G raphic

History
of
Architecture

| MM
i 99 I
EGYPT
THE ARCHAIC THE OLD KINGDOM First THE MIDDLE Second
PERIOD I n te r- KINGDOM Inter-
mediate
Dynasty I II III IV V VI Period IX XII Period

f.3200 B.C. 2980 2 /

2680 2565 2420 2 2i 8 21 34 1991 1786 I C70
I^MBM

Uniion o f Upper Capital : Memphis The Feudal Aee Invasion of

and Lower Egypt the Hyksos
Capital : Heliopolig The Age of the Pyramids Capital : Thebes from Asia

ARMENIA CASPIAN
• Ephesus
ASIA
• Miletus SEA

k
^ •

«> •
•
£ horsa ad
£
Nineveh
Sun-dried brick
st(me J m
a /a /MSh
• Assur

MEDITERRANEAN • By bios
SEA Si don •
• Dama • Baghdad PERSIA
•Ctesiphon Susa
Babylon • Nippur
na
•J er em Timth'r
b sauce
LOWER EGYPT no stone, clay
Pasargadae t
rJ, ?a
>
• Heliopolis "W T ™ Perse pol
.A A * Cairo Quartzitt sun-dried brick
Ur • sE$£ ~
"
'

c AbusirATVT * *

oa q t a ra At Me m phis
•
,
j and bitumen
/Tedurn^ Porphyry 1

v
and Basalt Limesfonte PERSIAN
Z • Beni Hasan
rj+ •Amarna GULF
UPPER
Denderah£wj
s#
* Luxor
Edfu Sandstone
First cataract
• Aswan Granite MAP OF EGYPT
£D Philae
Abu Simbel
/
AND WESTERN ASIA
)

Haifa
&.
Second cataract Miles

NUBIA Diorite
h 500
 '

INTRODUCTION
THE NEW KINGDOM THE LATE PERIOD THE
PTOLEMAIC
PERIOD
XVIII XIX XX XXI XXXI
1570 1314 1
197 1085 671-663 525 332 30 B.C.

The Egyptian Empire Assyrian Domination Egypt

in Asia and Nubia invasion of Persia a Roman
Capital : Thebes province

Egypt was a narrow strip of highly productive soil, 8 to 1 2 miles wide, along the banks of
the Nile, about one-fifth of the area of England and Wales. From pre-dynastic times sun-
dried mud bricks were used for houses, but these have not survived: timber was scarce and
hence arches were built without centering. There was however an abundance of limestone,
sandstone and granite. The planning of irrigation canals and fields, necessitated by the annual
inundations of the Nile, demanded a system of geometry (Gk land measuring). Believing in
a life after death, the Egyptians thought that the body should be preserved in a lasting

tomb; this became a geometric construction of great solidity and permanence.

Measurement The Right Angle The '

Egyptian Triangle

Method of orientating the pyramids

Temples constructed with columns, beams and massive, battered external walls
EGYPT
Pit graves in desert cemetries: transformed into Walls of
Pit graves Beginning
sand heap A surrounded by tombs by brick lining and flat sun-dried of stone
circle of stones B over grave C wooden or arched brick roofs brick mason ry

200 B.C. Dynast i

THE STEP PYRAMID, Saqqara, PYRAMID OF MEDUM, Dynasties III-IV

Dynasty III: Section looking west Section looking west, reconstructed
Built by Imhotep, architect to 1 Centre core. 2 Successive layers added, at about
King Zoser. 75 ,each of local stone and cased with limestone.
1 Begun as a mastaba-tomb. 2-5 Then 3 Enlargement of the pyramid. 4 Steps filled in
successively enlarged, in limestone. Set with a facing of limestone. 5 tomb chamber
within a complex of buildings (p. 1

Stones on sledges, pulled up long earth ramps The Rocker; pulleys were unknown
Suggested methods of hauling and lifting stones
 PYRAMIDS
Flat stone Step pyramid, The bent pyramid, Dahshur of Cephren,
tomb Saqqara
or mastaba
4*°59'

54 '4

Dynast) 268 65 B.C

GREAT Tomb of Kino-

Dynasty IV

Built of local stone on a core of rock with casing blocks of Tura limestone.
Constructed of some 2,300,000 stone blocks^ each weighing approximately i\ tons. It is

probable that for a period of twenty years 1 00,000 men were levied annually, during the
three months' inundation of the Nile (July to October), for transporting stone.
Also about 4,000 permanent skilled masons and attendant labourers were employed
EGYPT THE OLD KINGDOM TI MIDDLE KINGDOM
Dynasties HI- VI, 2780-2258 r.c 2134-1786
The Age of

Builtby
Imhotep
Zoser,
(reconstructed) 'Dynasty III

The great
Pyramid unerary Temple
of Cheops,
Giza, Dynasty eir-el-Bahari
(reconstructed),
Dynasty XI

ram id of
Sah u ra

Pyramid
Neferirkara

Pyramids of Abu Sir (reconstructed), Dynast)

 THE NEW KINGDOM THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
1570 1085
.
B.C. 3 330 B.C.
2 -

The Age of the great Temples Revival of Temples

ii
Mortuary Temple of Amon,
Dei r-el-Bahari (reconstructed),
^^D\nast\ XVIII *

Designed by Senmut and

built for Queen Ilatshepsut

The Temple of Horus,

Edfu, 237-21 2 B.C.
Begun by Ptolemy III
The Great Temple
Amon, Karnak,
Dynasties XVIII -XXXI
(Foundations Dynasty XI)

The Temple
of Amon, Luxor,
Dynasties XVIII-XIX
Begun by Amenhotep III
d added to by Rameses II The Temple of Hathor t

Dendera, 1st cent. B.C.

/
Temple of Seti I, Abydos >

nasty

St Paul's, London
Great Temple, Abu Simbel, Nubia,
y nasty Built for Rameses II

i
Plans and buildings
t>
in black

drawn to the same scale

I 1
1 IcOO
EGYPT
THE TEMPLE KHONSU, KARNAK Dynasties XX -XXI

i Avenue of sphinxes
2 Pylons (Gk a : gateway)
courtyard with colonnade
hall (Gk : resting on pillars),

ly the king and priests might

enter sanctuary 6 Hall and store rooms

A garden shrine from a painting emple of Amenhotep III, Island of Elephantine,

in a tomb, Thebes, Dynasty Dynasty XVIII (Destroyed a. d. 1822)
 MPLES

Pylons, e of Luxor, Dynasty XIX. Built by Rameses II

GREAT TEMPLE OF
KARNAK
Built of sandstone
Begun Dynasty XII
i 4 Dynasty XVIII 5 Dynas
6 Ptolemaic period

7 Temple of Rameses III

8 Tern pie of Khonsu, Dynastijp XX

Section Hypostyle hall, a-a

hall filled with sand

EGYPT
—

Valley Temple
built of granite: Rock-hewn tomb,
Pyramid of Cephren, Giza. Beni-Hasan,

Dynasty IV Dynasty VII Dynasty XIX

COLUMN & BEAM PROTO -DORIC COLUMNS

Temple,
Pyramid
of Sahura,
Abusir
Temple of Isis,

Ramesseum, Thebes i
Philae

Dynasty XIX Dynasty~XI Dynasty V Ptolemaic

LOTUS COLUMNS PALM COLUMNS

X branches

Brick arch, Vault of damp mud bricks laid in

bundle of reeds el 'Asaseef, Thebes slanted courses without centering

 COLUMN BEAM & ARCH

Dynasty V Dynasty XIX Dynasty XIX

PAPYRUS COLUMNS

HATHOR- HEADED COLUMNS COMPOSITE

Temple-tomb Deir-
Dynas Dynasty XI
WESTERN ASIA
Assur ASSYRIAN EMPIRE PERSIA A,D. Second
PERSIAN
Sumerian city kingdoms Chaldea Greek
vjicck rvoman Sassanid
Babylon BYLONIAN Seleucid Period Empire
Empire Period

c. 4000 B.C. 2900 2050 1750 1275 750 612-538 33 o 64 A.D.226 641

SUMERIAN CITY KINGDOMS

Civilization in Western Asia began withkingdoms in the rich alluvial plain between the
city
lower Tigris and the Euphrates, an area about that of Wales (Map p. 14). Tower- temples
or ziggurats were the centre of city life. There was no stone and little timber but clay was
moulded into sun-dried brick. Buildings were faced with kiln-baked bricks, sparingly owing
to lack of fuel.
ASSYRIA
Assyria was set on a high tableland of lime-stone, harder rock &
but the Assyrians
alabaster,
continued to use sun-dried and kiln-baked bricks. Palaces of warrior-kings were built on large
platforms of brick 30-50 feet high. Lower courses of walls were faced with slabs of alabaster
9-12 feet high and carved with bas-reliefs or covered with plaster and painted with bright
colour. The arch was constructed for gateways, vaults and drains.
SECOND BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
Nebuchadnezzar (604-561 B.C.) rebuilt Babylon to a regular plan described in The Histories
by Herodotus (484-406 B.C.). Buildings were of kiln-baked brick and bitumen.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
Palaces were built at the capital city of Susa, at Pasargadae and Persepolis, being constructed
of stone which was abundant in Persia; whilst raised platforms and glazed coloured bricks
were adapted from the Assyrians; also influences from Babylon, Syria and Egypt.
SECONES PERSIAN— SASSANID— EMPIRE
The capital city at Ctesiphon. Buildings were erected of kiln- baked brick, vaults and the
earliest domes being built over square compartments, developed by the Byzantines.

Stilus, scale and plan of

King Gudea of Lagash, ^.2350 B.c The Ziggurat, Ur (restored), ^.2350 B.C.
 INTRODUCTION - ASSYRIA
TVYVVVVTU] IOO

Ziggurat, or temple observatory

South-east gateway

PALACE
OF SAGON II
KHORSABAD
(restored)
772-705 B.C.

