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Computing Et Al. - Efficient Multi-User Computation Offloading For - IEEEACM Transactions On Networking - 2016
Computing Et Al. - Efficient Multi-User Computation Offloading For - IEEEACM Transactions On Networking - 2016
Computing Et Al. - Efficient Multi-User Computation Offloading For - IEEEACM Transactions On Networking - 2016
Abstract—Mobile-edge cloud computing is a new paradigm however, mobile devices are in general resource-constrained,
to provide cloud computing capabilities at the edge of pervasive having limited computation resources and battery life. The ten-
radio access networks in close proximity to mobile users. In sion between resource-hungry applications and resource-con-
this paper, we first study the multi-user computation offloading
problem for mobile-edge cloud computing in a multi-channel strained mobile devices hence poses a significant challenge for
wireless interference environment. We show that it is NP-hard to the future mobile platform development [4].
compute a centralized optimal solution, and hence adopt a game Mobile cloud computing is envisioned as a promising ap-
theoretic approach for achieving efficient computation offloading proach to address such a challenge. By offloading the computa-
in a distributed manner. We formulate the distributed compu- tion via wireless access to the resource-rich cloud infrastructure,
tation offloading decision making problem among mobile device
users as a multi-user computation offloading game. We analyze mobile cloud computing can augment the capabilities of mo-
the structural property of the game and show that the game bile devices for resource-hungry applications. One possible ap-
admits a Nash equilibrium and possesses the finite improvement proach is to offload the computation to the remote public clouds
property. We then design a distributed computation offloading such as Amazon EC2 and Windows Azure. However, an evi-
algorithm that can achieve a Nash equilibrium, derive the upper dent weakness of public cloud based mobile cloud computing
bound of the convergence time, and quantify its efficiency ratio
over the centralized optimal solutions in terms of two important is that mobile users may experience long latency for data ex-
performance metrics. We further extend our study to the scenario change with the public cloud through the wide area network.
of multi-user computation offloading in the multi-channel wireless Long latency would hurt the interactive response, since humans
contention environment. Numerical results corroborate that the are acutely sensitive to delay and jitter. Moreover, it is very diffi-
proposed algorithm can achieve superior computation offloading cult to reduce the latency in the wide area network. To overcome
performance and scale well as the user size increases.
this limitation, the cloudlet based mobile cloud computing was
Index Terms—Computation offloading, game theory, mo- proposed as a promising solution [5]. Rather than relying on a
bile-edge cloud computing, Nash equilibrium.
remote cloud, the cloudlet based mobile cloud computing lever-
I. INTRODUCTION ages the physical proximity to reduce delay by offloading the
computation to the nearby computing sever/cluster via one-hop
WiFi wireless access. However, there are two major disadvan-
A S SMARTPHONES are gaining enormous popularity,
more and more new mobile applications such as face
recognition, natural language processing, interactive gaming,
tages for the cloudlet based mobile cloud computing: 1) due to
limited coverage of WiFi networks (typically available for in-
door environments), cloudlet based mobile cloud computing can
and augmented reality are emerging and attract great atten-
not guarantee ubiquitous service provision everywhere; 2) due
tion [1]–[3]. This kind of mobile applications are typically
to space constraint, cloudlet based mobile cloud computing usu-
resource-hungry, demanding intensive computation and high
ally utilizes a computing sever/cluster with small/medium com-
energy consumption. Due to the physical size constraint,
putation resources, which may not satisfy QoS of a large number
of users.
