GRT532

ATM SWITCHING

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Outline
1- Introduction
❑ATM
❑Switching
2- Lab: installing and configuring ATM network
❑Routers with ATM interface
❑Topology
❑Configuration
❑Testing
❑Tracing
3- Additional notes

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References
❑The book of GNS3 – Chapter 7
❑CISCO Documentation
o https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/interfaces_modules/port_adapters/install_upgra
de/atm/pa-a1_ATM_install_config/a1_0c3sm/3455conf.html
o https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/atm/configuration/xe-3s/atm-xe-3s-
book/atm-cfg-atm-xe.pdf Important document to understand ATM on CISCO routers
o https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/asynchronous-transfer-mode-
atm/permanent-virtual-circuits-pvc-switched-virtual-circuits-svc/10455-ipoveratm.html
needed for troubleshooting
❑This lecture

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1- ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
It can carry a variety of different types of traffic, such as
❑Voice
❑Video
❑Data

Traffic is converted to 53 byte cells (4 or 5 bytes header)

5 Bytes 48 Bytes
Header Payload

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ATM architecture
Digital voice samples
Voice
A/D AAL
s1 , s2 … cells
picture frames
Video
A/D … Compression AAL
compressed frames
cells

Data AAL
Bursty variable-length packets cells

AAL : ATM Adaptation Layer

❑the protocol for packaging data into cells
ATM Layering stack
User information User information
AAL AAL
ATM ATM ATM ATM
PHY PHY … PHY PHY

End system (UNI) Network (NNI) End system (UNI) 6

UNI: User network interface

NNI: Network node interface
AAL protocols
AAL protocols define how frames are converted into ATM cells
❑ AAL Type 0
o Provides direct interface to ATM services without any restrictions.
o Generates raw cells that contain 48-byte payload field without any special fields.
o It lacks guaranteed delivery and interoperability.
❑ AAL Type 1
o Provides interface for synchronous, connection oriented traffic.
o Supports constant rate bit stream between the two ends of an ATM link.
o Cell contains a 4-bit sequence number, a 4-bit sequence number protection and a 47-byte payload field.
❑ AAL Type 2
o This service also provides interface for synchronous, connection oriented traffic.
o Used for variable rate bit stream between the two ends of an ATM link.
o Used in wireless applications.

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AAL protocols
AAL protocols define how frames are converted into ATM cells
❑AAL Types 3 and 4
o Includes a range of services for variable rate data or bit stream.
o Suitable for both connection – oriented, asynchronous traffic and connectionless traffic.
o Cells contain a 4-byte header.
❑AAL Type 5
o Provides the similar services as AAL 3 and 4
o Simplified header information.
o It was originally named Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer (SEAL).
o It is used in a number of areas like Internet Protocol (IP) over ATM, Ethernet over ATM and
Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS).

We are concerned about AAL5

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aal5snap
aal5snap (encapsulation)
❑Braking frames into cells
❑ATM Adaptation Layer 5 Sub network Access Protocol
❑The type to use with IP
❑Both end of a virtual circuit must use the same encapsulation

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The structure of the ATM cell
❑ GFC (Generic Flow Control) Not used. Always 0
❑ Connection identifier: VPI/VCI
❑ Head error control (HEC)
❑ CLP (Cell loss priority): in case of congestion
o CLP = 1 → The cell can be discarded
o CLP = 0 → cannot be discarded
❑ PTI (Payload type indicator):
o Bit 2: 0 → user data cell
o AM (operations, administration, maintenance)
❖ Bit 1:
◦ 0 → Congestion not experienced
◦ 1 → Congestion experienced
❖ Bit 0:
◦ 0 → SDU (service data unit) type 0
◦ 1 → SDU type 1 (last segment of a frame).

example: 000 User data cell, congestion not experienced, SDU type=0

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Label switching

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ATM Configuration
ATM supports two types of interface:
❑ point-to-point
❑ multipoint
❑ Needed for IP-to-ATM mappings
❑ After configuring the PVC itself, you must tell the router which PVC to use in order to reach a specific destination.

Point-to-point sub-interface
❑ each pair of routers has its own subnet.
❑ If you put the PVC on a point-to-point sub-interface
o the router assumes that there is only one point-to-point PVC configured on the sub-interface.
o Any IP packets with a destination IP address in the same subnet are forwarded on this virtual circuit (VC).