Both the platform,

about 50 ft high and
25 acres in extent, and
the palace built of sun-
dried brick and faced Brick drain under palace
with kiln-baked brick built without centering-
&

25
WESTERN ASIA BABYLON

THE CITY OF BABYLON

(reconstructed),
as rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar, G*
&
604-561 B.C., during the Second
Babylonian Empire. Palace with
4
Described in The Histories of Herodotus Hanging Gardens
o

V r-1

\^V'
^ Temple
Tower

Temple

v\>

House with roof-earden

 PERSIA
Hall of 100 columns, f Xerxes

the
PALACES PERSEPOLIS
(reconstructed),
Built by Darius (521-485 B.C.) and Xerxes (485-465 B.C.
Built on a brm 1500 ft by 1000 ft in area, and 40 ft above
the plain, part solid rock, part large blocks of stone, without mortar,
held by metal cramps. Buildings constructed of sun-dried brick and faced with gl bricks
Columns of stone and flat roofs of cedar wood

adopted by the Persians

WESTERN ASIA vaults &

ulting

Bricks were laid to form a base A; end wall B wedge-shaped bricks were fixed
against an
with mortar C. To ensure adherence these were often laid in sloping courses D. An arch
was constructed with little or no centering to complete the vault E. To facilitate work and
to reduce pressure, vaults (and domes) had a high oval profile F. When completed vaults i

were often re-inforced by a second or more courses of brick G. Sassanid Persian buildings,
vaults and domes were constructed of kiln-baked bricks laid with a mortar of lime and sand

The Persians built domes with little or no centering.

A dome is an arched construction both vertically & The Persians were the first to erect
horizontally: each ring of brick or stone once closed circular domes on square plans with
in cannot fall if it rests adequately on the ring below four angular corbelled semi-domes

The Palace, Serbistan (exterior restored), c. A.D.350

DOMES SECOND PERSIAN EMPIRE
II2'5
-

The Palace of Chosroes, Ctesiphon, 6th cent. a.d.

The Palace, Firouzabad (exterior restored), c. A.D.450

GREEK
AEGEAN HELLENIC
775/6 500
First
Minoan — Crete Olympiad Archaic period

Establishment of Greek citv-states

1500 1 184
o along the Mediterranean and Black Sea
O U") o
O LO o
O HH Mycenaean £.825 Homer £•.582 Pythagoras ^".510
*i ** z
^ m %l

C 5
^H W «3
-H

'5
•§
Q - °

:•:•

Crete
• 50°
.
_ .- :.
;
' :

: _ . : =--
'
'
:
"
:: '

'
"" ' ••

The Greek invasions Greek colonisation 8th-6th centuries r.c.

Byzantium •

*~m
Pompeii Farentum
Olynthus .Troy
m
dria
$
•Pergamum
Croton V *
Jtphesus
1 nermum <*s"JEretria •Larissa
^leusis
jSegesta
•
Corinth £& JPriene
Olympia ^Miletus
•Selinus
•Agrigentum
&
e
%ffi3putlt )
carnassus
IlaJicarnai
,

•Syracuse
Bass;
°s y+ «Cnidus

Rhodes

j 100 miles Gnpssus

<Phaestus
 INTRODUCTION
HELLENISTIC
492-479 444-4 2 ^ 324—323 3 I B.C.

War Ascendancy Alexander the Great Greece

with of Athens King of Macedon a Roman
P crsia 421 404 province
Peloponnesian War 22; Euclid 282
429/8 Plato 347
384 Aristotle 332

route of
Alexander

miles

The Empire of Alexander the Great

The Aegean Period. 1 No records survive of the Minoan sea-kings of Crete except remains
of palaces, e.g. Cnossus. 2 The Mycenaeans built massive citadels with Cyclopean masonry
and domed tholos tombs on the mainland. The Aegean civilization
fell before the Homeric Greeks.
The Hellenic Period. The Greeks called themselves Hellenes (Hellas was called Graecia by
the Romans). They formed numerous small city states in which primitive houses surrounded

a citadel and later a temple built on an acropolis or upper city. National unity was achieved
by pan-Hellenic festivals held Olympia, Delphi, Argos and Corinth every few years.
at
The Hellenistic Period began with the Empire created by Alexander the Great when many
new cities were founded with monumental buildings.
The Greek temple developed from the Mycenaean megaron built of sun-dried brick, stone
and timber to house a deity and to be looked at from outside, not to contain a congregation
within. The arch was known to the Greeks, but they based their temples on the column &
beam. These developed from the 6th-4th centuries B.C., each with its own ratios of proport-
ions established by experience. Columns were often placed closer than necessary to support

the entablature in order to create a repetitive rhythm of solids and voids. Optical refinements
displaying an appearance of vitality and strength have been measured in a number of them.
Many architects wrote treatises about their buildings, cited b\ Vitruvius (1st cent. B.C.) who
classified their plans and proportions.
 '

GREEK
CNOSSUS, CRETE
c. i 800-160

ace of King Minos (restored), c. 800-1600 1

B.C.
1 The King and Queen's apartments 2 Great staircase
3 Hall of
the Colonnade 4 Hall of the Double Axes
5 Queen's Megaron
or Hall 6 Construction: A timber framework
B sun-dried brick
or rubble masonry C gypsum slabs or D
plaster painted with
frescoes E plinth and floor of gypsum or limestone
F ceiling
beams 7 Cypress columns

IRYNS
the Great ifall
.(Homer)
:

estored) c. 1
400-1 200 B.C.
n a limestone ridge above the
The great wall from 24 to 27'
Cyclops. The palace built of ti

32
^ L
1 gateway
bricks and
columns of wood
2 Greater propylaeum 3 Lesser propylaeum
The men's Megaron or Great Hall 5 The women's Hall
 THE AEGEAN
The Lion

MYCENAE (restored), ^.1350 B.C.

The citadel palaceof Agamemnon,
Cyclopean walls of boulders weighing 5 to 6
tons were eased into alignment on pebbles
Lion Gate, Mycenae, ^.1200 B.C.

MYCENAE, The Treasury of Atreus,

1330-1 300 B.C. One of some 40 beehive or
tholos tombs on the Greek mainland. Built of
horizontal overlapping courses of lime-stone o
corbelling without centering. The door-way
flanked by 2 green sandstone half-columns
with a relieving triangle above
GREEK

COLUMN AND BEAM

Stone beams of great

span are liable to fracture,
therefore columns were
placed close together

TIMBER TO STONE ANTAE OR PILASTERS

TIMBER construction, c.6 20 B.C.

Doric temple of Apollo, Thermum. MARBLE construction, ^.477-438 B.C.

Wooden entablature and columns The Parthenon, Athens

 BUILDING METHODS

ERECTION OF A COLUMN
 »

GREEK

The Temple of Apollo,

C.600 B.C.,
Sanctuary of Thermum, Aetolia built over Megaron B.
Columns and entablature
Megaron A, Megaron B, of wood
r.2000-1500 B.C. C. OOO-800 B.C.
I ^^HP

Small stones House or Templt

carrv walls of 1 8 posts formed
wood and clay, the first known
roof thatched Greek peripteral
with reeds temple scheme Temple F, Selinus, r.560 B.C.

Stone screens join the columns

** • *
VI
„l.'!,*»-

• • • 1 * 1 * t

*%%*

• • « • • •

• • • •
N ** %% I « I t 94 9

• • • # t«f

• •••••»••••••••• • •
3°
it
111

Archaic Temple of Artemis, Ephesus,

£.560 B.C. Burnt down and rebuilt, 256 B.C. £

cqx\\ century B.C. Designed by Chersiphron of Cnossus and -g iii D

uilt of sandstone, roof gabled his son Metagenes who wrote a work on
ith tiles, 7 stone columns the temple, now lost, cited by Vitruvius.
have 'Aeolic' capitals, Appearance conjectural, columns of marble,
i.e. Asiatic-Ionic motifs. walls of limestone faced with marble
PLANS DORIC & IONIC TEMPLES
9

Temple
The Parthenon, Tegea,
447-432 B.< '•353 B c - -

ctinusand Callicrates architects, Pheidias Designed by the sculptor Scopas, the interior
master sculptor; built of white marble had 14 Corinthian engaged columns

• '.334 R c - -

^.430 B.C.
, By Pythios, architect and sculptor
y Ictinus, architect of the Parthenon, Athens. of the Mausoleum, Halicarnassus,
The Corinthian order used for the first time who wrote a book on the temple, since lost.
.

Built of fine-grained, brittle grey limestone; All the measurements are in multiple
retails in marble, roof of thin marble slabs. of the Ionic foot, i.e. 1 1*587 inches.
V^^V^^H^H
 ;

GREEK & ROMAN DORIC IONIC

z

Delos, d 6th lent. B.C.

