Energy efficiency,

Energy Conservation,
Energy Performance &
Energy Management System

Y.C.Gupta, Industry Fellow - UPES

CEMI, BEE Accredited Energy Auditor, Chartered Engineer, PSSC Master Trainer
ZED Master Trainer & Lead auditor ISO 50001, 14001, 9001
Gupta.yc@gmail.com, +919910423514
 Energy & Power
Energy
Electricity, fuel, steam, heat, compressed air etc.
(unit = kWh).

Power
Is the rate at which energy is delivered
(watts = W, kilowatts kW, horsepower = HP etc.).

Efficiency
Ration between useful energy output and energy input

Y.C.Gupta 2
Law of Energy
To scientists, "conservation of energy“ does not mean saving energy. Instead, the law
of conservation of energy says that Energy is neither created nor
destroyed.

When we use energy, it doesn't disappear. We change it from one form of energy
into another

Energy Consumption is Merely a conversion from one form to another form!

Energy efficiency is the amount of useful energy you get from any type of system.

A perfectly energy-efficient machine would change all the energy put in it into useful
work. In reality, converting one form of energy into another form always involves
a loss of useable energy and most energy transformations are not very efficient.

Y.C.Gupta 3
 Energy Conversion
For instance, A Coal fired power plant involves these power transfers:
a) Chemical energy in the coal converted to thermal energy
b) Thermal energy converted to kinetic energy in steam
c) Kinetic energy converted to mechanical energy in the turbine
d) Mechanical energy of the turbine converted to electrical energy, which is
the ultimate output

In such a system, the last step is almost perfectly efficient, the first and second steps are
fairly efficient, but the third step is relatively inefficient.

The most efficient gas-fired electrical power stations can achieve 50% conversion
efficiency.

Oil and coal fired stations achieve less.

Y.C.Gupta 4
Energy Transformations

9/30/2012 Y.C.Gupta 5
 Energy Forms
Energy is found in different forms including
light,
heat,
chemical, &
motion.

But they all can be put into two categories:

1. potential Energy and

2. kinetic Energy

Y.C.Gupta 6
Potential Energy
Potential energy is Stored energy and the
energy of position — gravitational energy.

There are several forms of potential energy:

Chemical,
Mechanical,
Nuclear &
Gravitational.

Y.C.Gupta 7
 Chemical Energy & Mechanical Energy
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of
stored chemical energy.
Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy when we burn
wood in a fireplace or burn gasoline in a car's engine.

Mechanical Energy
Energy stored in objects by tension.
Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are examples of
stored mechanical energy.

Y.C.Gupta 8
 Nuclear Energy
Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom — the energy
that holds the nucleus together.

Very large amounts of energy can be released when the

nuclei are combined or split apart.

Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms

in a process called fission.

The sun combines the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in a

process called fusion.
Y.C.Gupta 9
 Gravitational Energy
Energy stored in an object's height.
The higher and heavier the object, the more gravitational
energy is stored.

When you ride a bicycle down a steep hill and pick up

speed, the gravitational energy is being converted to
motion energy.

Hydropower is another example of gravitational energy,

where the dam "piles" up water from a river into a
reservoir.
Y.C.Gupta 10
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is motion of:
waves;
electrons;
atoms;
molecules;
substances; and
objects.

Y.C.Gupta 11
 Radiant Energy
Radiant Energy is electromagnetic energy that travels
in transverse waves.

Radiant energy includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays

and radio waves.

Light is one type of radiant energy.

Sunshine is radiant energy, which provides the fuel and

warmth that make life on Earth possible.
Y.C.Gupta 12
Thermal Energy
Thermal Energy or heat, is the vibration
and movement of the atoms and molecules
within substances.

As an object is heated up, its atoms and

molecules move and collide faster.

Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in

the Earth.
Y.C.Gupta 13
 Motion Energy
Energy stored in the movement of objects.

The faster they move, the more energy is stored. It

takes energy to get an object moving, and energy is
released when an object slows down.

Wind is an example of motion energy.

A dramatic example of motion is a car crash, when the

car comes to a total stop and releases all its motion
energy at once in an uncontrolled instant.
Y.C.Gupta 14
 Sound Energy
Sound is the movement of energy through substances in
longitudinal (Compression/rarefaction) waves.

