Garbage

February 2011

Pre-Master Research Study

The German University In Cairo
Faculty of Applied Sciences & Arts
Department of Graphic Design

Ayah O Moustafa
A scientific paper on garbage in Cairo: Al-Darb El-Ahmar

Supervised by: Stefan Theiss

Co. Supervised by: Wahideh Abdolvahab
cairogarbage.blogspot.com
Research and development for expanding our vision of
art and the world around us in our daily lives, customs,
& traditions.

Garbage | 2
 Abstract

This study offers an insight to a world where garbage is

abundant and predominant. Through this research project, a
bridge is built to connect those who live in their own bubble of
a world inside Cairo and others abroad, with the humble people
of Al-Darb El-Ahmar through the extension of editorial design.
The main concept is not to raise awareness of the threatening
hygienic issue, but to show garbage from a different perspective.
The subjective view I have of the art of over consumption.

Through this research facts, theories, assumptions, and ideas

will be put into consideration while trying to expand the idea
of garbage in the eyes of both locals in Al-Darb El-Ahmar and
the end users who will read the final editorial design. Garbage
is more than some smelly pile of leftovers on the side of the
road, it is the remains of our existence. This study will analyze
how garbage acts and what impression it leaves on people,
by starting at the heart of Al-Darb El-Ahmar and spreading
out. This research attempts to redefine the image of garbage,
setting it at a whole new level of clarity and possibly, serenity.
For this study, one-on-one and one-on-many interaction with
locals will be put into motion for first person observation and
involvement. There is no target age group defined.

Despite the fact that this research revolves around the

beauty of garbage and aims at depicting garbage from a new
perspective, I am in no way encouraging people to produce
more litter and contribute to trashing our streets.

All photos and designs put into this research paper are
copyright originals and are not to be copied, altered, or used
in any way without the full knowledge and written consent of
the author. This project research is for full academic purposes.

Keywords: Garbage, Unintentional Design, Garbage Art,

Over-consumption, Egypt, Al-Darb El-Ahmar.

cairogarbage.blogspot.com Abstract | 3
Preface

This paper is for a pre-master course project at the German

University in Cairo: Faculty of Graphic Design. It intendeds
to develop and redefine the definition of garbage as unwanted
material and transforming it into art. A form of art that more
people could learn to appreciate and tolerate. This paper’s main
concern is to aim at establishing a new bonding connection
between people and their waste while introducing people to the
area of Al-Darb El-Ahmar, an area that even very few Egyptians
know of it’s existence.

Preface | 4
 Contents

3 Abstract
4 Preface
Contents
6 Introduction
i. Motivation
ii. Purpose of this Study
7 iii. Overview

Chapter 1
8 Methodology
1.1 Zebala
9 1.2 Observation
1.3 Interaction
1.4 Documentation

Chapter 2
10 Results
2.1 Garbage Barrier
2.2 An Action-Reaction Sort of Thing
11 2.3 For Academic Purposes Only

Chapter 3
12 Discussion
3.1 A Real Act
13 3.2 A Garbage Reformation

Chapter 4
14 Design Application
4.1 Logo
4.1.1 Early Designs
4.1.1.1 Arabic Calligraphy
15 4.1.1.2 One-Letter Symbol
4.1.1.3 Recycle
16 4.1.2 Final Implementation
4.2 Choosing Layout & Format
18 4.2.1 Format
4.2.2 Layout
19 4.3 Font
20 4.4 Garbage Box
4.5 Blog

21 References

Contents | 5
 Introduction

i. Motivation

Everything on this planet is unique in at least one minor

feature. Egypt for instance, in my eyes, is the country where
history meets the modern world of today. All of its glorious
temples, or the breathtaking monuments that only time can
value, and it’s kind people, take part in what it is today. Regardless
the fact that the population is growing by the minute, people
and history cannot stand alone to truly symbolize what Egypt
is today. Take a casual drive over Egypt’s narrow bridges and
look down over the rooftops of the bare brick-red buildings
below, or a casual walk on its long intertwined, dusty streets
and look beneath every step you take. Take a second look at a
tree to your right and focus on that big crack in the trunk, or
at gaps separating stones of a wall, and indeed, you will come
to find: garbage.
Not long ago, I had a German photography teacher who once
showed us a part of her portfolio in class one day. It consisted
of a photo series of forest trees, leaves, and greenery. It was
simple, perfect, and was obvious in the fact that it symbolized
“Germany” in all the colors of the rainbow. This got me to start
thinking and to ask myself, “What ‘greenery’ does Egypt have
so much of?”