20
Gyp-
flutes
c.6th cent. B.C.
separated by 00
sharp 'arrises
LO

r^

low
\ diameter)
= 1 module;
Neandria,
<r.6th cent. B.C.
I
Greek Roman Greek
Die Theseion, Theatre of Temple on the

Athens Marcellus, Rome Ilissus, Athens

Ionic and
C
Corinthian
24 flutes
separated
by fillets

Theatre of
Temple of J |
Demeter, Marcellus,
y
Paestum Rome

cch in

annu
trachelion

hypotrachelio Thermae of A method

Diocletian, Capital, of setting out
Temple of Aphaia, Aegina Rome angle column a volute
 1

THE FIVE ORDERS

CORINTHIAN COMPO- TUSCAN
SITE

Egypt, Dynasty XIX

l^>

111
Tower of The Tholos,
the Winds, I Epidaurus,
c Athens, ^.334 ^.360 B.C.

Roman Greek Roman Roman Roman

Temple Fortuna Choragic The Pantheon Arch of Vitruvius
Virilis, Rome Monument, Athens Rome Severus, Rome (iv,7)

by Vignola
5°9-73)
Temple j Athens, c. 174 B.C. sj Temple of Arch of
Fortuna Virilis, Capitals taken Castor and Pollux, Titus,
Rome to Rome, 86 B.C. Rome, A.D. 16 Rome, a. i). 8
GREEK
acrotenon
pediment
panum
mice
ersl

triglyph Menia yttae

i-

ulet »fr*ni

echin
trabhelio
distyle in antis
4
sha
prostyle tetrastylc
20 flutings

pe
hexastyle
stylo
(surrounded

half elevation of facade half transverse section

octastyle /
v
/ dipteraP octastyle
rows of columns)

dipteral decastyle

Classification of columnan
arrangement according to
Vitruvius (1 1 1, 2)
 THE DORIC TEMPLE
THE TEMPLE OF APHAIA,
AEGINA, ^.490 B.C.

mi "Built of soft, yellow local

sandstone, coated with a thin
layer of stucco and coloured .^^
Sculpture and
u. ediments
tiles

ot Parian
on / ^ .'

d
marble, other tiles
A
|*
of terracotta
GREEK ATHENS,
Between the Greeks' defeat
of the Persians in 479 B.C.
and the Peloponnesian War
(431-404 B.C.)
Athens rose to her zenith;
under the leadership
of Pericles buildings were
erected on the Acropolis:
1 The Parthenon
2 The Propylaea
3 The Erechtheum
(restored)

PARTHENON, 447-432 b.c. Doric temple

icated to Athena. Ictinus and Callicrates, architects;
lias, master sculptor. Optical refinements p. 38
BUILDINGS ON THE ACROPOLIS

Possible architect Mnesicles. The caryatids and column capitals may have been designed
by Callimachus, inventor of the Corinthian capital. Built on 4 levels, irregular in plan
to preserve places sacred to Athens; built of white marble
GREEK CITY
AEGEAN ELLENIC
Little is known of Greek
city planning before
Hippodamus
laid out his native city

Action of the 9 superimposed

MILETUS V ;

'cities' of TROY ^.479 or 466 B.C.

1y ,

II Prehistoric citadel, r. 2600-2 3 00 B.C.

VI Homeric Troy, 1900 B.C.; sacked c.\ 200 B.C. Ur I

IX The Roman acropolis, r.30 b.c.-a.d. 14.

'discovered the
method of
dividing up cities
(Aristotle Politics)

The Telesterion
or Hall of the
Mysteries,
Eleusis

Plan of selected buildings, Troy

Scheme of
II Prehistoric citadel VI Homeric Troy (restored),

Plans showing
additions to a
palace, Larissa
(restored)

A house or temple, r.8th cent. B.C.

after a terracotta model
from Argive Heraeum Megaron, r.coo B.C. Peristyle, ^.450 B.C.
PLANS, BUILDINGS AND HOUSES
HELLENISTIC

PERGAMUM,
GREEK Parthenon,
REFINEMENTS
Athens
34' 3"
Basilica,
Paestum
28' 8"

s i The Parthenon as seen 3 The front with inclined

axes of columns and with
Increase
convex stylobate and
16
in. entablature producing
the result seen at i

2 Without optical corrections

Entasis (Gk: distension)

designed to counteract the
illusionof the outline of
column curving inwards

o
Exaggerated diagram of
the rising curvature of the stylobate Angle columns look thinner seen dark
and inward inclination of the columns against light and are thickened by \\ in

OPTICAL CORRECTIONS, THE PARTHENON, ATHENS

8
15
CrO

Modules
based on
the lower
diameter
3 4 Mill
Pycnostyle Systyle Diastyle Araeostyle
Proportions of height, thickness & distance apart of columns according to Vitruvius (111,3)
 ORNAMENT

The Tholos,
Epidaurus, £.360 B.C.
by the sculptor-architec
Polycleitus the Younger;
built of sandstone and marble

The Choragic
Monument of Lysicrates,
Athens, T.334 B.C.
Podium of limestone,
upper part white marble,
Corinthian order used The Tower of the Winds, Athens,
externally for the first time f.50 B.C. Clock-tower built of marble
ROMAN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
r.753 B.C. 500
The foundation Etruscan
of Rome kings

Latiumv~_. c\

-n
^^^rtha^ J v

Carthaginians Carthaginians

7 J 200 miles Roman territory

Italy at the beginning The Latin conquest

of the Roman Republic, of Italy,
^.500
The Roman Empire
B.C. 275 B.C.

Early Rome, with Republican magistrates, town-council (senatus) and town-meetings

its

(comitia), by a series of systematic conquests created an Empire round the Mediterranean

consisting of different nationalities accepted as allies. The Roman Empire became a fusion
of the practical Western idea of one universal society in which all men might live in
conformity with Roman law and the Oriental conception of an Emperor-God with a
throne-altar demanding a common worship and loyalty. This union between the West and
the East was a continual source of weakness and led to the ultimate division of the Empire.
The Romans built roads and bridges for swift communication, military camps with a simple
set plan (later incorporated in many city-plans) for speed of construction, and government

and civic buildings, which were both useful and symbolic of Roman law and order.

Greek Hellenic
le, Period Hellenistic
\/
775/ 6 23
429/8 — Plato — 3473

384 Aristotle 3 22
342-Epicurus-2 7o
326 ?-Zeno-264 ? (Stoicism)
 1

INTRODUCTION
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
A
\~K D. 284 324 394 476A.D.
Julius Augustus Nero Trajan Septimus
r ^ End
Caesar 27— 14 59-6898-117 Severus The capital, Rome,
106 of the
44 Vespasian 192- 2 1 moved to Byzantium Western
69—79 Hadrian by Constantine
Empire
1 1 7-1 38 306 337

Movements
of barbarians
.Angles
Saxons

[acedonia
V*<^„ o0tfvs

168 B.c..Byzantium
Armenm
Syr» 190 pie
B.C.
/anjjum)
Palmyra
.
•Baalbek
The Western Latin \ Greek Byzantine
etra
Roman Empire
Egyj

The Division of the Empire

27 B.C. — A.I). 324 394 A.D.

During the Republic kiln-baked bricks and

stone blocks with or without mortar were
used in building. The invention of concrete
revolutionised construction in the Empire. The Romans invented all possible variations
Concrete was used with a facing for protec- in the plans of buildings which were copied
tion and a surface finish, &
there is a sharp by later architects. The Ten Books on
distinction between the art of the engineer Architecture by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, a
constructing arches, vaults and domes and Roman architect and engineer who lived in
the applied art of decoration with columns the century
1 st was widely read
B.C. in
and pilasters, marbles and mosaics. the Renaissance and later.

A. i)

3
23
106 43 Cidero Marcus
701 — Virgil -—119 Aurelius the
Christianity
official religion
65 — Horace-- 8 167— 180
— Livy
59 -1— 17 46? Plutarch 1 20?
of the Empire.
203-Plotinus- 2 62 354 St Augustine 430
ROMAN

THE
FORUMS,
ROME (restored)

I Forum Roman urn, from

c.$th century B.C. II Julium,49B.c.-A.D.
Ill Augustus, 28 b.c.-a.d. 14. IV Vespasian,
V Nerva, ^.a.d. 97. VI Trajan, a.d. ioo-i 17.
TEMPLES : 1 Saturn, 44 B.C. Concord, 7 B.C. 3 Venus Genetrix.
2
4 Mars Ultor, 14-2 B.C. 5 Minerva, 28 b.c.-a.d. 14. 6 Divus Julius, 8
b.c.-a.d. 14.
7 Castor and Pollux, a.d. 6. 8 Peace, a.d. 67-79. 9 Vespasian, a.d. 94. 1 o Trajan, a.d. 100- 1
17.
I I Venus and Rome, a.d. 123-135. 12 Faustina, a.d. 141. 13 Vesta, a.d. 205.
BASILICAS: 14 Aemilia, r.179 B.C. 1
5 Julia, 46 B.C. 16 Trajan, a.d. ioo-i 17.
17 Constantine, a.d. 310-313.
BUILDINGS: i8Tabularium, 78 B.C. 19 Curia (Senate House), 49 b.c.-a.d. 14. 20 House of
the Vestal Virgins, c.a.d. 17.21 Colosseum, a.d. 70-82.2 2 Arch of Septimus Severus,A.D.203.
 7

BUILDINGS AND PLANS, ROME

Drawn to the same scale 500

The Thermae of Caracal la,

Rome, c. a.d. 2 2-2 1
1

Stands on a platform 20 ft high

containing store-rooms, furnaces,
hypocausts and hot-air ducts;
room for more than 1600 bathers

1 Main entrance
2 Apodyteria— undressing rooms
3 Tepidarium — tepid bath
4 Calidarium — hot-air bath
5
Warm baths
Hot baths
7 Frigidari urn-
open-air cold bath
Palaestra, peristyles

9 Lecture halls and

libraries

The Pantheon, Rome,

a.d. 1 20-1 24

Palaces of the Emperors

on the Palatine Hill,
Rome, a.d. 3-212

Palace of Augustus,
21 b.c.-a.d. 14
2 Palace of Domitian
a.d. 8 1-96
a. Triclinium
or Banqueting Hall.
b. Peristyle.
c. Temple of household gods.
d. Basilica or Hall of Justice.
e. Tablinum or Throne Room
ROMAN

Wooden centering
supported on piles P or on the impost I

Ribs of
baked brick
set on wooden
centering to
receive concrete

Methods of constructing stone and concrete vaults

 THE ARCH

\ 200
^

supported on piers: uct, Pont du Gard, Nimes, ^.a.d. 150

Construction of arches on piers with non-constructional facing of columns and entablature

Thermae of
Diocletian,
Rome,
A.D.302

in concrete cross-vaults
ROMAN
BRICKS
kiln-baked of varying sizes
used from c$oo B.C.