Sound is produced when a force causes an object or

substance to vibrate the energy is transferred through
the substance in a wave.

Typically, the energy in sound is far less than other forms

of energy.

Y.C.Gupta 15
Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy is delivered by tiny
charged particles called electrons, typically
moving through a wire.

Lightning is an example of electrical energy in

nature, so powerful that it is not confined
to a wire.

Y.C.Gupta 16
 Energy and the Environment
Energy sources have different impacts or effects on the
environment. Some of these effects may include emissions,
waste, and land or water use impacts, among others.

For example: Petroleum products give off the following

emissions when they are burned as fuel:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Particulate matter (PM)
Lead and various air toxics such as benzene, formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene may be emitted when some types of
petroleum are burned.
Y.C.Gupta 17
 Definitions
Energy Consumption:
Amount of energy used.
Energy Efficiency:
Ratio or other quantitative relationship between
an output performance, service, goods or
energy, and an input of energy.
Note 1: Examples are conversion efficiency, energy required / energy used,
output / input, theoretical energy used to operate / energy used to operate.
Note 2: Both input and output have to be clearly specified in quantity and
quality, and be measurable.
Y.C.Gupta 18
 Definitions
Energy Use:
Manner or kind of application of energy.
Energy Review:
Determination of energy performance based on data and
other information leading to identification of
opportunities for improvement.
Note: In other regional or national standards, concepts such as identification and review of energy
aspects or energy profile are included in the concept of energy review.

Energy Services:
Activities and their results related to the provision
and/or use of energy.
Y.C.Gupta 19
 Definitions
Energy:
Electricity, fuel, steam, heat, compressed air and other like media.
Note 1: For the purpose of this standard, energy refers to the various forms of energy, including
renewable, which can be purchased, stored, treated, used in equipment or in a process, or
recovered.
Note 2: The capacity of a system to produce external activity or perform work.

Energy Baseline:
Quantitative reference or references providing a basis for
comparison of energy performance.
Note 1: An energy baseline reflects a specified period of time.
Note 2: An energy baseline can be normalized using variables affecting energy use and/or
consumption such as production level, degree days (outdoor temperature), etc.
Note 3: Energy baseline is also used for calculation of energy savings, as a reference before and after
implementation of energy performance improvement actions. Y.C.Gupta 20
 Energy Baseline
The organization should establish an energy baseline (s) using the information in
the initial energy review considering a data period suitable to the
organization’s energy use and consumption.

Changes in energy performance shall be measured against the energy baseline.

Suitable data period means the organization accounts for regulatory

requirements, or variables that affect the energy use and consumption.
Variables can include weather, seasons, business activity cycles and other
conditions.

The energy baseline is maintained and recorded as a means for the organization
to determine the records maintenance period.

Y.C.Gupta 21
 Definitions
Energy Performance Indicator (EnPI):
Quantitative value or measure of energy
performance as defined by the organization
Note: EnPIs could be expressed as a simple metric, ratio or a more complex model.

Y.C.Gupta 22
 Energy Performance Indicators
The organization shall identify EnPIs appropriate for monitoring and measuring
energy performance.

EnPIs shall be reviewed and compared to the energy baseline as appropriate.

EnPIs can be a simple parameter, a simple ratio or a complex model.

Examples of EnPIs can include energy consumption per time, energy

consumption per unit of production, and multi-variable models.

The organization can choose EnPIs that inform the energy performance of their
operation, and can update the EnPIs when business activities or baselines
change that affect the relevance of the EnPI, as applicable.

Y.C.Gupta 23
 Definitions
Energy Performance:
Measurable results related to energy efficiency, use and
consumption.
Note 1: In the context of energy management systems, results can be measured against the
organization’s energy policy, objectives, targets and other energy performance requirements

Note 2: Energy performance is one component of the performance of the energy management
system.

Y.C.Gupta 24
Energy Performance
Concept of Energy Performance

Energy
Use

Energy Energy
Intensity Consumption

Energy
Performance

Energy
Other
Efficiency

Y.C.Gupta 25