NAME : AULIA ASRIANTI

NIM : 19081023

STUDY PROGRAM : TECHNICAL INFORMATION

COURSES : ENGLISH 3

Computer Abstractions and Technology

1. Introduction

 Rapidly changing field :

 Vacuum tube → transistor → IC → VLSI
 Doubling every 1.5 years :
- Memory capacity
- Processor speed (due to advances in technology and hardware organization)

2. The Five Classic Components of a Computer

 Input (mouse,keyboard,..)
 Output (display, printer,..)
 Memory
- Main (DRAM_, cache (SRAM)
- Second (disk, CD, DVD,…)

 Datapath
Processor
 Control (CPU)

3. Abstraction
From the figure on the right, how does abstraction help the programmer and how does she avoid
too much detail ?
 Abstractions helps us deal with complexity
- Hide lower-level detail
 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
- The hardware/software interface
 Aplication binary interface
- The ISA plus system software interface
 Implementation
- The details underlying and interface
4. The Instruction Set : a Critical Interface
To be translated to the
instruction set

Implementing the
instruction set
5. Instruction Set Architecture
 A very important abstraction :
- Interface between hardware and low-level oftware
- Standardizes instructions, machine language bit patterns, etc.
- Advantage: allows different implementations of the same architecture
- Disadvantage: sometimes prevents adding new innovations
 Modern instruction set architectures :
- 80x86/Pentium/K6, PowerPV, DEC Alpha, MIPS, SPARC, HP

6. What is Computer Architecture ?

Easy Answer
 Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
More Detailed Answer
 In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe
the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some definitions
of architecture define it as describing the capabilities and programming model of
a computer but not a particular implementation.
 The discipline of computer architecture has three main subcategories:
 Instruction set architecture (ISA): defines the machine code that a processor reads and
acts upon as well as the word size, memory address modes, processor registers, and data
type.
 Microarchitecture: also known as "computer
organization", this describes how a
particular processor will implement the ISA. The size
of a computer's CPU cache for instance, is an issue
that generally has nothing to do with the ISA.
 Systems design: includes all of the other hardware
components within a computing system, such as data
processing other than the CPU (e.g., direct memory
access), virtualization, and multiprocessing

7. Forces on Computer Architecture

 Computer Architecture
 Technology
 Applications
 Operating Systems
 History
 Programming Languages