>
4L.

Opus ,

^r- incert Opus reticulatum

i 2 inches 9 inches from c.zoo B.C. Concrete walls faced
CONCRETE
used by the Romans from the
2nd century B.C., consisting of
sand, gravel, pebbles, chippings
of stone, mixed with a cement
of lime and water and spread
over temporary wooden or
a

permanent brick centering, to

solidify into the required shape
-arch, vault or dome. The dead
weight rested upon supporting
walls or piers without exerting
an outward thrust. Pozzolana,
a volcanic rock found near
Rome, made a concrete of great
hardness and durability.
Cloister vault of concrete Concrete barrel vault
Concrete surfaces were faced
with stucco, brick or marble supported on cruciform piers The Colosseum, Rome,
abularium, Rome, 78 B.C. A.D. 70-82
for protection and finish.

MASONRY

The Romans copied the Greek

technique, building courses of
dressed blocks, held by through
stones laid dry without mortar
or with iron cramps and dowels
set inmolten lead. The space
between the courses was left
empty or filled with undressed
stones, earth or concrete. arch : Orange
 :

MATERIALS & METHODS

A marble
slab
B plinth
C cement
D iron
clamps
Opus testaeeum
with brick from f.78 n.c Cast concrete wall Method of fixing marble facing

Cross-vault
built of brick ribs
and filled in with concrete
Villa Sette Bassi, near Concrete dome with a framework of ^fe^ brick ribs
Rome, c. A.D. 1 23-1 34 Temple of Minerva Medica, Rome, c.A.D. 260

1=1 == 1 1
-

4=z\=z= 1 = 1 m
m
LA. JLX
65- 1

The
Pretorium, The Basilica,
Musmiyeh, Shakka,
C. A.D. I 80 c. a.d. 175-200
Syria
buildings of dressed stone
continued in the period of
Early Christian architecture in
the, 5th to 7th rent-lines
ROMAN
Construction of dome

A Brick ribs B Brick Arches

C Wooden moulds D Concrete

Concealed brick arches

link together 8 massive
brick piers supporting
the dome
i ioo
The Pantheon, Rome, a. d. 120-24. Erected by Hadrian

The Temple of Vesta, Tivoli (restored), 27 b.c.-a.d. 14

Foundations: tufa. Podium and walls: concrete.

Columns and door: travertine. Roof: probably a low
concrete dome
CIRCULAR & OVAL BUILDINGS

The Colosseum, Rome, A.D.70-

Designed for about 45,000 spectators. 80 piers
support 3 tiers of arcading. Decorative use of
superimposed orders of \ external Doric, Ionic
and Corinthian columns. Foundations: lava
Walls: brick and tufa. Vaults: pumice-stone.
Facade: travertine blocks held by metal
cramps Columns and seats marble :

\ iss^a
 TEMPLES
Temple of Bacchus Temple of Jupiter,
c. a.d. i 20-200 from c. a.d. 10

Temple of Bacchus : interior

TEMPLES, BAALBEK, SYRIA

(^stored), c. ist-2nd
centuries a.d. ;

built of hard
local saneIs ton

9f

6> / S*

Temple of Bacchus
GREEK THEATRE

Hellenistic theatre, Priene, Asia Minor (restored), c.50 B.C.

The early Greek theatre consisted of an

auditorium (simply a hill slope with
stone seats), a semi-circular orchestra
where the chorus sang and danced, and
a wooden stage from which a single
actor would hold a dialogue with the
chorus. The numberof actors was
raised to two or three by Aeschylus

(525-456 B.C.) and Sophocles (495-

406 B.C.), who also introduced painted
scenery and a dressing hut or skene. In
the 4th century B.C. a wooden skene A
was erected with a proscenium B
having a row of columns, usually Doric,
8-12 ft from the skene wall supporting
a stage of planks called the logeion or
speaking-place C. Three doors in the
skene wall were for entrances and exits
of actors. At the two ends of the
Plan of a Greek theatre based on 3 squares proscenium were the parodoi
within the orchestra circle (Vitruvius, v. 7) or open passage-ways D.
ROMAN THEATRE

The Theatre, Orange (restored), <t.a.d. 50. Designed to seat 7000. Stage 5 ft high, 23 ft deep
Built up on stone and concrete piers.
A Semi-circular cavea or auditorium
B Proscenium replaced by a frons scaena
C Covered passages —vo mi to rial
\rf%

Introduction a stage curtairi

LV
&KJr

Vw»* >*

O
Ir
5*

I n 5^ j

...

~
&.

TT
4

<
enaissance
adaptation of a
Roman theatre.
The Teatro
Olympico,
Vicenza, Italy,

designed by
v
Pal lad io
and completed
Plan of a Roman theatre based on 4 equi- by Scamozzi,
lateral triangles in a circle (Vitruvius v,6) a.d. 1584
ROMAN
44

15

Triumphal Arches with one opening

Arch of Augustus, Susa, Arch of Titus, Rome, a.D. 70
Piedmont, c.A.D. 8 Earliest use of the Composite order.

Town gateway with four archways

The Porte S. Andre, Augustodonum (Autun). Trajan's
Tomb of the Julii, An arcaded gallery with Ionic pilasters creates Column,
Provence, S. Remy, an antiphonal response with the rise and fall Rome,
C. 30 B.C.-A.D. 14 of the large and small arches below a.d. 1 14.
 ARCHES AND MONUMENTS

Triumphal Arches with three openings.

Arch of Tiberius, Orange, r.A.D. 21 Arch of Septimus Severus, Rome, a.d. 200

The Library, Ephesus (restored),

f.A.D. 1 15. Lower store) Rock-cut tomb of Khazna,
and upper storey Corinthian order, Petra, r. A.I). 120.
both having smooth shafts One of the 25 rock-cut facades
EARLY CHRISTIAN

S. Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna,

a.d. 534-5 39

restorec

Pulled
century

Syria, '

V/* 7

5 th-6th centuries: >r

churches built of large

stone blocks and
timber roofs Church, Roueiha (restored),
*SCY c. centu
6th\ century a.

Baptistery of
S. Costanza, Constantine,
Rome, Rome,
A.I). 330 A. D. 430-440
Visigothic before the Moslem invasion, with horse-shoe arch:
S.Juan de Banos, Cerrato, Spain, c. A.D. 500-713
 COMPARATIVE PLANS
plans and sections in black to the same scale I I J 150

S. Prassede S. Clemente, Rome,

rebuilt 1084-1108 over
a 4th-century church

S. Maria de Naranco Spanish-Romanesque :

Asturia, Spain, Mozarabic. 'Arabized Spanish': S. Vicente de Cardona,

A.D. 824-840 S. Miguel de Escalada, Leon, A.D. 91 3
Catalonia, c. 10 24- 1040
 ROMAN basilica EARLY
Basilica of Ulpia,
Rome, c. a.d. 98-1 12;
a part of
Trajan's Forum
built by the
Hellenistic architect,
Apollodorus
of Damascus

TIMBER ROOFS

Rafters tend to push walls outwards

A beam supports rafters at AA

and a post at B

C queen-posts D straining-piece
S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome
Scientific tie-beam construction
king-post or suspensory tie B
holds up the tie-beam AA Tie-beams lengthened by scarf-joints and iron bolts

72
CHRISTIAN CHURCHES
100

Columns
supporting
a flat entablature: S
IJ.

S. Maria Maggiore,
Rome, a.d. 432

Columns
supporting semi-
circular arches:
S. Apollinare in Classed
Ravenna, a.d. 534-539

two storeys:
Basilican church of S. Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome, a.d. S. Agnese fuori
320; le Mura,
burnt clown in 1832 and rebuilt to the original design Rome, a.d. 625-638
BYZANTINE
ROMAN

S. George. Salonika, S. Vitale, Ravenna, SS. Sergius

C.A.D. 400 a.d. 526-547 and Bacchus,
The Minerva Medica, Constantinople
Rome, c. a.d. 260 A D
-
- 5 2 7"553

The Pantheon, Rome,

a.d. 1 20-1 24 S. Sophia, Constantinople, a.d. 532-537

PERSIA: SYRIA
detailof Palace, S. George,
Feruz-abad, Ezra,
a.d. 450 C.A.D. 5 IO

74
 COMPARATIVE PLANS 150
plans and sections in black to the same scale j

Holy Apostles
Salonika,
a.d. 1 200

Carol ingian
cathedral,
Aix-la-Chapelle,
A.I). 796-804
S. Mark, Venice, a.d. 1042- 1085

J S. Basil,

Moscow,

S. Saviour
S. Irene, Constantinople,
Church, Daphni, nr Athens, Pantepoptes,
a.d. 740
c. 1 ith century a.d. Constantinople,
early 12th century

S. Sophia, Salonika,
c. 6th century a.d. S. Front, Perigucux, France, A.D. 1 120
BYZANTINE

Pendentives Dome and pendentives The dome a hemisphere

parts of one hemisphere set above pendentives

To build an arch
centering is necessary,

but a dome can be built Domes on pendentives

in successive rings built with bricks
of horizontal arches not radiating
without centering S. Sophia, Salonika, c. A.D. 495 from centre

Little Metropole Dome with drum :

Cathedral, Athens, A.D. 1 250 cross-in-square plan

 DOMES ON PENDENTIVES

Bronze rings A,
tie-rods B to
resist pressure

S. Sophia (Ilagia Sophia = divine wisdom), Constantinople, A.ix.532-537

(plan p.74)
Built for Justinian by two Greek
architects, Anthemius of Tralles
and Isodorus of Miletus. Built of
brick; the dome probably erected
without centering, with bricks 100
about 24-27 inches square and
2 inches thick laid in deep mortar
and covered with \ inch lead;
the dome supported on 4 piers,
the thrust being taken by 2 semi-
domes and 4 massive buttresses;
the interior lined throughout in
coloured marbles and mosaics
ROMANESQUE
plans and elevations
to the same scale
200

ITALY
S. Miniato, Florence, 1062
-
» .