Manuscript received March 17, 2015; revised September 05, 2015; ac-
To address these challenges and complement cloudlet based
cepted September 29, 2015; approved by IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON
NETWORKING Editor U. Ayesta. Date of publication October 26, 2015; date of mobile cloud computing, a novel mobile cloud computing
current version October 13, 2016. This work was supported in part by the EU paradigm, called mobile-edge cloud computing, has been
FP7 IRSES MobileCloud Project under Grant No. 612212, the National Natural
proposed [6]–[9]. As illustrated in Fig. 1, mobile-edge cloud
Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 61373128 and No. 61321491,
the Sino-German Institutes of Social Computing, the Simulation Science computing can provide cloud-computing capabilities at the
Center sponsored by State Lower Saxony and Volkswagen Foundation, and the edge of pervasive radio access networks in close proximity to
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. (Corresponding author: Wenzhong Li.)
mobile users. In this case, the need for fast interactive response
X. Chen and X. Fu are with the Institute of Computer Science, University of
Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany (e-mail: xu.chen@cs.uni-goettingen.de; can be met by fast and low-latency connection (e.g., via fiber
fu@cs.uni-goettingen.de). transmission) to large-scale resource-rich cloud computing
L. Jiao was with the University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. He
infrastructures (called telecom cloud) deployed by telecom op-
is now with Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent, Dublin, Ireland (e-mail: lei.jiao@bell-
labs.com). erators (e.g., AT&T and T-Mobile) within the network edge and
W. Li is with the State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nan- backhaul/core networks. By endowing ubiquitous radio access
jing University, Nanjing 210093, China (e-mail: lwz@nju.edu.cn).
networks (e.g., 3G/4G macro-cell and small-cell base-stations)
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. with powerful computing capabilities, mobile-edge cloud com-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TNET.2015.2487344 puting is envisioned to provide pervasive and agile computation
1063-6692 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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2796 IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 24, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2016
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CHEN et al.: EFFICIENT MULTI-USER COMPUTATION OFFLOADING FOR MOBILE-EDGE CLOUD COMPUTING 2797
mobile-edge cloud computing, we next introduce the communi- codes and input parameters) involved in the computation task
cation and computation models in details. and denotes the total number of CPU cycles required to
accomplish the computation task . A mobile device user
A. Communication Model can apply the methods (e.g., call graph analysis) in [4], [24] to
We first introduce the communication model for wireless obtain the information of and . We next discuss the com-
access in mobile-edge cloud computing. Here the wireless putation overhead in terms of both energy consumption and pro-
base-station can be a 3G/4G macro-cell or small-cell base-sta- cessing time for both local and cloud computing approaches.
tion [20] that manages the uplink/downlink communications of 1) Local Computing: For the local computing approach, a
mobile device users. There are wireless channels and the set mobile device user executes its computation task locally
of channels is denoted as . Furthermore, on the mobile device. Let be the computation capability (i.e.,
we denote as the computation offloading CPU cycles per second) of mobile device user . Here we allow
decision of mobile device user . Specifically, we have that different mobile devices may have different computation
if user chooses to offload the computation to the cloud via capabilities. The computation execution time of the task by
a wireless channel ; we have if user decides to local computing is then given as
compute its task locally on its own mobile device. Given the
decision profile of all the mobile device (2)
users, we can compute the uplink data rate of a mobile device
user that chooses to offload the computation to the cloud via For the computational energy, we have that
a wireless channel as [21]
(3)
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2798 IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 24, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2016
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CHEN et al.: EFFICIENT MULTI-USER COMPUTATION OFFLOADING FOR MOBILE-EDGE CLOUD COMPUTING 2799
objective is to assign a maximum number of items to the fixed Besides the performance metric of the number of beneficial
number of bins without violating the capacity constraint. Math- cloud computing users, in this paper we also consider another
ematically, we can formulate the problem as important metric of the system-wide computation overhead, i.e.,
(11)
Note that the centralized optimization problem for minimizing
the system-wide computation overhead is also NP-hard, since
it involves a combinatorial optimization over the multi-di-
mensional discrete space (i.e., ). As shown in
Sections V and VII, the proposed game theoretic solution can
also achieve superior performance in terms of the performance
metric of the system-wide computation overhead.
