Name: - Maulid Adem Siyad ID: -0211/12

Assignment_2
Assignment 2 (10 points)
1. Calculate the inner diameter of steel penstock for a hydroelectric power plant for Q= 15
m3/sec discharge, and H = 120 m head. Water surface oscillations in the surge tank will not
be taken into account.
Solution: -
By using continuity equation
calculate the area of the steel pipe Q=AV = A=QV
Also calculate the flow velocity of the steel penstock by USBR
V=0.125∗√2gh=0.125∗√2∗9.81∗120=6.1m/s
Therefore A=Q/V=156.1=2.46m2

The area of steel penstock is A=πD2/4 = D=√4/Aπ =√4∗2.46π=1.77m

2. A cast iron pipe with 20-cm diameter and 15-mm wall thickness is carrying water when the
outlet is suddenly closed. Use Ewater = 2.17 × 109 N/m2 and Ep = 16 × 1011 N/m2. If the
design discharge is 40 l/s, calculate the water hammer pressure rise for:
(a) rigid pipe walls;
(b) consider stretching of pipe walls, neglecting the longitudinal stress;
(c) pipeline that is anchored at upstream end only.

Solution: -

a) Rigid pipe walls;

The velocity of the pressure wave c in a pipe according to rigid water column is

C=(K/ρw)0.5 C= (2.17∗109/1000)0.5=1,473m/s TC=2∗L/C=TC=2∗L/C

Area of the pipe is A=πD2/4=π∗0.22/4= 0.0314m2
V=QA=0.04*0.0314=1.274m/s
Therefore, the length of the pipe is L=AT=0.0314m2 *0.015m=2.1m
The volume of the pipe is V=A∗L=0.0314m2∗2.1m=0.066m3 = 66 litre
Then actual time is T=V/Q=66L/40l/s=1.65 sec
Therefore, the critical time is TC=2∗L/C=TC=2∗2.1m/1,473m/s=2.85∗10−3 sec
If the actual valve closure time T is greater than TC rigid water column theory gives fairly correct
estimation of the access head.
Based on this it can be seen that T>TC = 1.65 sec>2.85*10-3
Based on this it can be defined that valve closure as gradual if T>TC and as rapid if T<TC
Ph=ρcv=1000∗1473∗1.274=1.88∗106pa
Ph′=(TC/T) ∗Ph=0.002851.65∗1.88∗106=2.85∗103pa
b) Consider stretching of pipe walls, neglecting the longitudinal stress;

The velocity of the pressure wave c in a pipe according to elastic water column is

=√ (2.17∗109/1000)/√((1+2.17∗109∗0.2)/(16∗1011∗0.015))∗1=1,460m/s
TC=2∗L/C=TC=2∗2.1/1,460=2.87∗10−3 sec<1.65 sec
Ph=ρcv=1000∗1460∗1.274=1.86∗106pa Ph′=(TC/T)∗Ph=0.002871.65∗1.86∗106=3.24∗103pa
a) Pipeline that is anchored at upstream end only.

The velocity of the pressure wave c in a pipe according to elastic water column is C=54−η2
=54−0=54=1.25

= (2.17∗109/1000)/√ ((1+2.17∗109∗0.2)/ (16∗1011∗0.015))*1.25=1,456m/s

TC=2∗LC=TC=2∗2.11,456=2.88∗10−3 sec<1.65 sec
Ph=ρcv=1000∗1456∗1.274=1.85∗106pa
Ph′=TC/T∗Ph= 0.002881.65∗1.85∗106=3.23∗103pa
3. A simple surge tank of 1.5m diameter is placed near the terminal of 1830m long, 7.3m
dimeter steel pipe. This steel pipe has 0.3m thick walls with a modulus elasticity of
206,843kPa. The pipe flow rate is 0.6m3/s. What is the maximum surge that will be
experienced?
SOLUTION:-

Area of surge chamber AS=π∗D2/4=π∗1.52/4=1.77m2

Area of tunnel at= π∗D2/4 =π∗7.32/4=41.85m2
Length of tunnel, Lt=1830m
Velocity in tunnel V=QA=0.6∗4/π∗D2=0.014ms−1
Head loss in tunnel

Assume friction factor =0.028 = Zo

=0.028∗1830∗0.0142/2∗9.81∗7.3=0.005m
Therefore, the surge chamber (r) 𝑟=(𝐴𝑡∗𝑔/𝐴𝑠∗𝐿𝑡)0.5= (41.85∗9.811.77∗1830)0.5=0.13

For one unit rejection or demand, Q0=0.6m3s-1. Therefore

Zmax=Qo/AS∗r=0.61.77∗0.13=2.61m

And Ko∗=Zo/Zmax=0.005/2.61=Ko* =0.002

Upon sudden rejection, the maximum upsurge Zmax∗=

=1−(2∗0.002/3) +(0.0022/9) = 0.998 for Ko∗<0.7

Therefore Zmax=Zmax∗∗Zmax=2.61m∗0.998=2.60m
4. A turbine is to be installed at a location where the net available head is 107m and the
available flow will average 28.5 m3/s. What type of turbine is recommended? If the turbine
has an operating speed of 300 rpm and an efficiency of 0.90, what is the specific speed
Solution :-
Specific speed and specify the type of turbine
The generator speed N=120∗f/P=300 rpm (given)
Where f = frequency cycle/sec (50-60 cycles/sec.)
p = number of poles (=4 for head up to 200 m)
(=2 for head above 200 m)
P=η*ρ*g*H*Q/1000=0.9∗9.81∗107∗28.5=27 MW

Therefore, the specific speed NS=N∗√P/H5/4=300∗√27∗100010754=150

(acceptable synchronous speed)
Where:
Ns = Specific speed
N = rotational speed (rpm)
P = Power developed (kilowatt)
H = effective head (m)

Francis turbines have specific speed between 40 up to 450 and the head of 25-250m.
Therefore, a Francis-type turbine is suitable (efficiency, specific speed, and head match this type).