FRANCE
Pisa Cathedral, 1063-1272

. 11

<n
-K /
S&S /
\ .
n
^\ • *
B
»
. •

"^^^^chevet
• •
&
-<> 1 156
Ri uier. S. Philibert, Tournus, Abbaye-aux-
Abbeville c. 950-1 1 20 & later / Hommes (S. Etiennc),
(restored), ^.799 Caen, 1066- 1077

GERMANY

..
<.•• .••

S. Cyriakus, Gernrode, r
er Cathedral
961 and later 31-61 & 1 2th century

SPAIN

^ a
S'^H
• 4

Santiago de A^^Compostela,
Ripoll Abbey, <r. 1 075- 1 121
pilgrimage church similar in plan
:

Catalonia, 1 020-1 032 toTours, Limoges, Conques and Toulouse

 PLANS & ELEVATIONS
ampanile. ***,
sa, i 174;
belfry 1
350 •^

Baptistery,
Pisa, 1 153-1278,
Gothic additions
14th century

Ya,

Angouleme Cathedral,
1 105-1 1 28 <b and later
Cluny Abbey III

(restored), 1 088- 1 1
3
(elevation reversed
to show the apse)

GERMANY
f

Abbey, 093-1 156

Worms Cathedral,
1

ENGLAND 1 1 05- 1 1 28 and later

(Norman)

X
•

Fagade
,2 33
\
Durham Cathedral, 1093-1 133 Peterborough Cathedral, 1 177-1 190
ROMAN SOU
scale for A GROINED VAULT
sections

S. Savin-sur-Gartempe, S. Sernin, Toulouse, S. Madelaine,

c. 1 060- 1 1
15 1080-1 006 c. 04-
1 1 1 1
3 2

centering

roin stones
timber
1,2 joint moulds
centering
1 a, 2b plans
wedges
 STON VAULTING

to remove
centen

Durham Cathedral:
nave 109 3-1 133

1
11 &
//
S S
domical vault,
1 * f j j
semi-circular
diagonal and
ransverse ribs

Gothic
the lines o ribbed vault
roins with pointed
on plan, vault with arches which
need specia level crowns can be made
shaped groi transverse ribs any height
stones stilted as at A for any span
 : ;: ' .

GOTHIC
Edinburgh* English Architectural Periods
Norman : late i i th & i 2th
Armagh Carlisle/^*1 *™ centuries
Early English: 13th century
Ripon.
1
York Decorated: 14th century
Conway .(tester Perpendicular 5th century : 1

Harlech ^Lincoln* Liibeck

Chorin
Lichfield- » Peterborough Bremen
E1
Gloucester. ^Cambridge x .
T
Oxford* .Utrecht
# 'Hall' Churches
Winchester. London Bmges Miinster ^-s
Exeter • Canterbury • ^Antwerg
Cologne
Ghent
•Marburg
French ^nnaoerg
.Arinabert
% Amiens •Limburg
Architectural
Rouen. Beauvais .Laon # Pra ue
S
# Oppenhein/!
Periods
S Den
•
'

mV»r\,
Parls
Paris
• Rhe,ms
rv u
DinkelsbuhU
•Nuremberg ,
.
™
Gothique a Chartres,
Lancet tes
Troye
Orleans •Sens
• Strasbourg
^
j^^" • Vienna
1 2th century ngers • Ulm •Munich
Freiburg
Bourges# Salzburg
Rayon nant
•Poitiers Citeaux
jth century
• Cluny %
**
lam boyant Clermont
14th, 15 th Verona ,
Milan. r
& early Bordeaux Padua* •Venice
6th centuries
Single-nave » a h » Genoa Bologna
1

Churches •Toulouse' • Avignon

Aries Pisa« Florence
Carcassonne Siena* ^Perugia
#
Orvieto#/ Assisi

• Rome

Palermo
Monreale** .Messina

1 00 miles
1 1

'he retreat
C0i W> f the Motors J 1 00 miles
 INTRODUCTION
I IOO I 200 1300 14.00 l
5 00 1550
55
Increase of trade, Ascension Black Death End of Eastern
growth of towns, of Gothic 1348-49
H53
Byzantine Empire
& rise of guilds in He de France 1 346-The 100 Years' War-1453

Universities Scholasticism Humanism Italian RENAISSANCE

Aristotle c.\ 225-S. Aquinas-^. 1 2 75
(via Arabs) 304-Petrarch-i 374 Leonardo,
1 265-Dante-i 321 da Vine"

Discoveries: 1214-Roger Bacon- 1294

optical lens, ijnariner's compass, gunpowder, cannon c. 1450 printing

Columbus^

^rfv 1492
^"3Z^

Map of the world, 1527

The universe according to

1 47 3 — Copernicus— 543 1

The enlargement of S. Denis, 1

144 (p. form of construction in
89) inaugurated a lyrical
which pointed arches, high stone vaults and flying buttresses were fused into an organic
whole, and which reached a crescendo in the cathedrals built in the He de France (pp. 100-
101). Gothic, or the 'style Ogivale' (Fr.: pointed) was known as 'Opus Modernum' or.
'Opus Francigenum' (French work); the term 'Gothic', i.e. barbarian, was first used by
the Humanists of the Renaissance. Few plans survive by the lay master-masons, who
designed their buildings with 'a good wit of geometry' and who directed the quarry-men,
stone-cutters, smiths, carpenters & workmen. In England (pp. 10 2- 105), France (pp. 106-
107), Italy (pp. 08- 1 09) and Germany (pp. 10-1 1) castles, parish churches, guild-halls
1 1 1

and houses followed the same pattern of pointed arches, pinnacles, spires & high-pitched
roofs. South of the Alps in Italy Gothic was neutralised by the Roman tradition and
ceased with the advent of the Renaissance in the 15th century.
GOTH plans
h 2 20- 288
Amiens Cathedral, 1
and elevations
to the same scale
200

FRANCE

Notre Dame, 1163-1235

Marienkirche,
Lubeck,

Salisbury Cathedral, 1 220-1 258 York Cathedral, 1 26 1 - 1 3 24

 PLANS & ELEVATIONS

SPAIN
Burgos Cathedral, 1220- 1500 St Peter's, Rome, begun 1506
GOTHIC

for laity

Crossing

isle

stry

Chancel G Choir for

chapter H Presbytery
Cathedra or bishop's throne
g R M Retro- ch
Lincoln Cathedral, •

I 220-I 280 N Principal shrine O Ambulatory P

THE PARTS OF A CATHEDRAL

Laon Cathedral, Notre Dame, Paris, Rheims Cathedral,

^.1235 c.i200-1 250 c. 1 255-^. 1 290
r

Wells Cathedral, c. 1 220-1 242 Peterborough Cathedral, r.1235

THE WEST FRONT
ENGLAND STONE VAULTING 1

I » tL. ^^^_ ^*\B^"^ j/r ^f /

\ \t •*
m m

V
_^r^\± j g
fc* A**nT

Introduction of liernes or small ribs Fan vault of equal span

with shorter web courses and the web carved from the same stone
Winchester Norwich Kin s College Chapel, Henry VIPs
Cathedral nave » Cathedral nave Cambridge, Westminster Abbey,
1371-1460 1463-1472 1 502-1 5 12
GOTF

Chorin , r.1273-13 Freiburg Cathedral, c. 1 268-1 288 :

west front west front

RENAISSANCE BAROQUE
I 400 600
The Turks
Constantinople
x
453
& block trade
with the Orient •

this leads to
• a

maritime discoveri
The Empire o and his son
Spain Spain united 1497 15 19— Charles V— 556— Philip II of Spain— 1508
1

Italy Florence: the Renaissance Rome: temporal power of the Popes Venice: trade lost
France Franco-Spanish rivalry in Italy 15 15— Francis — 1547
I Italian influence

1568 Revolt of the

England 1485 Henry — VII— 1509 — Henry VIII l
547w l 55% — Elizabeth — 1603
I

War of the Roses Italian influence Mary I marries Philip II of Spain

Germany head of some 300 states 1483— Martin Luthe
Protests (hence
Invention
of printing against the Roman Internal

nz, r.1450
leads to the Refo Reformation
of the Roman
b rou ht Protestant
the revival Catholic
Church at the

Council of
and spread Greek
rent 1545-63,
of Latin em 1
aided by
and Greek
S. Ignatius Loyola-1556 founded the Society of Jesus

The Medieval uni\

haunted by the la
3

the Roman ire Bruno— 1600

THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance (Florence) High Renaissance (Rome Man nensm
1400 1500 1600
Renaissance churches were centralized and of the Divine Proportions (pp. 1 1 8-1 19).
designed on the drawing-board. The increasingly dramatic movements of
They were inspired by classical architecture, High Renaissance and Mannerist buildings
as interpreted by Vitruvius (above all, by became, especially in the 'theatrical' churches
Roman tern arches, domes & the Five of the Counter-Reformation, an interplay
Orders (pp. 1 1 6- 1
1 7)), &: obeyed the canon of forces. (This required the drawing of
 INTRODUCTION
1700 '75°

