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Symmetrical Fault Detection of Distance Relay To Prevent Cascade Tripping During Power Swing
Symmetrical Fault Detection of Distance Relay To Prevent Cascade Tripping During Power Swing
ª § 2S · § 2S · º
C pq k C vq k
C iq k
(7)
« cos T cos¨T 3 ¸ cos¨T 3 ¸ »
ªVd º « © ¹ © ¹ » ªVa º
2« § 2S · § 2S ·» « »
During power swing C pd (k) and
«V » sin T sin ¨T ¸ sin ¨T ¸ «Vb »
« q» C pq (k) values are almost zero and are
3« © 3 ¹ © 3 ¹»
«¬V0 »¼ « 1 1 1 » «¬Vc »¼ significant under symmetrical fault
« » condition. The detection criterion is, if C pd
¬« 2 2 2 ¼»
(k) or C pq (k) is greater than certain
(1)
threshold ‘T’ then the symmetrical fault is
where, detected during swing.
V a (k), V b (k) and V c (k) represents
the three phase voltage signals B. FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM
I a (k), I b (k) and I c (k) represents Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is
the three phase voltage signals an efficient algorithm to speed up the
V d (k) and V q (k) are direct and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
quadrature axis components of voltage calculation by reducing the number of
signals multiplications and additions required. It
I d (k) and Iq (k) are direct and requires only complex multiplications. The
quadrature axis components of current FFT equation can be defined by the
signals following equations (8) and (9).
After calculating the direct and
2 N 1 2S
quadrature components of voltage and
current signals, compute the ‘C’
Xs ¦
Nk 0
x k sin( k )
N
(9)
C vd k Vd k Vd k 1
X s = V s = I s are real component of
fundamental voltage and current phasor
(2) X c = V c = I c are imaginary
Cvq k Vq k Vq k 1
component of fundamental voltage
and current phasor
(3)
N is number of samples per period
Cid k I d k I d k 1 (4)
of fundamental cycle
2015 Online International Confernece on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET 2015)
C. COMPUTATION OF APPARENT
IMPEDANCE
Knowing V s , V c , Ic , I s , the magnitudes
(rms values) and phase angles of the
fundamental frequency voltage and current
phasors are given by equations (11), (12),
(13) and (14).
ܸ (13)
௩ = tanିଵ ൗܸݏ
Fault with Load Angle of 1600 [4] Brahma S M, (2007) “Distance relay with out-of-step
blocking function using wavelet transform”, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 22,No.3,
The apparent impedance is given pp.1360- 1366.
by the ratio of phase ‘A’ voltage to the [5] Kumarraja Andanapalli and B.R.K.Varma, “Park’s
phase ‘A’ current with respect to time is Transformation based Symmetrical Fault Detection
plotted is shown in the Figure (8) for the during Power Swing”, IEEE , 2014.
abnormal condition with load angle of [6] Saeed Lotfifard, Jawad Faiz and Mladen Kezunovic,
1600. The fault period from 0.2 to 0.3 “Detection of Symmetrical Faults by Distance Relays
During Power Swings”, IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
seconds, the apparent impedance is low vol.25, no. 1, pp. 81-87,January.2010.
and apparent impedance is high in non- [7] Song, X., Jiao, S., Wanshun L., Zhenhua, Z., Ruihua, X,
fault period. “A fuzzy theory based principle to distinguish stable
swings and unstable swings in complicated power
V. CONCLUSION systems”, International Conference on Power System
Technology, Vol. 2, pp. 1091–1095,1998.