5/9/2017

Electronic devices for

biomedical design

Operational Amplifier(Op-Amp)
(cont.)
Dr. Pham Thi Thu Hien

Apr. 2017

Constant-Gain Multiplier

One of the most common op-amp circuits is the inverting constant-

gain multiplier, which provides a precise gain or amplification.

Fixed-gain amplifier

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Constant-Gain Multiplier

EXAMPLE 4.1 Determine the output voltage for the circuit of the
following figure with a sinusoidal input of 2.5 mV.

Constant-Gain Multiplier

Solution:
The circuit of the Figure uses a 741 op-amp to provide a constant or
fixed gain, we have

The output voltage is then

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Constant-Gain Multiplier

A noninverting constant-gain multiplier is provided by the circuit of

Figure, with the gain given by

Noninverting fixed-gain amplifier

Constant-Gain Multiplier

EXAMPLE 4.2 Calculate the output voltage from the circuit of the
Figure for an input of 120 µV.

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Constant-Gain Multiplier

Solution:
The gain of the op-amp circuit is calculated as

The output voltage is then

Multiple-Stage Gains

When a number of stages are connected in series, the overall gain is

the product of the individual stage gains.

EXAMPLE 4.3 Calculate the output voltage using the circuit of the
Figure for resistor components of value Rf = 470k, R1= 4.3k, R2= 33k,
and R3= 33 k for an input of 80 µV.

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Multiple-Stage Gains

Multiple-Stage Gains

EXAMPLE 4.4 Show the connection of an LM124 quad op-amp as a

three-stage amplifier with gains of 10, 18, and 27. Use a 270k
feedback resistor for all three circuits. What output voltage will result
for an input of 150 µV?

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Multiple-Stage Gains

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Multiple-Stage Gains

The circuit showing the pin connections and all components used
is given in the Figure. For an input of V1 = 150 µV, the output
voltage is

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Multiple-Stage Gains

EXAMPLE 4.5 Show the connection of three op-amp stages using an

LM348 IC to provide outputs that are 10, 20, and 50 times larger than
the input. Use a feedback resistor of Rf = 500kΩ in all stages.

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Multiple-Stage Gains

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Voltage Summing
Another popular use of an op-amp is as a summing amplifier.

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Voltage Summing

EXAMPLE 4.6 Calculate the output voltage for the circuit of the Figure.
The inputs are V1 = 50 mV sin(1000t ) and V2 = 10 mV sin(3000t ).

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Voltage Summing

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Voltage Subtraction
Two signals can be subtracted from one another in a number of ways.

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Voltage Subtraction

EXAMPLE 4.7 Determine the output for the circuit of Figure with
components Rf = 1M, R1 = 100kΩ, R2 = 50kΩ, and R3 = 500kΩ.

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Voltage Subtraction
Another connection to provide subtraction of two signals is shown in the
following Figure.

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Voltage Subtraction

EXAMPLE 4.8 Determine the output voltage for the circuit of the Figure.

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Voltage Subtraction

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Voltage Buffer
A voltage buffer circuit provides a means of isolating an input signal from a
load by using a stage having unity voltage gain, with no phase or polarity
inversion, and acting as an ideal circuit with very high input impedance and
low output impedance.

Unity-gain (buffer) amplifier

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Voltage Buffer
The advantage of this connection is that the load connected across one output
has no (or little) effect on the other output. In effect, the outputs are buffered or
isolated from each other.

Use of buffer amplifier to provide output signals 24

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Voltage Buffer

EXAMPLE 4.9 Show the connection of a 741 as a unity-gain circuit.

Solution: The connection is shown in the Figure

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Controlled Sources
Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source

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Controlled Sources

Voltage-Controlled Current Source

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Controlled Sources
Current-Controlled Voltage Source

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Controlled Sources
Current-Controlled Current Source

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Controlled Sources

EXAMPLE 4.10
a. For the circuit of Fig (a), calculate IL .
b. For the circuit of Fig (b), calculate Vo .

(a) (b)
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Controlled Sources

Solution:
a. For the circuit of Fig (a)

b. For the circuit of Fig (b)

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Instrumentation Circuits
dc Millivoltmeter
The Figure shows a 741 op-amp used as the basic amplifier in a dc millivoltmeter.

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Instrumentation Circuits
ac Millivoltmeter

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Instrumentation Circuits
Display Driver

Display driver circuits: (a) lamp driver; (b) LED driver.

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Instrumentation Circuits
Instrumentation Amplifier

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Instrumentation Circuits
EXAMPLE 4.11 Calculate the output voltage expression for the circuit of the
Figure.

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Instrumentation Circuits

Solution: The output voltage can be calculated as:

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Active Filters
 A filter circuit can be constructed using passive components: resistors and capacitors.
 An active filter additionally uses an amplifier to provide voltage amplification and signal
isolation or buffering.

Ideal filter response:

(a) low-pass;
(b) high-pass;
(c) bandpass.

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Active Filters
Low-Pass Filter The voltage gain below the cutoff
frequency is constant at at a cutoff frequency of

First-order low-pass active filter 39

Active Filters

Second-order low-pass active filter

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Active Filters

EXAMPLE 4.12 Calculate the cutoff frequency of a first-order low-pass filter

for R1 = 1.2k and C1 = 0.02 µF.

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Active Filters
High-Pass Active Filter

High-pass filter: (a) first order; (b) second order.

Note: with a second-order filter R1 = R2, and C1 = C2 results in the same

cutoff frequency as in Equation of fOL 42

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Active Filters

High-Pass Active Filter

High-pass filter: response plot.

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Active Filters
High-Pass Active Filter

EXAMPLE 4.13 Calculate the cutoff frequency of a second-order high-pass

filter as in the previous Figure for R1 = R2 = 2.1k, C1 = C2 = 0.05µF, and RG =
10kΩ, RF = 50kΩ.

Solution:

The cutoff frequency is then

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Active Filters
Bandpass Filter

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Active Filters
Bandpass Filter

EXAMPLE 4.14 Calculate the cutoff frequencies of the bandpass filter circuit
of the previous Figure with R1 = R2 = 10k, C1 = 0.1µF, and C2 = 0.002µF.

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Summary

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