(10)
B. Game Formulation
It is known from [27] that the maximum cardinality bin packing
problem above is NP-hard. We then consider the distributed computation offloading
For our problem, according to Theorem 1, we know that a decision making problem among the mobile device users. Let
user that can achieve beneficial cloud computing if and only be the computation
if its received interference . Based offloading decisions by all other users except user . Given
on this, we can transform the maximum cardinality bin packing other users' decisions , user would like to select a proper
problem to a special case of our problem of finding the max- decision , by using either the local computing ( )
imum number of beneficial cloud computing users as follows. or the cloud computing via a wireless channel ( ) to
We can regard the items and the bins in the maximum cardinality minimize its computation overhead, i.e.,
bin packing problem as the mobile device users and channels in
our problem, respectively. Then the size of an item and the
capacity constraint of each bin can be given as and
, respectively. By this, we can ensure that as According to (4) and (8), we can obtain the overhead function
long as a user on its assigned channel achieves the benefi- of mobile device user as
cial cloud computing, for an item , the total sizes of the items if
on its assigned bin will not violate the capacity constraint (12)
if
. This is due to the fact that ,
which implies that We then formulate the problem above as a strategic game
. , where the set of mobile device
users is the set of players, is the set of strategies for player
Therefore, if we have an algorithm that can find the max-
, and the overhead function of each user is the
imum number of beneficial cloud computing users, then we can
cost function to be minimized by player . In the sequel, we call
also obtain the optimal solution to the maximum cardinality bin
the game as the multi-user computation offloading game. We
packing problem. Since the maximum cardinality bin packing
now introduce the important concept of Nash equilibrium.
problem is NP-hard, our problem is hence also NP-hard.
Definition 2: A strategy profile is a Nash
The key idea of proof is to show that the maximum cardinality
equilibrium of the multi-user computation offloading game if
bin packing problem (which is known to be NP-hard [27]) can
at the equilibrium , no user can further reduce its overhead
be reduced to a special case of our problem. Theorem 1 pro-
by unilaterally changing its strategy, i.e.,
vides the major motivation for our game theoretic study, be-
cause it suggests that the centralized optimization problem is (13)
fundamentally difficult. By leveraging the intelligence of each
individual mobile device user, game theory is a powerful tool According to the concept of Nash equilibrium, we first have
for devising distributed mechanisms with low complexity, such the following observation.
that the users can self-organize into a mutually satisfactory so- Corollary 1: For the multi-user computation offloading
lution. This can also help to ease the heavy burden of complex game, if a user at Nash equilibrium chooses cloud com-
centralized computing and management by the cloud operator. puting approach (i.e., ), then the user must be a
Moreover, another key rationale of adopting the game theoretic beneficial cloud computing user.
approach is that the mobile devices are owned by different indi- This is because if a user choosing the cloud computing ap-
viduals and they may pursue different interests. Game theory is proach is not a beneficial cloud computing user at the equilib-
a useful framework to analyze the interactions among multiple rium, then the user can improve its benefit by just switching
mobile device users who act in their own interests and devise to the local computing approach, which contradicts with the
incentive compatible computation offloading mechanisms such fact that no user can improve unilaterally at the Nash equi-
that no user has the incentive to deviate unilaterally. librium. Furthermore, the Nash equilibrium also ensures the
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2800 IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 24, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2016
nice self-stability property such that the users at the equilib- game is indeed a potential game by constructing the potential
rium can achieve a mutually satisfactory solution and no user function as
has the incentive to deviate. This property is very important to
the multi-user computation offloading problem, since the mo-
bile devices are owned by different individuals and they may
act in their own interests.
(16)
C. Structural Properties
We next study the existence of Nash equilibrium of the multi- Theorem 2: The multi-user computation offloading game is a
user computation offloading game. To proceed, we shall resort potential game with the potential function as given in (16), and
to a powerful tool of potential game [28]. hence always has a Nash equilibrium and the finite improvement
Definition 3: A game is called a potential game if it admits property.
potential function such that for every , Proof: Suppose that a user updates its current deci-
, and , if sion to the decision and this leads to a decrease in its over-
(14) head function, i.e., . According to
the definition of potential game, we will show that this also
we have
leads to a decrease in the potential function, i.e.,
(15) . We will consider the following three cases: 1)
and ; 2) and ; 3) and .
