Activity 2:

Intercellular Junctions

1. Which of the four tissue types have intercellular junctions?

 -The four tissue types that have intercellular junctions are; epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

2. What is the function of tight junctions?

 Tight junctions perform vital functions such as, holding cells together and form
protective and functional barriers.

3. Where in the body are tight junctions typically found?

 -Tight junctions are located within our body's epithelia. Epithelia is the plural of
epithelium.

4. Where are adheres junctions commonly found and what is their function?
 They are commonly found in epithelial cells in the intestines and help as food moves
through them.

5. Where are desmosomes commonly found and what is their function?

 -Desmosomes are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arrange on the lateral
sides of plasma membranes. These help to resists hearing forces and are found in
simple and stratified squamous epithelium.

6. Where are hemidesmosomes commonly found and what is their function?

 -Hemidesmosomes are multiprotein complexes that facilitate the stable adhesion of
basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. The mechanical
stability of hemidesmosomes relies on multiple interactions of a few protein
components that form a membrane-embedded tightly-ordered complex.

7. Where are gap junctions commonly found and what is their function?
 Gap junctions are found in many places throughout the body. This includes epithelia,
which are the coverings of body surfaces, as well as nerves, cardiac (heart) muscle,
and smooth muscle (such as that of the intestines).Their primary role is to
coordinate the activity of adjacent cells. For instance, when heart cells need to beat
in unison, gap junctions allow for the transmission of electrical signals between the
cells.

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
 8. What are connexons?
 -a connexon, also known as a connexin hemichannel, is an assembly of six proteins
called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two
adjacent cells.

Connective Tissues
1. What are the functions of connective tissue?
-Connective tissues performs the following major functions there are:
•Enclosing and separating other tissues
•Connecting tissues to one another
•Supporting of moving parts of the body.
•Storing compounds
•Cushioning and insulating
•Transporting
•Protecting

Cell Matrix
1.Describe the function of fibroblasts.
 -is to maintain the structural integrity of connective tissues by continuously
secreting precursors of the extracellular matrix.

1. What is ground substance? What is its function?

 The 'ground substance' of extracellular matrix is an amorphous gelatinous material.
It is transparent, colorless, and fills the spaces between fibers and cells. The ground
substance consists mainly of water whose major role is to provide a route for
communication and transport (by diffusion) between tissues.

2. Identify the function for each type of connective fiber:

a. Reticular - this network acts as a supporting mesh in soft tissues such as
liver, bone marrow, and the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system.
b. Elastic - is to provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues.
c. Collagen - it hold connective tissues together, even during the movement of
the body.

3. Identify the cells found in connective tissue:

a. Fibroblasts - are cells that form fibrous connective tissues, and fibrocytes
maintain it.

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
 b. Macrophages- are large white blood cells that are capable of movisms about and
ingesting foreign subtances, including microorganims in the connective tissues.
c. Plasma cells - also called plasma B cells, are white blood cells that originate
in the bone marrow and secrete large quantities of proteins called
antibodies in response to being presented specific substances called
antigens.

d. Mast cells - are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine,
that promote inflammation.
e. Adipocytes -tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large
amounts of lipid for energy storage.

f. White blood cells - it divided into two main groups based on cytoplasmic
appearance: agranular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes that have
relatively clear cytoplasm) and granular leukocytes (neutrophils,
eosinophils, and basophils whose cytoplasm is filled with granules.

g. Cartilage- it enable to bear weight, tendon and ligaments to withstand

tension, and the skin's dermis to withstand punctures, abrasions, and another abuse.