ii. Purpose of This Study

According to online sources and Egyptian newspapers, Cairo

is home to approximately 2,000 tons of garbage a day. As a
young lady born and bred abroad, it took me quite a while to
learn how to adapt to this reckless, disturbing atmosphere and
finally learn to see it through the eyes of my suppressed inner
soul: the designer in me. Now, I wonder why we undeniably
classify abandoned artifacts as garbage and other objects we
keep, as worthy. Or how this so called garbage, was turned on
against as a group of terrorists flooding their way into our lives,
when really all garbage is, our left behind. Life is not black or
white and garbage certainly cannot be classified under either
category. On the contrary, I find garbage very colorful in its
narrative aspects, compositional setting, composing elements,
and obviously, the colors themselves.

cairogarbage.blogspot.com Introduction | 6
 Garbage, as a matter of fact, can be very complicated. Take a
minute now and step back to look at the whole picture. We live,
we consume, and we dispose. Have you ever thought that what
we dispose, can actually be used to tell your grandchildren’s
children a bedtime story for years to come? Like any painter,
an idea is first developed, then a suitable canvas is selected for
composition, setting and layout. I cannot figure out which
puzzles me more: the fact that people create this smelly art or
that they complain about it even more. I will not (because I
cannot) declare that I am at complete peace with things the way
they currently are. The true heros of this story are the men who
work with these artifacts for a living. They do not complain
and treat our pungent leftover material with such care like a
valuable piece of gold. Who are we to complain?

iii. Overview

This scientific paper will be divided into four chapters to

help analyze the topic at hand. Chapter 1: Methods will help
explain the steps I took to deal with the subject of garbage in
Cairo, and briefly illustrate the limits I dealt with. Chapter 2:
Results, outlines the outcome results produced through research
and interaction in Al-Darb El-Ahmar. Chapter 3: Discussion
analyzes the results delivered from the previous chapter. Finally,
Chapter 4: Practical Application discusses the practical part
of this project through the exploration of the logo, editorial
concept, format, font, and final project.

Introduction | 7
 Chapter 1: Methodology

1.1 Zebala

Zebala (pronounced “ze-baa-lah”) is no more than the

Arabic word for garbage. To start off with this project, I started
reading about garbage systems in Cairo and comparing them
with those abroad. With a total population of approximately 86
million Egyptians, Cairo alone is home to 7,786,640 people.
Like other people all over the world, they too over consume
and have way too much excess leftover. I cannot say that the
city is well in control of the situation, but there is somehow a
sort of order in this disorder.

One of the simplest forms of garbage control available today

in Cairo exists in a small-over populated city hidden in the
shadows of the central Cairo District, Mokattam (“mok-kat-
tamm”) mountains, called Manshiyat Naser (“man-shay-yat
naa-sir”) and is known widely as Garbage City. It is named after
its people, Zabaleen (“zab-baa-leen”), the “Pig-Pen Operators”
or the “Garbage People”.

According to online sources, Garbage City is home to nearly

60,000 people whose lives revolve around our waste. Every
morning the men of the family head out with their large sacks
carried over their shoulders, or if privileged, on the back of a
donkey carriage, and collect items out of our garbage dumps
that are of use to them. They look for plastics, metals, paper,
cloth, and many other items that can be sorted, stacked, and
sold. Once the junk is collected, it is brought home for the
wives, daughters, and younger boys to sort. Basically, it’s a
family-run business all through town.