An appealing property of the potential game is that it always
For case 1), since the function of is monotonously
admits a Nash equilibrium and possesses the finite improve-
increasing in terms of , according to (1), we know that the
ment property, such that any asynchronous better response up-
condition implies that
date process (i.e., no more than one player updates the strategy
to reduce the overhead at any given time) must be finite and (17)
leads to a Nash equilibrium [28].
To show the multi-user computation offloading game is a po-
tential game, we first show the following result. Since and , according to (16) and (17), we then
Lemma 1: Given a computation offloading decision profile know that
, a user achieves beneficial cloud computing if its received
interference on the chosen
wireless channel satisfies that , with the
threshold
That is,
(18)
According to (1), we then have that For case 2), since , , and
, we know that . This
implies that
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CHEN et al.: EFFICIENT MULTI-USER COMPUTATION OFFLOADING FOR MOBILE-EDGE CLOUD COMPUTING 2801
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2802 IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 24, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2016
slot, each mobile device user will in parallel execute the op- For case 3), by the similar argument in case 2), we can also
erations in Lines 5–15 of Algorithm 1. Since most operations show that .
only involve some basic arithmetical calculations, the dom- Thus, according to (20) and (21), we know that the algorithm
inating part is the computing of the best response update in will terminate by driving the potential function to a min-
Line 11, which involves the sorting operation over channel imal point within at most decision slots.
measurement data and typically has a complexity of
. The computational complexity in each decision slot Theorem 3 shows that under mild conditions the distributed
is hence . Suppose that it takes decision slots computation offloading algorithm can converge in a fast manner
for the algorithm to terminate. Then the total computational with at most a quadratic convergence time (i.e., upper bound).
complexity of the distributed computation offloading algorithm Note that in practice the transmission power and channel gain
is . Let , , are non-negative (i.e., ), we hence have
, and . For . The non-negative condition of ensures
the number of decision slots for convergence, we have the that a user could have the chances to achieve beneficial cloud
following result. computing (otherwise, the user should always choose the local
Theorem 3: When and are non-negative integers for computing). For ease of exposition, we consider that and
any , the distributed computation offloading algorithm are integers, which can also provide a good approximation for
will terminate within at most decision the general case that and could be real number. For the
slots, i.e., . general case, numerical results in Section VII demonstrate that
Proof: First of all, according to (16), we know that the distributed computation offloading algorithm can also con-
verge in a fast manner with the number of decision slots for con-
vergence increasing (almost) linearly with the number of users
. Since the time length of a slot in wireless systems is typi-
cally at time scale of microseconds (e.g., the length of a slot is
(20) around 70 microseconds in LTE system [29]), this implies that
the time for the computation offloading decision update process
During a decision slot, suppose that a user updates its
is very short and can be neglectable, compared with the com-
current decision to the decision and this leads to a decrease
putation execution process, which is typically at the time scale
in its overhead function, i.e., . Ac-
of millisecond/seconds (e.g., for mobile gaming application, the
cording to the definition of potential game, we will show that
execution time is typically several hundred milliseconds [30]).
this also leads to a decrease in the potential function by at least
, i.e., V. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
(21) We then analyze the performance of the distributed compu-
tation offloading algorithm. Following the definition of price
We will consider the following three cases: 1) and of anarchy (PoA) in game theory [31], we will quantify the
; 2) and ; 3) and . efficiency ratio of the worst-case Nash equilibrium over the
For case 1), according to (18) in the proof of Theorem 2, we centralized optimal solutions in terms of two important met-
know that rics: the number of beneficial cloud computing users and the
system-wide computation overhead.