4. Identify the following and determine what they do:

a. Chondrocytes
b. Lacunae
c. Perichondrium

5. Bone (Osseous) Tissue. Define or describe each of the following for compact bone:
a. Compact bone function
b. Osteon
c. Lamellae
d. Lacunae
e. Haversian Canal
f. Canaliculi
g. Osteocyte

6. Spongy (Cancellous) Bone - Define or describe each of the following: a.

Function
b. Trabeculae
c. Space

7. Blood Tissue. Identify each of the following and determine their function(s): a.
Plasma

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
 b. RBCs (erythrocytes)
c. WBCs (leukocytes
d. Platelets
8. Embryonic Connective Tissue.Identify and describe the functions of each: a.
Mesenchyme
b. Mucous CT

Epithelial Tissues
1. Where are epithelial tissues found?
2. Describe these three basic shapes of epithelial cells:
3. What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue? What is the function of
microvilli and cilia located on this surface?
4. Describe the positional relationship between the epithelial surface cells, basal
surface, basement membrane, and connective tissue.
5. Describe each of the following epithelial tissue arrangements:
a. Simple
b. Stratified
c. Pseudostratified
d. Transitional

6. Describe each of the following tissues. Name example(s) of where each can be
found and describe the function of each. Study their appearance and
characteristics. Correlate their physical structure with their function.
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Stratified squamous epithelium

7. Keratin is a water proofing protein. What are the functions of keratinized and
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

8. Where are each found?

a. Simple cuboidal epithelium
b. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
 d. Stratified columnar epithelium
e. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
f. Transitional epithelium

9. What is the function of goblet cells?

10.What is the function of cilia (when present)?
11.Glandular Epithelium. Identify functional differences between exocrine and
endocrine glandular epithelia. How are they structurally different from one
another?

Epithelial Membranes
1. Define/describe epithelial membrane structure.
2. Describe structure, function, and location of each epithelial membrane type:
A. Serous
B. Cutaneous
C. Mucous

Muscle Tissue

1. Identify each of the following tissues by sight. Describe function and location of
each muscle tissue type:

Nerve Tissue

1. What are the two types of nervous system cells?

2. Click on the red Neuron from the CD to investigate the following:

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
https://findanyanswer.com/which-of-the-four-tissue-types-have-intercellular-
junctions
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book
%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/5%3A_Integumentary_System/5.2%3A_
Cell_Junctions/5.2A%3A_Tight_Junctions#:~:text=Tight%20junctions%20perform
%20vital%20functions,the%20claudins%20and%20the%20occludins.
https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Book
%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/5%3A_Integumentary_System/5.2%3A_
Cell_Junctions/5.2A%3A_Tight_Junctions#:~:text=Tight%20junctions%20are
%20located%20within,%2C%20blood%20vessels%2C%20and%20cavities.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p1n3072/Where-are-adherens-junctions-
commonly-found-and-what-is-their-function-Adherens/#:~:text=Adherens
%20contain%20plaque%20which%20attaches,as%20food%20moves%20through
%20them.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p7leklg/Where-are-desmosomes-commonly-
found-and-what-is-their-function-Desmosomes-are/#:~:text=5.-,Where%20are
%20desmosomes%20commonly%20found%20and%20what%20is
%20theirfunction,simple%20and%20stratified%20squamousepithelium.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/cell-
junctions/#:~:text=closed%2C%20if%20necessary.-,Location,the%20activity%20of
%20adjacent%20cells.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexon

Vanputte, C ., Regan, J., & Russo, A. Anatomy and Physiology (Tenth Edition)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast#:~:text=The%20main%20function
%20of%20fibroblasts,and%20a%20variety%20of%20fibers.

https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/tissue_types/connective/connective_groundS.ph
p

Identify the following and determine what they do:

Chondrocytes -are the cells found in healthy cartilage.They produce and maintain
the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.
Lacunae -small cavity containing a chondrocyte in a cartilage tissue. They lie in
spaces with up to eight chondrocytes located in each. Chondrocytes rely on diffusion
to obtain nutrients as, unlike bone, cartilage is avascular, meaning there are no

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
vessels to carry blood to cartilage tissue.
Perichondrium -it can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline
cartilage. And it is a type of irregular collagenous ordinary connective tissue, and
also functions in the growth and repair of cartilage.