English
Dutch

Protestant |fc Catholic'CD

Spanish
Portuguese
C=D

^ the
Cv) Industrial
°Revolution
1614—30 Years' War— 1648 Conflict for colonies and overseas trade
to new Atlantic seaports.
Domination of Spain in Italy ends 1710
1610-Age of the Cardinals-1643-Ascension of France Louis XI\^i
7 5 -Louis XV-1774
: i

Netherlands from Spain 1648 Republic of the United

Provinces
James I- 1625- Charles 1-1649^ 1660- Charles II-i68
5 ^8 9 1702- Anne- 14- George I-1727
Divine Right of Kings Commonwealth
James II Colonial Expansion
Impoveris hed by the 30 Years' War Kingdom of Prussia
70 Frederick the Great 740-8 c
1 r
1

:al movemci
Newton 1
727
THE BAROQUE
Baroque""
Rococo
1600 1700 1750
three-dimensional elevations and curved The architecture of each European country
details by means of projective geometry, was a reaction to that of Italy, modified by
which had been developed by the new its own native characteristics.
science of dynamics.) France (pp. 130-133), Germany & Austria
This Baroque style was finally resolved into
(PP-^^ 1
35), S P ain (PP-^ 6 -^),
the lighter curves of the Rococo. England (pp. 38-159). 1
RENAISSANCE BAROQUE t

Florence S. Andrea,
dome Mantua,
20-34 472-1512
Alberti
'(1404-72)
1 20, 1 22)

Pope Juli
had the

cessive p
for the new
Bram ante ( 1 444-

Raphael ( 1 483-

C '485**5

Michelangelo
1546-6
also desi
S. Spiri
com pi
B runeliesch co mo della Porta
122 -1604J
and Domenico Fontana
(1543-1607);
side cupolas added
by Vignola (1507-73)
Carlo Madema
('556-/629) lengthened
S. Maria della Consolaz- nave to form aLatin cross
ione, 1508, E ram ante :he facade 1606-
&: Cola di Caprarola St Peter's, Rome, 1 506-1 61 2 (pp.93, 124)
 PLANS ELEVATIONS

Vienna,
Cathedral, London, 1716-29
The Dome of the Invalides, Paris, 1 675-1 710 /. B. Fischer
i 3-1706 /. H. Mansart Sir Chilistop her Wren ( 163 1-1723) von Erlach

( 1646-1 708) (pp. 125, 131) (pp. 144-145) (1656-1725)

RENAISSANCE - BAROQUE
Sources of Italian architectural theory ^trpvius
i. The study of Roman buildings. (edited by
2. The Platonic-Aristotelian description of Gibcondo)
God and the Universe as a perfect circle.
3. The Pythagorean, and Medieval, idea of
Man as the microcosm of the Universe
(the macrocosm). 4. The linking of Geometry
and Music, two of the Seven Liberal Arts:
'Geometry makes visible the musical
consonances' (Boethius, De Musica, f.500).
In Florence Cosimo de Medici (1 389-1462)
founded the Platonic Academy.
gives an account of the
The
Timaeus creation and geometrical form
Plito of the universe. He represents 'Ot all these numbers. . .

/>;/ Ro(jks m
427-3^7 B.C. the four basic elements 1:2 octave, diapason-
Architecture
and the cosmos as
Florence ,485
itessamn)
. . . the architects make -—2_^
E and , 6
—
very convenient use' (ix, 5)
1404. Leon Battista Alberti- 1472
Florentine architect and theorist
these 'Platonic' bodies are the 5 regular solids.
The elements of the cosmos, as well as its soul-
substance &
motion, were created proport-
its

ionate to musical ratios based on Pythagoras

(582-^.507 B.C.) He 'regarded numbers as the
elements of all things and the whole heaven
&
as a numerical scale' (Aristotle), found that
tones could be ^^^^^2^2^j.
measured by S x \ 1:2 octave
striking cords 1439 Francesco di Giorgio 1502
2:3 fifth
proportionate Sienese sculptor and architect
in length. 3:4 fourth

Plato gives the 'Harmonic' scale as:

M^Jft which contain the

musical consonances

/ ? <
1:2, 2:3, 3:4.

For Renaissance architect-theorists,

churches based upon these axioms, would be Based on
microcosms of the universe of God : Vitruvius (in, 1)
'
. the little temples we make ought
. . from drawings b
to resemble this very great one' (Palladio). *45 2 Leonardo da Vinci !5!9
 1

THE DIVINE PROPORTIONS

Vitruvius Vitr vius h iteciur^deVit ltruvius
(edited by dited by Barbaro, % Art de\ bie7i b?it\ First English
Cesarino), illustrated by Palladio) mis en rancais
5
translation
ComoJ 1 52 VeniceL 1556 ban Martin 154

In Baroque churches musical ratios

were resolved into an orchestration of visual

forces comparable to the fugue, & measured
the eye and the mind of the beholder

- I
H75 Sebastiano Serlio 554
Born Bologna. Architect, worked in France

598 Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini

(
sculptor and architect

1507—-Giacomo Barazzo Da Vignola i-S73

l
599 Francesco Borromini

Vitruvius 1
5 21

and wrote in a letter:

. . . the architectural
members derive from
human members '.

t Peter s, Rome, 1
5 6

H7S- Michelan
Guarino Guarini
1508 Andrea Palladio (pp. 1 2 8-9 mathematician &: architect, mostly at Turin
Baptisten

pitch of
round « square The Gesu,
column pilaster Rome, 1568-75
Vignola

(p. 1 22

i -*-
1 I
2
i _I V^ViA^
2 3 3 16

Arrangement & permutations of columns &: pilasters to compose a visual 'overture'

S. Andrea antua, 1470

ti (p. 1 22
 ITALY, CHURCH FACADES

in li c Luca, S. Agnese in Piazza Navona, . Maria 'del la Pace

Rome, 1635-50 Rome, 1653-55 Rome, 1656 -57
Pietro da Cortona Francesco Eorromini ( i5QQ-i66j) Pietro da Cortona

S. Susanna, Rome, 597-1603

1 S. Carlo, Rome, 1665-7 S. Gregorio, Messina, 1660
Carlo Made ma ( 1 556-/ 629 J Borromini (p. 1 2 Guarin i ( / 624-1 68j)
ITALY, CHURCHES
RENAISSANCE BAROQUE

Circular temples,

Vitruvius (iv,
ITALY, DOMES

Harden in- Mansart

(1646-1-08)
(pmO
The Capitol,
 qo

ITALY, PALACES

IOO

aitt/j/j Farncsc, Caprarola

Chateau d'Anet: chapel, 1549-53 Church of the Sorbonne, Paris, c. 1635
9
Philibert de 1 Orme (c. 1 5 / 0-1 S7°) Jacques Leme trier (c. r 580 j 5-1654)

The campaigns of the French Kings, Charles VIII (1483-98),

Italian
Louis- XII (1498-15 5) and Francis I (1515-47), failed in their aims;
1

instead France was invaded by the ideas and the arts of the Italian Renaissance.
FRANCE, CHURCHES
RENAISSANCE BAROQUE

Course du Vieux
Central pavilion, 570-1592
i Palais du Louvre Louvre, begun 1546
Philibert de rOrme (a 5 iz-ikjo) Paris, 1546- 878
1 Pierre Lescot (c. 1 510-/8)
 J 1 )
CHATEAU TO
r ^

FRANCE.
i

r
^
x \ «»-»:•• ..«*S \v».«%V .a^1 ^:Sw'/j^ iN^Sfc.^ 1
-^ //^SbL>>

f ->

^-' /r--
W
•:

4 till LxwAJi£
'A*
«
*
^i*%%**%<
• *

7V

w \ ^ftlB >
**»**•**»
cau - ?
; >•••• ft*****

* «
****** \T.,#%<
sUgSSs 6

ri __ A. X. A
f
B. Enlairl? 669-83
for Loui_s XIVY/64J-/
N%%%* **%%1 V #* ft

• I
**-**%<

*
i I
1
OS urn / * ^ "••
Louis le Few ( 1 () 1
2--
»v If* *•*+•-%**
ft • ••* ftftftl
• *<
*

/.
-
t
decoration, e 1

% * *.%*.
9~9°) garden J

,«*%*•* |**>* **«*•#••*••#*)•• ft

Le' Notre fj6fj-/ /
S3
*,**** • •*•

~5j~ CS
I f I 1 I I I 1.1

>•>*** I J ft f

''«
/.

\~
» * • * *

• .

• «

C. Galcrie des Glaces, & Facade

Claude Perrault ( 1 () 1
final project made by Bernini
(1508-1 680 Louis Le Fan (161 2-88) &
in Paris, 1665 for the East Front of the Louvre Charles Le Brttn ( /6/q-qoJ
 )

RENAISSANCE BAROQUE

tal path

The Gesu, Rome, Andrea in Valle,

Rome, ' ^observer
1668-83 p. 22): 1 1
59 1- 1 62 3:
fresco and s ceo figures fresco in dome,
on nave vault, 1674-79, The Virgin in Glory'
flthe Name of Jesus' Giovanni Lanfranco ( 1 582-1647)
nni Battis\a Guulli ( 1 63 q-ijoq

sotto in su

many JesuitBaroque churches were built in the style or the Gesu

The Thirty Years' War (1618-48) was followed by a resurgence of church -building
1 n which all the arts— architecture, sculpture, painting and music were fused into Rococo.
GERMANY, ROCOCO CHURCHES

Vierzchnhciligcn, Southern Germany

1 744-7 2
Balthasar Neumann ( 16S--1
architect, mathematiean, military engineer, town-planner,
designer of fountains, bell-caster; possessed Guarini's
ura Civile, 1737 CP- x 2 3)

jets of water describe parabolic curves

I \

y
4 xx\
\1

parabolic, forward tilted, three-dimensional arches

RENAISSANCE BAROQUE tero = silversmith), from the use of extravagant decoration 1492-1556

manner' as a memorial
Spanish Moors in 1492
(c.i495- I 5 6 3)

Herreran « style or 'Estilo desornamentado (plain style), 1556-1650:0 adaptation of the

design (! of the Italian High Renaissance by Juan de 1530-97)

(p. Doric Church, first designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo

1 1
5),
(d.156 7J, philosopher and mathematician, who worked under Michelangelo;
redesigned by Juan de Herrera (c./jj o- 97) built in yellow-grey granite, in 2 3 ratios :
 SPAIN

by Lads de Arevalo ( i J2--64), stonemason; plasterwork by

 »

RENAISSANCE BARO -

Pre-Fire Design for )ld St Paul's,

a uom crossing
&> destroyed in The Pantheon Design Palludio
in a inc i

e
, >

reat Fire, 1666 r. i 668-69

666
en tralized designs 'after a Roman manner'
r remote from the Gothick rudeness
'

of \e old Design '.