The Egyptian government has tried and failed many times

to sort out the issue. The streets are narrow, bumpy, and the
civilians are hard to keep up with. Garbage men are underpaid
and demotivated. Today, the Italian waste management firm
AMA Arab Environment Company (AAEC) earns 52 million
Egyptian pounds a year for their services. Their main incentive
with employees is that they are not paid by the hour but rather
by the net weight of the garbage they collect.

cairogarbage.blogspot.com Methodology | 8
1.2 Observation

Before going back to Al-Darb El-Ahmar with my concept

in mind and ready for a go, I visited the Zabaleen at Garbage
City to get a first hand experience on what the place is.
Unfortunately, they are not big camera fans and refused to
grant me photography privileges. They claim that they did not
want trouble with the media (government), especially after they
ordered to kill their herds of pigs (approximately 300,000) and
drastically reducing their daily income and bread.

1.3 Interaction

Regardless what many may call research, the best way to reach
full capacity results, is through getting in touch with factors
outside ones comfort zone. The Egyptian people are unlike the
people of the West who usually tend to keep their nose and
business to themselves. Where on the contrary, Egyptians are
used to life as an open book; my business is yours, and yours
is mine. I find this to be the case due to the circumstances
people here live in. In the west, the weather is cold for a the
greater majority of the year, drawing people indoors, and close
to those they know. Where as in the Middle East, countries
experience frequent heat waves, humidity, and rarely have rain
all winter long. This encourages outdoor activities and life with
neighbors, kids, cars, dogs, and passing tourists. Where terms
like private zone, and privacy have no existence.

On that note, I decided I needed to be bold. I realized I had

to mix into this context and learn to swim in the Egyptian
‘man-waves’. Luckily, unlike the people of Zabbaleen, the local
residents of Al-Darb El-Ahmar were used to the presence of
cameras due to frequent touristic visits. The only problem I
wanted to avoid, was getting people to act differently and out
of their normal character, which is exactly what a camera gets
people to do.

1.4 Documentation

Finally, gathering all the information collected is essential

to help wrap up the project. On every visit, I had a back up
person on stand by overlooking the situation from afar. This
person observed my interactions with the people and helped
me analyze my results after the intervention was complete.

Methodology | 9
 Chapter 2: Results

2.1 Garbage Barrier

Ironically and to my utter surprise, I learned during a casual

side talk with some Darb residents (and computer research
afterwards), that Al-Azhar park originally used to be a garbage
dump. For centuries, locals dumped their trash along the eastern
wall of the Fatimid Cairo (Al-Azhar park) and it continued to
layer for centuries. Cairo grew and spread around it without
even considering to treat it, move it and settle in; it was bad.
In 1984, the Agha Khan Trust for Culture accepted thirty
million United States Dollars from Agha Khan IV (who was a
descendant of Fatimid Imam-Caliphs) to build a park, restore
the 12th century Ayyubid wall (which was destroyed by the
garbage it held up from collapsing over the Eastern part of Al-
Darb El-Ahmar), help improve several qualities, and support
the poor people there. Imam-Caliphs is set in history as the
man who founded the city of Cairo in the year 969.

2.2 An Action-Reaction Sort of Thing

During my search for the perfect garbage site, many people

reacted with the slightest effort to try and hide their feelings.
What I found to be pure art in the way it just laid there with a
thick layer of humid dust, and so colorful and attractive with
its surrounding mess, others found the perfect opportunity to
mock. People could not understand why I would walk into
a dump site, squat down, analyze, and shoot a lifeless empty
Chipsy bag. Rarely were those who understood-or thought they
did with the idea that I was putting together a complaint letter
for the government. Those individuals, not only encouraged
me, but begged me to make sure I help them reach out to those
up along the hierarchy levels and demand that they get their
tax’s worth. One man explained, with pity, that the best places
to find garbage are at schools, hospitals, and Mosques.