Bone (Osseous) Tissue. Define or describe each of the following for compact bone:
a. Compact bone function -forms the hard external layer of all bones and surrounds
the medullary cavity, or bone marrow. It provides protection and strength to bones.
Osteon -it consist of concentric rings of lamellae surrounding a central canal, or
havesian canal.
Lamellae -The alternating bright and dark concentric rings are due to an alternating
arrangement of collagen fibres in the bone matrix.
Lacunae -provide a habitat for bone cells- which are also known as osteocytes.
Haversian Canal -are microscopic tubes or tunnels in cortical bone that house nerve
fibers and a few capillaries.
Canaliculi -Bone canaliculi are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified
bone.
Osteocyte -a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone. It derive from
osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells, and are essentially osteoblasts surrounded by the
products they secreted.

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone - Define or describe each of the following:

a. Function
Trabeculae -is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam,
strut or rod that supports or anchors a framework of parts within a body or organ.
Space

Blood Tissue. Identify each of the following and determine their function(s):
a. Plasma -it transport blood cells throughout your body along with nutrients, waste
products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers such as hormones, and
proteins that help maintain the body's fluid balance.
RBCs (erythrocytes) -is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and
carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs.
WBCs (leukocytes) -a cellular component of the blood that lacks hemoglobin, has a
nucleus, is capable of motility, and defends the body against infection and disease by
ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris, by destroying infectious agents and
cancer cells, or by producing antibodies.
Platelets -help the blood clotting process or coagulation by gathering at the site of an
injury, sticking to the lining of the injured blood vessel, and forming a platform on
which blood coagulation can occur.
Embryonic Connective Tissue.Identify and describe the functions of each:

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
a. Mesenchyme -During embryogenesis, it gives rise to the body's connective tissues,
from cartilage and bone to fat, muscle, and the circulatory system.
Mucous CT -secretion of ground substance, fibers.

Epithelial Tissues
Where are epithelial tissues found?
-it covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside of the body.
Describe these three basic shapes of epithelial cells:
•squamous epithelium
•cuboidal epithelium
•columnar epithelium
What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue? What is the function of microvilli and
cilia located on this surface?
- The epithelial tissue's apical surface is its most superficial layer.Ciliated epithelia
move mucus or other substances across its surface. However, microvilli are used to
increase its surface area and these epithelia are used for absorption.
Describe the positional relationship between the epithelial surface cells, basal
surface, basement membrane, and connective tissue.
-The basal surface is formed from the deepest layer cells in the epithelium and it
faces the basement membrane. The basement membrane serves to anchor the basal
layer to the underlying connective tissue.

Describe each of the following epithelial tissue arrangements:

Simple -it consist single layer of tall, narrow cells some cells have cilia.
Stratified -Epithelium consists of multiple stacked layers of cells.
Pseudostratified -columnar epithelium is a type of epithelium that appears to be
stratified but instead consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and differently
sized columnar cells.
Transitional -is a stratified tissue made of multiple cell layers, where the cells
constituting the tissue can change shape depending on the distention in the organ.

Describe each of the following tissues. Name example(s) of where each can be found
and describe the function of each. Study their appearance and characteristics.
Correlate their physical structure with their function.
Simple squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium

Keratin is a water proofing protein. What are the functions of keratinized and
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Where are each found?

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium

What is the function of goblet cells?

What is the function of cilia (when present)?
Glandular Epithelium. Identify functional differences between exocrine and
endocrine glandular epithelia. How are they structurally different from one another?

Epithelial Membranes
Define/describe epithelial membrane structure.
Describe structure, function, and location of each epithelial membrane type:
Serous
Cutaneous
Mucous

Muscle Tissue

1. Identify each of the following tissues by sight. Describe function and location of
each muscle tissue type:

Nerve Tissue

What are the two types of nervous system cells?

Click on the red Neuron from the CD to investigate the following:

NRS1102: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture) 1st Semester 2020-2021

Ejfmania DMD, RN, MAN