The chapter
thought the model not
\

enough of a cathedral fashion',

and a 3 longitudinal plan,
J
based on Mthe Latin Cross,
.

was a adopted. N.

xx
Al
s ^ e Great
ree k
-
-&Q esign, c\ 1672
w Mode
4 /

Y/

* *

VA •

»i
elevations
I
1 00
«

1 te
fit r\

/ IT Pal
M ,
I E
I
\*
/

The Warrant Design, before 1675

Projects for St Paul's Cathedral, London, by Sir Christopher Wren

NGLAND, WREN & THE BARO

Paul's Cathedral, London,

(\ i 675-1 7 1 1

Sir Christopher
it) 1-1723
Vaulting of brick,
wallsof ashlar stone
with rubble tilling,
facades of Portland stone
 u
Sir Christopher Wren ( / 632-17 23 J.
scientific pursuits: optics, hyperboli
lenses &c a treatise on cycloids.
"\h
Newton in the Principia described Wre
as 'one of the greatest geometers M

our times'.
Professor of Astronomy, London 1657
and Oxford 1661.
First architectural works 1662.
Studied buildings and around
V
Paris 1665 met ; nsart,
Le Vau, and
nm probably Gua
•
A

ijjj|l«t|''i!H|

%*•% * * § m * 1 * *

. 4 .4
*
4 4 'f 4 4 4% .i

v
/

c--

* 4

kl
/*

-1

• ••.

s<

I t
L
u_i

"1
1

ree

^ >
 The fire of Wren
London submitted
lasted from a plan for
2-5 September rebuilding
1 On the City of
1 1 September MgftllPinniiin London.
!!!!!!!!HMKin!»«M
Though this plan was 2 were redesigned
by Wre services.
RENAISS NCR BAROQUE

I 800-I 803 1792-93

Sir John Soane ( 1 753-1837 ) Visited Italy 1778 -1780
 «

ENGLAND, STONE BRICK IRON

-

London's -

f Park
v
11V 'Metropolitan
r
V

m m ^ m P rovemcnts '

— ** i 8 i 2-1 P - -
in [HllHliiii
*••

Nash
John • •••*!
itUH ctr

(1752-1835) * ±
.**- -=._.- **«£

The Quadrant, Regent Street i8i8|§|||§

Oxford?^ Circus Cast- iron umns
Is 1:
l! fti arj

I mile
>Lu>,
-»Ti)t;
*4«4* • A » i . f

Piccadilly*-;? Circus
x
*• »-» * »rf

uckingham
Palace j: a
JUjUJU lklkkM*iiitl»l*lt<mi
B Carlton House Terrace, 1827 Cast-iron Doric column J|B
St James

IAO
^ t 5»
.>

w ^
-1
=
f^ii7f|T^W^ 111
itr«5ss if
»» *

0- *v

Cotton mill, Manchester, 1801. Cast-i ri ns & beams StKathei 1

James W,att 6-/8/ q) Matthew Boulton (1728-1800) & Dock, Lon

18^
tt
'<*
Xtt
«4

• »**«i
!*•
a 1

•wm* *
£2
7 -**i

;„IOQ
iron bridge Cast-iron rib-and-truss Bridge, CraigelTa
irst Coalbrookaale, Shropshire
:

1775-79 Thomas Farnoth Pritchard (d.1777)

Suspension Bridge, Menai Straits, 1819-26

Cast-iron Bridge, Sunderland, 1793-96 William Telford ('/y 5/-/
834)
 ,.
r>, I OOO I COO
TH CENTURIES
l800 ^50
1

+I& Kussip*^

^
•^

"

I
\

Portuguese English
^Magehaq 1497
--*
—Trade an oloni

I J
100
dzidiiB
L j -^— m ii'

Romai Renaissance! photography

^j reek othic Baroq u e glider
T77

steam N*_

printing engine u T:

3P X
S- _r-*» 23 -^

engine
V^B

\
f.1750 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Nezvton Gauss Faraday Clerk constant
(1642-1-2-) ( ! 777- I
C 79 I~ Maxzvell speed
!

73? I $43) (183 1- of light (1867-

7 i8 79) 1 8,600

dynamo electro- miles

1834 magnetism activity,
o
abc > 180 1864 radium
curve
law ot trravitation space
Roman
Empire
]\/rfcrcl

nveise
le
H i
1865

^
>1 » I 1 1 1
1 1 i ! |» m4

apitol, Washington Houses ot Parliament, r°

C/5

o
14 - —
-| !
b»^ -j-L JLondon
O <U rt _£
1840-65
no S -S
j

J Menai suspension bridge, 1810-21

buildings in black to the same scale

|I 00 j5°° Crystal Palace,'
J. 1 !
London, ^1851 9 -v?
//
^I
timber stone brick cast iron wrought iron steel (mass-produced)
Portland cement reinforced concrete
 i
INTRODUCTION
o.
Russian 1

^e-Empi
\

K
,\ a* Dutch
^SkEast /
/

1014
o
British Empir $0*
W _^ ftV -#1^ ^* •llMlWl^' 9
1 »t* .»». •• t . a |«* • .•*>-« %
— -
..41 1 !• ,

MW^BMk*

*7»j8p + 8,180
r\

rocket^
orbital
nic
hour 1-5*°
miles per
750
automatism
H
j_ \ \ 1 <j^7

V
radar
Einstein Rutherford Boh 1950 electronic \ com tor
Sr

(1879- (r8 7f - r/cV<v 5 -;

f
955) i()37) orbital atom
relativity atom nuclear reactor
neutrons nuclear
\ft

atomic
energy soo.ooo ,000
>A
c^
1947)
quantum ^^
\nucleus/p roVons
(uranium)
n" 851011
cha n j

reaction absorbing
neutron

population

aluminium magnesium nickel titanium tungsten selenium germanium

prestressed concrete shell concrete
io TH & 20 th CENTURIES John Rusjun

The $even l^dtiips

dgjjA M!itecti&&

W -

^e'
8 49
Stones}
W

22 churches and chapels built by

Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
(,8,2-52) cast-iron
from frontispiece to dome
An Apology for the fc Sidney Smirke
Revival of '799-'
The Red House, Kent, 1859
Christian Architecture,
'*////> Webb (/ S3 1- 1 915)
^43 for William Morris
(1834-96)

London, 1865-73. Engineers,

St Pancras Station,
W.H.Barlozv(iSi2-iQ(>2) & M.0rdish( 1824-88)
hambard Kingdom Brunei (1806-59) Hotel, 1865-75 Sir George Gilbert Scott (1810-77)
 ENGLAND
I
Projected Roman 340
•
•

1
Cathed Liverpool,
67 r Edwin 1 9 29-4 1 succeeded by the
.!»• Lutyens 1962 \ design of
Frederick
llHIll *944) Gib herd
j
/

|fl«« I" y^y^jg

1
|| MHII* UIIIIIIIIH *»

Nouv
Art Village College, Impington
// /-**

Charles Retime Mack vi

>
/

V.

'"-•^
^

fe S
r

Sa

wim

IWi ~ *

ou , Rutland, 1 ou
*
Annesley Voysey J>i

(1857-1941) 1937
t *t *<k • % F. R l^r^ (1906-62)
& Marcel Breuer ( / 902-) :

/ born Hungary, U.S.A. 1937

libm

lAi
Mil

if ram e auditorium
••»

insulaw
by foyers
1

Heal &
Son Store, London, Peter Jones Store, London,
1910-14 Smith Brewer & 1936-39 am Crabt

'
\
compression riniiB
\

V \ \
\
A
- tension
11
Royal Festival Hall, London *

1 9 5 1 Robert Hogg
w
^
rnmrn^Matt/iezv ( 1906-)
4
j 1

Br id 1 082-1 890 Sir Benjamin Baker & Sir John Fowler

 TH
CAST IRON
20 th CENTURIES
WROUGHT IRON STEEL
is the direct obtained
is is e from -iron
result of smelting by oxidizing the carbon being burnt
valve iron ore in a white-hot cast iron. out by a blast of air 00
blast furnace puddled
It is through the molten ,^k

with coke. (purified) from an metal in r o

c "0
i
nil
58 excess of carbon Converter',
molten iron & impurities in a
'
1
1

'reverberatory' r

furnace, introduced a ^1 o
I—
Th e liquid ore solidifies o •

on cooling & can be given the by Henry Cort (/>

desired shape by being poured

c. 1 760s.

into moulds. The process was Ductile invented by

$, first carried out ^.1710 by and malleable, Sir Henry Bessemer
Benjamin Darby ( 6j~-i j 1 j wrought-iron can in 1856.
Cast iron is brittle & reacts be pulled out Steel has equal strengi :h
u^
to bending stress. Used into wire or incompression
r- — — tT^iS
primarily for vertical columns rolled into beams and tension

compression
THE BEAM t 1-
—
^
mmimimi '
' 1 ..""
'

flange £3
S^
'

^i
tension web
flange
J Kt ^TT-"- ^r

& TRUSS a

compression
"h — yi' "»u.'j .wii
!
boom —*
"sj

^7 <CT
rivets
tension boom
compression or strut
bolt
tension or ti

r\ ^ ,^ ^ rs
H*- »
gj t t .
if M
o
C K O O C C
DC CO
*:* r jf\

TXKX&Zr ^
-^^s

K
,* 1
^iTgar *

Sir William Fairbairn

T

S3
The Application of mm*

Cast-iron & Wrought-iroi

Purposes, span
London, 1 845 Ce hi ral 1876
 WROUGHT
1

CAST IRON, ^
\ x \ >
y
IRON, STEEL
Vj

:G&HXOj>\\X£ x

y w

$si
• • i»S! 1
I
-^ S3
The &^i «rcK^w
J
Crystal Palace,
.*•;%>

05
in Hyde Park,
London, 1851
7.

