β, β _ beta Ξ, ξ _ qsi
Γ, γ _ gama Ο, ο _ omikroni
∆, δ _ delta Π, π _ pi
Ε, ε _ efsilon Ρ, ρ _ ro
Ζ, ς _ Zeta Σ , σ _ sigma
Η, η _ eta Τ, τ _ tau
Θ, ϑ _ Teta Φ, φ _ fi
Ι, ι _ iota Χ, χ _ xi
Κ , κ _ kapa ϒ, υ _ ifsilon
Λ, λ _ lambda Ψ, ψ _ fsi
Μ , µ _ miu Ω, ω _ omega

436