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CHEN et al.: EFFICIENT MULTI-USER COMPUTATION OFFLOADING FOR MOBILE-EDGE CLOUD COMPUTING 2803
metric of the number of beneficial cloud computing users satis- Thus, we have
fies that
(25)
(23)
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2804 IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 24, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2016
We prove this by contradiction. Suppose that a user at For the centralized optimal solution , if , we have
the Nash equilibrium receives an interference greater than that
. Then, we have that
(26)
(29)
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CHEN et al.: EFFICIENT MULTI-USER COMPUTATION OFFLOADING FOR MOBILE-EDGE CLOUD COMPUTING 2805
In this section, we extend our study to the wireless contention under the wireless interference model. Moreover, by defining
model in which the multiple access among users for the shared , the potential function in (31) is the same as that
spectrum is carried out over the packet level. This is most rel- in (16). Thus, by regarding the aggregated contention weights
evant to the scenario that some media access control protocol as the received interference, we
such as CSMA is implemented such that users content to capture can apply the distributed computation offloading algorithm in
the channel for data packet transmission for a long period (e.g., Section IV to achieve the Nash equilibrium, which possesses
hundreds of milliseconds or several seconds) in the WiFi-like the same performance and convergence guarantee for the case
networks (e.g., White-Space Network [33]). In this case, we can under the wireless contention model.
model a user's expected throughput for computation offloading
over the chosen wireless channel as follows VII. NUMERICAL RESULTS
In this section, we evaluate the proposed distributed compu-
(30) tation offloading algorithm by numerical studies. We first con-
sider the scenario where the wireless small-cell base-station has
a coverage range of 50 m [34] and mobile device
where is the data rate that user can achieve when it can users are randomly scattered over the coverage region [34]. The
successfully gab the channel, and denotes user's weight base-station consists of channels and the channel band-
in the channel contention/sharing, with a larger weight im- width MHz. The transmission power mWatts
plying that user is more dominant in grabbing the channel. and the background noise dBm [21]. According
When for any user , it is relevant to the equal-sharing to the wireless interference model for urban cellular radio envi-
case (e.g., round robin scheduling). ronment [21], we set the channel gain , where
Similarly, we can apply the communication and computation is the distance between mobile device user and the wireless
models in the previous sections above to compute the over- base-station and is the path loss factor.
head for both local and cloud computing approaches, and model For the computation task, we consider the face recognition
the distributed computation offloading problem as a strategic application in [2], where the data size for the computation of-
game. For such multi-user computation offloading game under floading KB and the total number of CPU cycles
the wireless contention model, we can show that it exhibits the Megacycles. The CPU computational capability
same structural property as the case under the wireless interfer- of a mobile device user is randomly assigned from the set
ence model. We can first define the received “interference” (i.e., {0.5, 0.8, 1.0} GHz to account for the heterogenous computing
aggregated contention weights) of user on the chosen channel capability of mobile devices, and the computational capability
as . Then we can show the same allocated for a user on the cloud is GHz [2]. For the
threshold structure for the game as follow. decision weights of each user for both the computation time
Lemma 2: For the multi-user computation offloading game and energy, we set that and is randomly as-
under the wireless contention model, a user achieves benefi- signed from the set {1, 0.5, 0}. In this case, if ( ,
cial cloud computing if its received interference on the respectively), a user only cares about the computation energy
chosen channel satisfies that , with the (computation time, respectively); if , then user cares
threshold both the computation time and energy.
We first show the dynamics of mobile device users' compu-
tation overhead by the proposed distributed computa-
tion offloading algorithm in Fig. 2. We see that the algorithm
By exploiting the threshold structure above and following the can converge to a stable point (i.e., Nash equilibrium of the
similar arguments in the proof of Theorem 2, we can also show multi-user computation offloading game). Fig. 3 shows the dy-
that the multi-user computation offloading game under the wire- namics of the achieved number of beneficial cloud computing
less contention model is a potential game. users by the proposed algorithm. It demonstrates that the algo-
Theorem 6: The multi-user computation offloading game rithm can keep the number of beneficial cloud computing users
under the wireless contention model is a potential game under in the system increasing and converge to an equilibrium. We fur-
the wireless contention model with the potential function as ther show the dynamics of the system-wide computation over-
given in (31), and hence always has a Nash equilibrium and head by the proposed algorithm in Fig. 4. We see
the finite improvement property. that the algorithm can also keep the system-wide computation
overhead decreasing and converge to an equilibrium.