Unlike those who were beneficial and went out of their way
to make sure I find what I am looking for, some were completely
sarcastic, or just plain rude. The line, “Take my picture, I look
and smell better”, was frequently heard as it was thrown in
my direction by younger high/middle school students. Most
of these retorts were often followed by accusations that I was
not a true Egyptian, and that I was looking for what was ugly
to photograph and make it look bad. Some tried to offer other
alternatives to photograph, such as historical buildings, the

cairogarbage.blogspot.com Results | 10
Citadel, or Al-Azhar park (because it was full of greenery and
beautiful spots), if I was so hungry to photograph.

2.3 For Academic Purposes Only

I realized that a camera in the hand of a fellow Egyptian,

like them, was something they considered strange, if not
alarming. This fact caused me to run into many problems with
police officers (who always asked, “do you have a license?”),
market/workshop owners, passing by pedestrians, and home
owners. Especially when they realized I was not photographing
historical monuments the area was so famous for. The safest
path I found was when I was honest with them. Assuring them
that all this was for educational purposes and that you have
nothing to do with the government or media, was my best bet.
The “I’m a student, and I’m doing a school project” line, eased
many unhappy faces. If I’m lucky, they will leave it at that and
walk away. But most times they wanted more. It was tricky
attempting explain my concept of the project, which usually
led me to resort to my second best answer, “I’m an applied arts
student.” This answer always gives me an excuse to be wild with
my thoughts and creative imaginations.

Results | 11
 Chapter 3: Discussion

3.1 A Real Act

As we talked earlier, the people of Al-Darb El-Ahmar are

used to attracting tourists (foreign and non-foreign) who come
to photograph the ancient buildings that tell so much history
of great part of Cairo, or simply to see their everyday life. My
point of interest was really hard for most of them to register.
One that many found funny, bizarre, mad, and made me the
trending topic of the hour.

While I was out shooting, many students would be walking

home together is groups of at least two or more ‘backup friends’
(one-to-many). These combinations found it very humorous to
humiliate, annoy, and enjoy a good laugh at me. Then there were
those teens who were alone (one-to-one interaction) would just
watch with puzzlement while quickly passing by. Surprisingly,
I found that I had an inner self-defense mechanism set in me.
During the one-to-many mix, many over-stepped their borders
and crossed the line. To these types, I leaned how to stand up
for myself and show them this is my country too. No one could
ever argue and take that away from me.

Those who pointed, laughed, and jokingly said that I should

take their picture instead were usually pranked on by me. I
would pretend to be ignoring them, snapping away at the
garbage I adore so much, until a surprisingly jump up and a
photo-attack is initialized! This would cause them to scream
and run: apparently, no one wanted their photo taken. I would
then yell back at them, “Don’t offer what you can’t give!”

Trying to explain to the reason of my fascination to these

people through my perspective and reason for shooting garbage
was very tricky not only because of language barriers, but
because this project was so personal. As far as I am concerned,
I believe that my interaction of photographic encounters, was a
live performance, an intervention totally worth the experience.
They may have not be able to grasp my emotions, but the fact
that people saw me photograph something so worthless, made
some stop to think; I raised awareness.

Most adults, either those who were sitting at the entrance of

their small grocery shops across the street or others who finished
their prayers and were coming out of Mosques, expressed
feelings of gratitude, and pride in that a young Egyptian soul
with good spirits could care about her country.

cairogarbage.blogspot.com Discussion | 12
 Thinking that I was out in the street with my camera out to
document a problem and analyze it elaborately (based on how
close they saw me get with garbage when I photograph it), they
believed that I had a good vision in store and was going to help
them reach out to someone who could do anything about their
sticky situation. It was times like this where being honest, felt
dishonest.

The mere presence of garbage suggests nothing more than a

problem. Whether it be from the government, or the people, it
arises at the base of a difficulty, a hiccup we know the solution
to, but don no have it. This fact makes it hard for me to
completely depict garbage as an artistic factor without looking
into the story of how it got there.

3.2 Garbage Reformation

One man, a mechanic, surprised me when he showed great

interest in my activities and wanted to dig a deep discussion
about it. He asked me as a designer, how I would demonstrate
garbage to show my point. Can one take it, recreate something
new out it, and present that? He believed that there was more
to it than just taking a picture. He went on and on about how
ample his neighborhood is with samples. My main problem
however, was language. I may speak Arabic, but English is my
native and I was short in dialog context due to lack of sufficient
Arabic vocabulary words. Words I could not decipher, and
others I could not send back his direction.

