BIOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT NO: 3
CHAPTER NO :3
SYEDA TABIR ZEHRA

QUESTION NO :1
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be converted from one form to
another with the interaction of heat, work and internal energy, but it cannot be created
nor destroyed, under any circumstances. Mathematically, this is represented as

ΔU=q+w(1)(1)ΔU=q+w
with

 ΔUΔU is the total change in internal energy of a system,

 qq is the heat exchanged between a system and its surroundings, and
 ww is the work done by or on the system.
According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be transferred from place to place or
changed between different forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. ... For instance, light bulbs
transform electrical energy into light energy, and gas stoves transform chemical energy from natural
gas into heat energy.
QUESTION NO:2
There are two statements on the second law of thermodynamics which are;
1. Kelvin- Plank Statement
2. Clausius Statement
Kelvin-Planck Statement
It is impossible for a heat engine to produce a network in a complete cycle if it exchanges
heat only with bodies at a single fixed temperature.
Exceptions:
If Q2 =0 (i.e., Wnet = Q1, or efficiency=1.00), the heat engine produces work in a complete
cycle by exchanging heat with only one reservoir, thus violating the Kelvin-Planck
statement.
Also Read: Zeroth Law Of Thermodynamics

Clausius’s Statement
It is impossible to construct a device operating in a cycle that can transfer heat from a
colder body to warmer without consuming any work.
In other words, unless the compressor is driven by an external source, the refrigerator
won’t be able to operate.
Heat pump and Refrigerator works on Clausius’s statement.
QUESTION NO:3
Every process that occurs in cells are energy transformations, increasing the total entropy.
Photosynthesizing producers use energy to create organized structure in biological
molecules. Organisms that consume producers use this potential energy to drive their own
metabolic processes

QUESTION NO:4
Exergonic- release energy
Endergonic- require an input of energy;
Exergonic doesn't require input from a source of energy, therefore it can occur whenever
needed

QUESTION NO:5
It can be used in many different types of reactions
ATP carries energy between exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions. When a
phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis, ATP releases the appropriate amount of
energy for most metabolic reactions

QUESTION NO:6
The energetically favorable and unfavorable reactions occur in the same place, at the
same time;

QUESTION NO :7
By eliminating non specific side reactions
QUESTION NO:8
Enzymes lower the activation energy barrier of a reaction because they are catalysts. This
means that reactions can progress much faster than they can without a catalyst.

QUESTION NO: 9
Certain enzymes carry out degradation and others carry out synthesis; any factor that
alters the shape of the active site

QUESTION NO: 10
Substrate concentration: when more substrate molecules fill active sites, more product
results per unit time. But when active sites are filled continually with substrate, the rate of
reaction can no longer increase
Optimal pH: at their respective pH, each enzyme can maintain its normal structural
configuration, which enables optimum enzyme function
Temperature: as temperatures rises, enzymatic activity increases

QUESTION NO:11
Cofactors: inorganic ion or non protein molecule
Coenzymes: non protein organic molecules

QUESTION NO:12
Non competitive: occurs at a location other than the active site, inhibitor binds to the
enzyme
Competitive: occurs at the active site, inhibitor binds to the enzyme

REFERENCE : https://quizlet.com/101560054/chapter-
6-assess-