We then compare the distributed computation offloading al-
gorithm with the following solutions:
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2808 IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 24, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2016
[10] M. V. Barbera, S. Kosta, A. Mei, and J. Stefa, “To offload or not to Xu Chen received the Ph.D. degree in information
offload? the bandwidth and energy costs of mobile cloud computing,” engineering from the Chinese University of Hong
in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2013, pp. 1285–1293. Kong (Hong Kong, China) in 2012, and worked as
[11] A. Rudenko, P. Reiher, G. J. Popek, and G. H. Kuenning, “Saving a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Arizona State
portable computer battery power through remote process execution,” University, Tempe, USA from 2012 to 2014. He is
Mobile Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 19–26, 1998. currently a Humboldt Scholar Fellow at Institute
[12] G. Huertacanepa and D. Lee, “An adaptable application offloading of Computer Science of University of Göttingen,
scheme based on application behavior,” in Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. Adv. Germany. He serves as an Associate Editor of
Inf. Netw. Appl.–Workshops, 2008, pp. 387–392. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications
[13] C. Xian, Y. Lu, and Z. Li, “Adaptive computation offloading for en- and Networking, the guest editor of International
ergy conservation on battery-powered systems,” in Proc. IEEE ICDCS, Journal of Big Data Intelligence, the special track
2007, vol. 2, pp. 1–8. co-chair of International Symposium on Visual Computing (ISCV'15), the
[14] D. Huang, P. Wang, and D. Niyato, “A dynamic offloading algorithm publicity co-chair of International Conference on Network Games, Control
for mobile computing,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 11, no. 6, and Optimization (NETGCOOP'14), and TPC members for many conferences
pp. 1991–1995, Jun. 2012. including MOBIHOC, GLOBECOM, ICC, and WCNC. He is also the recipient
[15] Y. Wen, W. Zhang, and H. Luo, “Energy-optimal mobile application of the Honorable Mention Award (first runner-up of best paper award) in
execution: Taming resource-poor mobile devices with cloud clones,” 2010 IEEE international conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics
in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, 2012, pp. 2716–2720. (ISI), the Best Paper Runner-up Award of 2014 IEEE International Conference
[16] H. Wu, D. Huang, and S. Bouzefrane, “Making offloading decisions on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), and 2014 Hong Kong Young
resistant to network unavailability for mobile cloud collaboration,” in Scientist Award Runner-up.
Proc. IEEE Collaboratecom, 2013, pp. 168–177.
[17] X. Chen, “Decentralized computation offloading game for mobile
cloud computing,” IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 26, no. 4,
pp. 974–983, Apr. 2014. Lei Jiao received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees
[18] S. Wu, Y. Tseng, C. Lin, and J. Sheu, “A multi-channel MAC protocol from Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an,
with power control for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks,” Comput. China, in 2007 and 2010, respectively, and the Ph.D.
J., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 101–110, 2002. degree from University of Göttingen, Göttingen,
[19] G. Iosifidis, L. Gao, J. Huang, and L. Tassiulas, “An iterative double Germany, in 2014, all in computer science. He is
auction mechanism for mobile data offloading,” in Proc. IEEE WiOpt, now a researcher with Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland.
2013, pp. 154–161. Prior to Ph.D. study, he was a researcher with IBM
[20] D. López-Pérez, X. Chu, A. V. Vasilakos, and H. Claussen, “On dis- Research, Beijing, China. His research interests
tributed and coordinated resource allocation for interference mitigation span networking and distributed computing, with
in self-organizing LTE networks,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 21, a recent focus on performance modeling, analysis,
no. 4, pp. 1145–1158, Aug. 2013. optimization, and evaluation.
