BUILDING SERVICES-I

Sanitary Fixtures, Fittings & Wellness:

• Soil appliances – Water closets, Bidet, Urinals, Cisterns, Flush valve.
• Waste Appliances – Wash Basin, Sink, Dishwasher, Washing Machine.
• Hot Water System – Geysers, Solar Heater
• Bath & Water Fixtures – Taps, Mixers, Single Lever, Quarter Turn,
Bathtub, Rain showers, Health faucets.
• Wellness Products : Sauna Bath, Steam Bath, Jacuzzi.

PRESENTED BY- AR. ROOPA CHIKKALGI. BGS SAP

Sanitary Appliances
Sanitary appliances are divided into two main groups:
• “Waste” appliances
• “Soil” appliances

• Soil appliances- These are for the disposal of foul matter or the
waste of human body.
 TYPES OF SANITARY APPLIANCES
i. Waste appliances ( bidets, wash basins, sinks, showers / baths tubs )
ii. Soil appliances ( water closet, urinal ).

• All sanitary appliances are made of non-absorbent, non-corroding, smooth

and easily cleaned material and usually made from ceramic ware, vitreous
enameled cast iron, vitreous enameled pressed steel, stainless steel or
plastics (thermosetting and thermoplastic).
 WATER CLOSET
• This is the most common type of plumbing appliance
and also known as a toilet.
• This is a sanitary appliance to receive the human
excreta directly and is connected to the soil pipe by
means of a trap.
• Water closet are usually subdivided according to
where they are mounted (floor mounted and wall
mounted ) and how they are flushed (tank type and
flush valve type ).
• The most widely used pattern is the “wash-down”, in
which the contents of the pan are removed by
gravity water flush.
WATER CLOSET
The water closets are classified as follows
• Squatting type or Indian type
• Wash – down , pedestal or European type
Squatting type or Indian type

• Long pan pattern ( length 450 ,580 ,

680 mm)
• Orissa pattern ( length 580, 630, 680
mm)
• Rural pattern (length 425mm)
 WATER CLOSET
• Wash – down , pedestal or European type
• Two piece system
• This is manufactured in two different pieces- the squatting pan and
the trap
• The pan is provided with an integral flushing rim of suitable type
• The inside of the bottom of the pan should have sufficient slope
towards the outlet for quick disposal during flushing
• These are made up of vitreous china clay
• The inner portion is glazed to make it easy for cleaning
• The pan is connected to the flushing by means of flushing pipe
• The top of the trap is connected to the anti- siphon or vent pipe
• One piece system
• Has flushing rim
• 5 cm trap is provided in this type
• It is provided with inlet or supply horn for connecting
to the flushing pipe
• It may be provided with P or S trap as desired
• These types of water closets require less space than
squatting pattern type and can be flushed by low
level cistern
SANITARY FITTINGS
• Flushing Cisterns
• These are used for flushing water closets and urinals after use
• There are several types of flushing cisterns
• High – level cisterns operate with minimum height of 125 cm
between the top of the pan and the underside of the cistern
• Low – level cisterns function at a height not more than 30 cm
between the top of the pan and the underside of the cistern

Specification:
• Capacity of the cistern from 5 to 15 liters (popular : 9 liter)
Bell type Flushing Cisterns
• Thebell-type flushing cistern is rather noisy
but may be used in factories and schools.
• The bell is kept over the outlet pipe.
• The inlet end of outlet pipe is slightly above
the water level .
• When the chain is pulled the bell is lifted
causing the water to spill over the outlet pipe
and starting the siphonic action due to which
the whole water rushes towards the outlet and
flushes the WC.
• The cistern is operated by the chain being
pulled down which also lifts the bell.
• When the chain is released the bell falls thus
displacing water under the bell down the stand
pipe.
• To obtain fractional discharge the chain is
pulled and left.
• To obtain full discharge the chain is pulled and
kept in position till full capacity is discharged.
BELL TYPE
FLUSHING CISTERNS
 PISTON FLUSHING CISTERN
• The piston type flushing cistern, operates as
follows:

• When the lever is depressed sharply, the piston is

lifted, which displaces water over the siphon.

• Water discharging down the flush pipe takes some

air with it and creates a partial vacuum in the
siphon.