Sir Joseph Paxtoi s*

:sJj>
\i

I.. I s

% 1

<* u 1

to Constructed Kfiiiiill

Qcc in 17 weeks in cast-iror

• *
• •
• » * •

o
with pre-fabri catec * -

standardized parts and based

*
on multiples of 24 feet \%ip<??
*&*»* ••***^
> > i\

standard glass size 49" by 10

*
^
£x
^
v.
o
<*v y n

r\
e

Building, Chicago, U.S.A., 1 The Eiffel Tower. T

Paris,7
/
en William he Baron Je////jr 1 887-89. Constructed
O (1832- igoj) of wrought-iron
£ OO
"v.
Gustave Eiffel

Galerie des Machines, International Exhibition, Pans,

1880: three-hinged steel arch Dutcrt , engineer Cottamin
 1

I9TH & 2oth CENTURIES

Casa Battlo ( 'House of the bones' ), Barcelona, 1903-07 Gaudi

1 tli weigh
hung proportional
to the loads
to be carried

Project for Guell Colony chapel, nr Barcelona 1 898-1914 Gaudi

Antoni Gaudi ( #5 2- / Q26 J: born Reus, near Tarragona; worked & died in Barcelona. 'Gaudi'
 SPAIN, MODERNISMO, GAUDI
(
Casa Mila
'The Quarry'
Barcelona,
1905-10
),
^2 ^
Gaudi

A
W^^rs
^, vfc

ath fcdral
moo
Cologne ^
u IOO

IE
*?=S
*
^
1
I*
y\24' 7" 24' 7"

$ grada Familia, 1||

ikt:
• • • •

£ Barcelona, 1883.
Unfinished at
Gaudfs
u
death,
19 26 ;
s u
work continues :

s+

fao

J 20< A. transept, 1913-26 cB

is the constructor of 1900, the professional builder in stone, iron and brick' Le Corbusier
ioth &
Colonial or Georgian period:
20 th
The Revolution
CENTURIES
Federal Period Greek & Gothic
influence of Wren, Gibbs, 1 775' 7^3
1

Chambers & the Palladians

03
K
•
o •3
S
The "bank of Philadelphia, 1798-99
Benjamin La t robe K (1/64-1820):
The Governor's House,
Virginia, 1705 (rebuilt 19
born England; ^%^ U.S.A. 1796 o

St Michael,
Charleston,
[South Carolina,
Westover, Virginia, ^.1730 1761
State House, Boston, 1793-98
Char/ex Bulfinch ( 1 j()j-i S44)

Redwood Library, Newport, Rhode

Island, Peter Harrison ( ~ 6-7•$)
l
750 1 /

born England; U.S.A. 1740

State House, Richmond,

Vi rgi nia, 1785-96 Jefferson
ty Church,
New York,
846 [

Richard Upjohn
(1802-1878)

:ireiro^arlottesviUe the Pantheon,

1770-1809 Rome University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1822-26
Thomas Jefferson (1-43-1820); studied Roman buildings in Europe 1784-89
 U. S. A
revivals Civil War 1861-1865 The Chicago School 1883- (pp. 68-9)
1

Crane Library, Quincv,

Massachusetts, 1883
Trinity Church, Boston, 1872-77
Exchange, Philadelphia Tl rr • .
_*.
,
' ' ''
Tirii- ( •// 1
Henry Hobson Richardson ( 1 8 \8-i 886 ): studied in Paris
1832-4 William Strickland r i__

(1 '788-184 5 J,
pupil of Latrobe

Transportation Building, Chicago Kxposition,

The Capitol, Washington: 1893 Louis H. Sullivan (1856-1024);
central block, 1792-1828, Paris 1874 Frank Lloyd Wright worked
William Thornton ( 1759-182&) & others with Sullivan 1888-93
Wings & dome (cast-iron), 1851-65
Thomas Ustick Walter (180

James Bogardus
(1800-1874)
dist Iron Buildings,
their Construction

kand Advantage
lew York, 1858

^^y^gs'jriassasasaz

— 200 -
I Brooklyn BricTge, 1869-1883 John Roebling
Project, New York World's Fair, 1853 ( 1806*6 9) & W.A. Roebling (1837-/926)
19 th & 20 th CENTURIES

Unity Temple; ^ t
Oak Park,
Illinois,

1906. ^™U=J 1 =
Reinforced concrete
Influence on De Stijl,

Holland (p. 1 8 2)

;-.---,-
Larkin Administration Building,
Buffalo, 1904. Brick
pmg)"i rrH=^
c
a
Robie House, Chicago^Illinois, 1909
feS

oublc
-,'h
wa
i^ 2

square
Willets House, pre-casj

Highland Park, Illinois, concre" n 1 a

blocks

Millard
Japanese house House.
based on the Pasadena,
standardized shape California,
of mats 6 by 3 feet *9 2 3
v

< m
Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-IQ59J) born Wisconsin, worked with Louis Sullivan 1888-93.
U. S. A., FRANK LLOYD WRI HT
Joad 12-60 tons
1
-sam
f
\fc S1H

*!

\ip3NMam s.

isssm

Y >52f- t-L

:-t-

^
Johnson Wax Factory, Racine, Wisconsin, 938-39.

1 Guggenheim
Museum, Kim
j New York,

x
r^

cfesTgiiecl 1943-46, built 1956-59. Reinforced concrete

>-
ru.
Price Tower, Bartlesville,
Oklahoma, 1953
bs^

-^
~T
Hilling Water,

^*>' Bear Run,

JC
Pennsylvania, 1936.
/Z
Reinforced concrete

innovated designs for an 'organic' architecture, kaleidoscopic in variety

He its
19 TH & 20TH CENTURIES

cantilevered
both sides, £>
corner Factory,
Development of •columns Deutscher
I
the curtain wall omkted Werkbund
Exhibition,
Fagus Factory, Alfeld-an-der-Leine, 191 i Cologne, 1 9 14
Walter Gropius f/88j-J: assistant to Behrens, 907-1 director of the Bauhaus,
1 1 (p. 173);

A. Minerals Metals & Chapel, 1952

Research Buildings 942-43

the site divided into' 2

Chrome-plated
steel columns,
slabs of travertine and glass
German Pavilion, International B. School of Architecture and Design, 1952
Exhibition, Barcelona, 1929 Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 1940
Ludwig Mies -can der Rohe ( 1S8 6 -J: born Aachen, Germany; worked with Behrens 1 908-1 i;

174
 :

GERMANY & U. S. A.

arena stage

Bauhaus Buildings, Dessau, 1926. Project: the 'Total Theatre', 1927

Weimar 1919-25, at Dessau 1925-8; worked in England 1934-37 (p. 161), U.S.A. 1937

720
Project: Convention Hall, Chicago, 1953
urniir Mm Miimif nil' ^^r'H
Vummiiif— T ^hh
* -yr v
»• v T
uiiiiiiimiunr
'illllllliini'
Mimaiiir
r
Mimiiiiiiiiiuiiiir
milium
MIIIII
miiiimbt
— -«'
steel grid walls

T ^-
^a
filled with metal
uuir iiibt-
"IP' Mr in two colours

26-Storey
blocks of flats
No. 860, Lake Shore
Drive, Chicago, 1951

director of the Bauhaus, Dessau, 1930-33; to U.S.A., 1937. His dictum: 'less is more'
io th & 20 th CENTURIES

bull
Orl i
ik
>rre del 1

Pert Liny Nervi (/8g/-), born Lombardy, engineer in reinforced concrete, follows 'both
 ITALY, NERVI

fine steel mesh o.o i

o.o prayed with

mortar cement
of prefabricated units 13- o- by 6' 6" & f thick

Exhibition Hail, Turin, 1948-50 Adeveloped prefabricated units"'.-of ferro^cemefyfo

(./:/

(iron-concrete), speedily assembled on a light scaffolding

100

^*~

NT
m
<L\

Pala//etto dello Sport, Rome, 1956-57

Arch. Annihale PitelloztL ene. Nervi
the intuitive & mathematical paths'. Author of Construction, Science or Art?, Rome, 1945
 19 th & 20 th CENTURIES

York, 1956-62
.,

Eero Saarinen (igro-6r), born Finland, went to U.S.A. in 1923

/
sphere tetrahedron Octahedron

Union Dome, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1958-59. 321 hexagonal

steel panels, each folded
^^Sfltt$*lftflfcte^ and braced
with tubes & rods

^4
Kaiser Aluminium Dome, Hawaii, 1957. Erected m 2: hours
Geodosic Domes from 1948 Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-), 'comprehensive designer'
 U.S.A.

'Key project' for Ellis Island,

New York Harbour, 1959-61,

one of the last projects made by

Frank Lloyd Wright ( 186 7-/95 9)