Discussion | 13
 Chapter 4: Design Application

4.1 Logo

4.1.1 Early Design

As any professional magazine, I needed to create a logo that

resembled this topic, the Arab version of garbage. Naturally, I
translated the word to Arabic and started working around it.

4.1.1.1 Arabic Calligraphy

When I started to think of a name for the magazine, I could

not help but picture the word in Arabic. The word Zebala is
very expressive and cannot be substituted whatsoever. As shown
in Figure 4.1, I drew the letters that form the word.

Figure 4.1

After all the letters were sketched, I tried to arrange them to

form a logo. Figure 4.2 is a collection of trials I put together in
search for the perfect match.

Figure 4.2
cairogarbage.blogspot.com Design Applications | 14
 4.1.1.2 One-Letter Symbol

The previous example of letter-arrangement seemed to

resemble too much to the Arabic calligraphy art and did
not seem fit for this topic. I decided to
try something out with the first letter
only. As shown in Figure 4.3, I chose the
square as a shape that was already used
in an earlier part of the project: garbage-
sampling boxes from chapter 1. I did not
like impression the black and white color Figure 4.3
scheme gave. The logo felt dark and even
a bit clean. I decided to give the box an
outline stroke only and tried something, as
shown in Figure 4.4, with a bit more lines
and color. The messy lines that form the
letter resemble the natural composition
garbage is found in reality.
Figure 4.4

4.1.1.3 Recycle

The logo did not feel right just yet. The box gave me the
impression of a suppressed, tortured letter. In a way preventing
garbage from what it does naturally: spreading out, and
littering our world. I removed the box and tried cloning the
letter multiple times.

Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6

The cloned-letter offsprings were then arranged as shown

in Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 in the form of a recycle symbol
resembling some sort of order among all of the disorder. I liked
the idea and shapes, but it still did not seem appropriate for the
Egyptian (Al-Darb El-Ahmar) garbage.

cairogarbage.blogspot.com Design Applications | 15

 4.1.2 Final Implementation

The logo needed a lot less frill and a lot more simplicity:
reduction to the max. I starting thinking outside the box and
remembered this one assignment we had in typography years
ago where we were asked to design a font using grids. I went for
modular shapes of squares. The idea that something so simple
could create something of greater value, resembled the impact
of garbage in the streets of Cairo, especially in Al-Darb El-
Ahmar.

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10

Figure 4.7 was the first attempt in this series showing basic
letter structure. In Figure 4.8, the baseline rule was eliminated
putting the second half of the logo, down below its baseline
and on the descender: bad idea; a new letter was born. In the
cases of Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10, emphasis on the first letter
was put to, as in earlier cases, try and find an iconic identity
for the magazine where that letter could be used at times alone.
Finally, Figure 4.11 shows the logo in a solid fill, unifying it all.
I found this look to much stronger than just the emphasis of
one letter, and the color can easily be adjusted to suit the issue’s
color scheme.

Figure 4.11

Design Applications | 16
 The garbage portrayed in this project is Egyptian and cannot
be given a catchy foreign name. It needed its Arabic name to
accompany it, Zebala. The struggle however came when I
realized that my target group involved both educated, higher
class Egyptians (not the people of Al-Darb El-Ahmar) and
foreigners who do not read Arabic. Translation of the logo was
needed somewhere in between otherwise the concept of project
may loose it’s gravity. I must admit that I unsure before if I
would include the people who were under the microscope in
the final target group. After research, interaction proved that
they are not interested in garbage the way I am: from a design
perspective and would not stop to even look at pictures of it.

Garbage Garbage
Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13

In Figure 4.12 , using the font type Blackout (2 AM), a font

with similar bold characteristic features as the logo, I added the
English word garbage. As you can see, the negative feature of
the font, very much resembled the font face the logo already
used, but now caused a bit of a legibility issue with the logo.
Blackout 2 AM was adjusted to sub-type Midnight: an invert.
This change allowed the logo, Figure 4.13, to stand out.