• The greater air pressure acting upon the water in

the cistern forces water through the siphon until
air is admitted under the piston, which breaks the
siphon action.
Flat bottom type flushing cistern
• This cistern is provided with a valve
• When the chain is pulled it lifts the
disc which also
suddenly lifts the water above it and starts the
siphonic action
• The valve allows the water to rush in the outlet pipe
• The flushing cisterns are provided with inlet pipe ,
overflow pipe and automatic closing float ball
valve
AUTOMATIC FLUSHING CISTERN
• Automatic flushing cistern designed to discharge its
contents of water at regular intervals into a urinal.
• The rate at which the water will flush depends upon
the rate at which the water is fed into the cistern
and for a single installation this should not exceed
ten liters per hour
• These flush water automatically once in 10 – 15
minutes.
• Toprevent wastage of water from these cistern, at
times when the cistern is not used such as at
weekends, an Automatic Flow Cut Off Device should
be fitted.
 FLUSH VALVE
• The flush valve, located in the middle of the toilet tank, includes the overflow
tube, the hole where water enters the bowl when the toilet is flushed and the
rubber tank ball or flapper that covers the hole when the tank is full.
 URINALS
• They are designed to accept and dispose of liquid human wastes only.
• The types of urinal are ceramic slab , stall type and bowl type.
• The slab type is cheaper than the stall type , but it does not provide the same degree
of privacy.
• The installation of ceramic bowl-type urinal, which have less fouling area then the slab
and stall urinals.
SLAB URINAL
STALL TYPE URINALS
BOWL TYPE URINALS
 BIDET
• A sanitary appliance primarily designed to
wash the excretory organs and may also
be used as footbath.

• The hot and cold water supplies are 13

mm internal diameter and hot water may
be supplied to the rim.

• Bidets which are fitted to main supply must

be of a design which is not equipped with
a submersible ascending spray, but must
be of the over-rim type, i.e. pillar taps.
HEALTH FAUCETS
• Health Faucets are hand-held devices that come with a triggered nozzle, similar to a hand
shower or a spray that delivers a jet of water to assist in cleansing and cleaning after
urination of defecation.
HEALTH
FAUCETS
WATER TAPS
 WATER TAP
It is a appliance to supply water. It includes drinking, washing, cooking,
and all other water supply in a household.
Types of water Taps
There is different type of water tap some are given below.
1. Pillar taps
2. Mixer taps
3. Monoblocs
4. Disk taps
5. Washerless taps
6. Water efficient taps
7. Long handle water tap
8. Thermostatic Taps
9. Infra taps
10.Pull-out tap
PILLER TAP
The most traditional style, pillar taps are the classic “hot and cold”
style – two separate taps, one for each temperature.
Advantage- Pillar taps tend to be affordable and easy to install.
Disadvantage-Two separate tap for hot and cold water.
Uses: Use in both baths and basins
MIXER TAP-
Mixer taps have either a single or two handles on either side of a single spout. Hot
and cold water are mixed in the body of the tap, while water flow and
temperature are controlled by the individual/separate handles.
Advantage- only one tap for hot and cold water and affordable. Can emerge
the hot and cold water .
Disadvantage- some mixers may require relatively high pressure to work
properly.
Uses- use in bath and basin.
MONOBLOCS- Monobloc taps operate in a similar way to mixer taps, in
that the hot and cold water supplies are mixed inside the tap, but the
temperature and flow is controlled with just one handle – twisting it to the left or
right adjusts the temperature.
Advantage- Twisting the handle causes a washer to move up and down, which
controls how much water flows through. The temperature and flow is controlled
with just one.
Disadvantage- Higher cost.
Uses- use in bath and basin tab.
DISK TAPS-
• Disk taps are also single handle mixer taps and are identified by their wide
cylindrical body.
• They work using two ceramic disks which have holes that, when aligned, allow the
water to pass.
• This means that disk taps require a quarter turn to reach full capacity and are
easily handled.
Advantage- Full capacity can easily handle.
Disadvantage- there are a few parts that need repair after some time small particles of dirt, grit
or other foreign body can get trapped .
Long Handle Water Tap-
• These types taps have long handle to flow the water from the tap.
• These are special type of tap not use in wash basin and bathrooms.
Advantages- more hygienic and Safe from germs.
Disadvantages- costly , cant use in home .
Uses- use in medical , clinic .
Thermostatic Taps-
• A thermostatic tap is a great addition to any home where young
children or the elderly could be prone to burning themselves.
• A thermostatic tap works by ensuring a constant temperature during
use, which makes them a safer choice for the bathroom
Advantages- make constant temperature during use.
Disadvantages- we cant change temperature during using.
 Infra Red Taps-
• Infra red taps offer a range of benefits as well as hygienic properties.
• Infra red basic taps are activated by a motion sensor which enables hands-free
Operation , making them a more hygienic choice of bathroom tap. In addition to
this, they feature an automatic shut off eliminating dripping with no chance of
the tap being left running.
• Infra red basin taps are easy to use and ideal for bathrooms used by the less
able and the elderly.
Advantage- more hygienic. Save more water. And safe for
children.
Disadvantages- not economical. use in five stars hotels.
Pull-out tap-
• These taps allow you to pull out the tap spout and fill a container away from the
sink, and are therefore extremely useful for small or shallow sinks, with no room for
high utensils.
• The spout is similar to a shower head. On the downside, the hose can puncture if
incorrectly used whilst excessive use may wear out the spring in the long term.
Advantages- The advantage of being retractable and can be easily returned to its
original position.
Disadvantages- its cover more space. Not Economical
GEYSER
Basic Working Principle