[21] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice.
Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, 1996.
[22] M. Xiao, N. B. Shroff, and E. K. Chong, “A utility-based power-control
scheme in wireless cellular systems,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 11,
no. 2, pp. 210–221, Apr. 2003. Wenzhong Li received his B.S. and Ph.D. degree
[23] M. Chiang, P. Hande, T. Lan, and C. W. Tan, “Power control in wireless from Nanjing University, China, both in computer
cellular networks,” Found. Trends Netw., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 381–533, science. He was an Alexander von Humboldt Scholar
2008. Fellow in University of Göttingen, Germany. He
[24] L. Yang et al., “A framework for partitioning and execution of data is now an Associate Professor in the Department
stream applications in mobile cloud computing,” Perform. Eval. Rev., of Computer Science, Nanjing University. Dr. Li's
vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 23–32, 2013. research interests include wireless networks, perva-
[25] J. Wallenius et al., “Multiple criteria decision making, multiattribute sive computing, mobile cloud computing, and social
utility theory: Recent accomplishments and what lies ahead,” Manage. networks. He has published over 40 peer-review
Sci., vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1336–1349, 2008. papers at international conferences and journals,
[26] W. Hu and G. Cao, “Quality-aware traffic offloading in wireless net- which include INFOCOM, ICDCS, IWQoS, ICPP,
works,” in Proc. ACM Mobihoc, 2014, pp. 277–286. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS, IEEE
[27] K.-H. Loh, B. Golden, and E. Wasil, “Solving the maximum cardinality TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, etc. He is a member of
bin packing problem with a weight annealing-based algorithm,” in Op- IEEE, ACM, and China Computer Federation (CCF). He was also the winner
erations Research and Cyber-Infrastructure. New York, NY, USA: of the Best Paper Award of ICC 2009.
Springer, 2009.
[28] D. Monderer and L. S. Shapley, “Potential games,” Games Econ.
Behav., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 124–143, 1996.
[29] T. Innovations, “LTE in a nutshell,” White Paper, 2010. Xiaoming Fu received the Ph.D. degree from
[30] S. Dey, Y. Liu, S. Wang, and Y. Lu, “Addressing response time of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. He was a
cloud-based mobile applications,” in Proc. 1st Int. Workshop Mobile research staff at the Technical University Berlin
Cloud Comput. Netw., 2013, pp. 3–10. until joining the University of Göttingen, Germany
[31] T. Roughgarden, Selfish Routing and the Price of Anarchy. Cam- in 2002, where he has been a Professor in computer
bridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2005. science and heading the Computer Networks Group
[32] J. G. Andrews et al., “What will 5G be?,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., since 2007. His research interests include network
vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1065–1082, Jun. 2014. architectures, protocols, and applications. He is
[33] P. Bahl, R. Chandra, T. Moscibroda, R. Murty, and M. Welsh, “White currently an Editorial Board member of IEEE Com-
space networking with Wi-Fi like connectivity,” Comput. Commun. munications Magazine, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
Rev., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 27–38, 2009. NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT, Elsevier
[34] T. Q. Quek, G. de la Roche, I. Güvenç, and M. Kountouris, Small Computer Networks, and Computer Communications, and has published more
Cell Networks: Deployment, PHY Techniques, and Resource Manage- than 100 papers in journals and international conference proceedings. He is the
ment. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013. coordinator of EU FP7, GreenICN, and MobileCloud projects, and received
[35] R. Y. Rubinstein and D. P. Kroese, The Cross-Entropy Method: A Uni- ACM ICN 2014 Best Paper Award, IEEE LANMAN 2013 Best Paper Award
fied Approach to Combinatorial Optimization, Monte-Carlo Simula- and the 2005 University of Göttingen Foundation Award for Exceptional
tion and Machine Learning. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2004. Publications by Young Scholars. He is a senior member of the IEEE.
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