Multipoint networks
❑ have three or more routers in the same subnet.
❑ If you put the PVC in a point-to-multipoint sub-interface or in the main interface (which is multipoint by default), you need
to either configure a static mapping or enable inverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for dynamic mapping.
o You will understand this when solving the exercises

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2- LAB
CISCO router c7200 can by updated with an ATM interface.
However only version 12.4 shows the ATM interface in
GNS3.
❑You need to download and install IOS router c7200 version 12.4 from google
classroom.
❑This is a link to lot of IOS cisco routers. http://tfr.org/cisco-ios/
❑Kindly name the router c7200_ATM
o Allocate 512Mb of Memory
o Add on slot 1 the adapter PA-A1

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Topology
This topology is to be implemented using ATM switch
❑Same subnet
❑Switching is faster

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Configuration
ATM configuration
❑Configure Port:VPI:VCI as follows:
o 1:0:102 Port 1 accepts flow from R1 to R2 (source)
o 2:0:201 Port 2 directs flow to R2 from R1 (destination)

o 1:0:103 Port 1 accepts flow from R1 to R3 (source)

o 3:0:301 Port 3 directs flow to R3 from R1 (destination)
❑All is virtual

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Configuration
Connect routers to ATM as shown in the figure
We will configure the routers as follows:
❑Network: 172.1.1.0/24
❑R1: 172.0.1.1
❑R2: 172.0.1.2
❑R3: 172.0.1.3

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Configuration router R1
Check the interfaces
❑R1#show ip interface brief
o You should see the ATM1/0 interface
❑R1#configure terminal
❑R1(config)#interface atm1/0
❑R1(config-if)#no shutdown

At this point, you can show interface to see that the

interface is up.
❑R1(config-if)#do show ip interface brief

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Configuration router R1
The connection at port 1 is multipoint
❑We need to create a virtual ATM interface (example: 123)
❑Configure the virtual interface with IP address from the Ethernet side
❑Configure the virtual interface with VPI:VCI on the ATM side
❑Broadcast the flow to the designated virtual link

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Configuration router R1
❑ R1(config)#interface ATM1/0.123 multipoint
❑ R1(config-subif)#ip address 172.0.1.1 255.255.255.0

❑ R1(config-subif)#PVC 0/102
❑ R1(config-if-atm-vc)#encapsulation aal5snap
❑ R1(config-if-atm-vc)#protocol ip 172.0.1.2 broadcast

❑ R1(config-if-atm-vc)#PVC 0/103
❑ R1(config-if-atm-vc)#encapsulation aal5snap
❑ R1(config-if-atm-vc)#protocol ip 172.0.1.3 broadcast

❑ R1(config-if-atm-vc)#end
❑ R1#copy running-config startup-config

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Configuration routers 2 and 3
❑ R2#configure terminal
❑ R2(config)#interface ATM1/0
❑ R2(config-if)#no shutdown
❑ R2(config-if)#exit
❑ R2(config)#interface ATM1/0.123 point-to-point
❑ R2(config-subif)#ip address 172.0.1.2 255.255.255.0
❑ R2(config-subif)#PVC 0/201
❑ R2(config-if-atm-vc)#protocol ip 172.0.1.1 broadcast
❑ R2(config-if-atm-vc)#encapsulation aal5snap
❑ R2(config-if-atm-vc)#end
❑ R2#copy running-config startup-config

Do the same for R3 (IP is .3 and PVC is 0/301)

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Testing
You should be able to ping any router to any router
Important commands
❑R1#show atm vc
❑R1# show atm map
❑R1#show run int ATM1/0.123
❑R1#debug atm packet
❑R1#no debug atm packet
❑R1#debug atm errors
❑R1#show atm interface ATM1/0.123

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Tracing: Assignment
❑Monitor the link between R1 and ATM switch
❑Ping R2 from R1
❑How many ICMP messages are generated?
❑How many ATM cells are generated by the ping? Explain.
❑How many cells for the each ICMP packet? Explain.
❑Explain why you are able to ping R3 from R2?
❑What PVCs are created to link R2 and R3? Explain.
❑What is the maximum number of VCI per PCI on this type of routes? how can you
tell?
❑On router R1, use ping to ping each ATM pci/vci.
o Explain the command to use
❑You should be able to ping R2 from R2 but not R1 from R1, why? this question
requires intensive Internet search.

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