• The very basic principle is simply the

conversion of electrical energy into heat
through the use of heating element/s to
raise the temperature of water to a certain
degree.

• Obviously this is not much different from a

common immersion rod which you can dip
into your bucket, plug into the power
socket and get going. The only difference
is the level of sophistication and slight
automation in the geyser.
• There are two pipelines, one for inlet of cold
water and the other for outlet of the hot
water. The water tank is fitted with heating
element/s which are controlled by
thermostats.
• The function of the thermostat is to set the
temperature to a certain value so that water
is not heated above that value.
• The tank is normally covered with some
insulating material such as glass wool and
entire assembly is enclosed inside a metal
casing which can be hanged on the wall or
wherever required.
• The sacrificial anode is used to protect the
tank from corrosion by sacrificing itself and
helps to prolong the life of the tank.
• The water enters through the input and then it
is passed into a container having alloy coil
which is also covered by conductor of heat
• but this conductor cannot pass electricity into
water but only heat.
• Then water is heated over there and comes
out through outlet.
 SOLAR GEYSERS
• Solar Geysers, or solar water heaters, operate on a principle called "Thermo-
siphoning" which, put simply, is a process of natural thermal convection.
• This is a process which causes warm water to rise, and cooler water to drop to the
lowest point.
 SOLAR GEYSERS
• Cold water enters the heat collector
(vacuum collector tube) where it is
warmed by the sun.
• As the water molecules warm up,
they become less compacted and
therefore less dense. In effect, these
molecules become lighter and
therefore rise to the highest position.
• This warmer water then replaces the
"heavier" cold water which in turn
drops to the lowest position. The
process of hot water siphoning
through the system is termed
Thermo-siphoning.
• Thus the water circulates naturally
through the system.
Hot water pipes must be able to withstand the
maximum temperature of the water being piped.
Pipe material may be copper or an appropriate
thermoplastic material.
Materials suitable for hot water supply pipes
include:
• Copper
• Polybutylene (PB)
• Chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC or PVCc)
• Random polypropylene (PP-R)
• Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX).
 SAUNA BATH
• A sauna is a small room or building designed as a
place to experience dry or wet heat sessions, or an
establishment with one or more of these facilities.
• The steam and high heat make the bathers perspire.
Saunas can be divided into two basic types:
 conventional saunas that warm the air or
 infrared saunas that warm objects.

• Infrared saunas may use a variety of materials in their

heating area such as charcoal, active carbon fibers,
and other materials.
 JACUZZI
• It is a large tub or small pool full of heated water used for hydrotherapy, or
relaxation.
• Some have powerful jets for massage purposes. Hot tubs are sometimes also
known as spas or by the trade name Jacuzzi.
• Hot tubs are usually located outdoors, although they can be installed indoors.