4.2 Choosing Format & Layout

A5

A4
A3

A1

A2

Figure 4.14

Design Applications | 17
 The original plan for the editorial part of this project was to
execute a photo book through which I can portray my view.
However, I started to realize that there was a better, suitable
option. Most advertising and design agencies run monthly
magazine issues with in-depth articles, tutorials, and sources
of inspiration for aspiring designers. This path of development
seemed more fit to the topic and was immediately adjusted so.

4.2.1 Format

Like most magazines, I thought of creating a normal A4-size

with a staple bind down the spine. That soon came to prove
too complicated and fancy for a topic so simple and cheap. I
started folding various sheets of paper and kept folding until
an appropriate fold was acquired. I decided to use a sheet of A1
paper that folds four folds across and four folds down. Please
refer to Figure 4.13 for a better understanding.

4.2.2 Layout

Since pictures speak a thousand words and my view of

garbage can never be thoroughly expressed in the use of words,
the layout of the final editorial aimed to stand as a photographic-
based magazine, rather than a typical arts and culture monthly
article-based one.

Figure 4.14 shows the front side of the editorial when it is

unfolded. It includes the cover, end, a teaser image with a quote,
and four pages for an article about the selected issue district (i.e.
Al-Darb El-Ahmar). Then along the right (left when folded) of

article article
text 1

phrase image
text 2

back page cover page

text 3

article article
text 4
Figure 4.14

Design Applications | 18
 the page are four pictures of, what I call, Garbage Boxes (which
will be discussed later in the chapter). Accompanying every box
is a small, short-story text which gives the reader an idea of
what each location is like. The back side, shown in Figure 4.15,
is the final collection of images of garbage I took that build
one great poster. Every row is set according to the location the
dump/garbage was at.

site 1

site 2

site 3

site 4

Figure 4.15
4.3 Font

Like in any visual project, typography is essential in the

editorial as it helps illustrate a word. Some people may not be
able to read, but just by looking a the font used, can allow them
to partially decode the gist of any message. The following is a
list of the fonts I mixed together to design the final editorial
print project:

• Blackout
• Old Rubber Stamp
• Unisketch Limited/Light Limited
• DCC Sharp Distress Black
• Dirtybag
• Illuminate by Brittney Murphy
• Dirty Play
• Franklin Gothic Book
• Meta
• Arial
• Adobe Garamond Pro
• Geneva
• Gill Sans

Design Applications | 19
 • Bell Gothic Std
• Bebas
• LaPresse
• [ank]*
• Kingthings Printing Kit

The first font of the list, Blackout, is the font I used in

addition to my self-created logo because of its thick negative
background stripes, made it possible to integrate. In addition,
the font itself is not too clean and helped me express the word
visually. The reason why I chose to use so many different fonts
in the editorials, is because it seemed fit to mix and match.
Using one font family seemed too clean and strict for the
topic. Through the art of typography, I was able to arrange a
formation of different, expressive, fonts to give the topic an
artistic essence to it.

4.4 Garbage Box

While photographing the beautiful, smelly abandoned

objects, I came to realize that I had to take a part of this as
a souvenir. Then as a little feature special for the magazine, I
realized it would be interesting to put together bits and pieces

from every location into one small box. Like a final masterpiece.
Additional photos of these garbage boxes were taken and posted
onto the project blog online.

4.5 Blog

Everything today is fast come, fast go, and so much easier

because of the Internet-making most of our lives impossible
without. Of course, in this project, it is not a necessity, but
an expansion of limits through different mediums. Blogging
has proven to help designers expose their works (even if just

Design Applications | 20
a preview) reaching potential clients internationally within
seconds of posting. Zebala at http://www.cairogarbage.com
was set to help display this project to both Egyptians and non-
Egyptians who have never seen garbage like this before in hopes
of encouraging them to respond back with their own ideas and
thoughts of the topic.

Figure 4.16
 References

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cairogarbage.blogspot.com References | 22
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13
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